GIFT  OF 


T43 


INTRODUCTION 


TO  THE 


STUDY  OF  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


BY 

JAMES  C.  EGBERT,  JR.,  PH.D. 

ADJUNCT  PROFESSOR  OF  LATIN,  COLUMBIA  COLLEGE 


NEW  YORK  •:•  CINCINNATI  •:•  CHICAGO 

AMERICAN    BOOK    COMPANY 


T*. 

JA 


r 


COPYRIGHT,  1896,  m 
AMERICAN  BOOK  COMPAN1 

EGBERT'S  LAT    INS 

w.  p.  3 


763 


PREFACE 


IT  has  been  generally  recognized  by  classical  scholars  of  the  present 
day  that  a  knowledge  of  epigraphy  forms  an  essential  part  of  the 
equipment  of  a  teacher  of  the  classics,  and  that  the  subject  itself  has 
become  so  important  as  to  justify  its  introduction,  in  elementary 
form  at  least,  into  the  curriculum  of  undergraduate  studies.  Not- 
withstanding this  general  recognition,  however,  no  work  in  the 
English  language  which  would  serve  as  an  introduction  to  the  study 
of  Latin  inscriptions  has  up  to  the  present  time  been  published.  It 
is  to  supply  this  want  that  the  following  pages  have  been  written. 

The  purpose  determining  the  plan  of  the  work  has  been  to  com- 
bine abundant  introductory  and  explanatory  matter  with  numerous 
examples  for  illustration  and  for  practice  in  reading.  The  inscrip- 
tions, with  the  single  exception  of  those  from  movable  articles, 
have  been  printed  in  the  type  ordinarily  used  for  Latin  texts,  since 
this  form  has  been  considered  more  satisfactory  than  any  attempt 
at  a  typographical  imitation  of  the  original  letters.  Numerous 
photographic  reproductions  have  been  made  from  the  fac-similes  of 
Bitschl's  Priscae  Latinitatis  Monumenta  Epigraphica  and  from  the 
exempla  in  Hubner's  Exempla  Scripturae  Epigraphicae,  in  order  to 
impress  in  some  degree  upon  the  student  the  original  form  and 
appearance  of  the  inscription. 

The  debt  of  the  author  to  the  works  of  other  writers  is  of  necessity 
very  great.  Whenever  another's  writings  have  been  directly  used. 


86286 


iv  PREFACE 

acknowledgment  has  been  made  in  the  footnotes ;  but  for  assistance 
obtained  from  many  other  sources  not  noted,  the  author  wishes  here 
to  express  himself  as  deeply  grateful. 

The  Cours  d?Epigraphie  Latine  of  Professor  Kene  Cagnat  has  been 
of  the  utmost  service  and  has,  in  fact,  formed  the  basis  of  this  work  in 
many  particulars.  The  author  has  also  relied  for  much  of  his  infor- 
mation upon  the  Prolegomena  of  Professor  Emil  Hiibner's  Exempla 
Scripturae  Epigrapliicae  and  upon  the  same  scholar's  article,  Romische 
Epfyraphik  in  Iwan  Miiller's  Handbuch  der  Klassischen  Altertums- 
wissenschaft,  vol.  i.,  1892.  To  Professor  Hermann  Dessau  the 
author  is  indebted  for  material  obtained  from  his  Inscriptiones 
Latinae  Selectae,  vol  i.,  and  also  for  his  kind  words  in  regard  to 
the  preparation  of  this  volume. 

In  passing  this  book  through  the  press  the  author  has  been  greatly 
aided  by  his  friends  and  associates. 

Professor  Harry  Thurston  Peck  has  read  much  of  the  proof  and 
has  made  possible  the  author's  task  by  his  encouragement  and  by 
his  advice,  so  valuable  because  of  wide  experience. 

Dr.  Nelson  Glenn  McCrea  has  read  the  entire  proof  and  has 
in  many  instances,  in  connection  with  this  kindly  service,  given 
renewed  proof  of  his  scholarship.  Mr.  George  Olcott,  a  Fellow  of 
this  College,  has  been  of  most  valuable  service,  inasmuch  as  he  has 
prepared  and  verified  the  Chronological  List  of  the  Roman  Emperors. 
The  index  is  also  the  work  of  Mr.  Olcott. 

The  author  earnestly  hopes  that  this  volume  will  prove  to  many 
the  open  door  to  a  subject  so  remarkable  in  its  influence  upon  classi- 
cal and  archaeological  study  and  at  the  same  time  so  interesting 

and  attractive  in  its  pursuit. 

JAMES  C.  EGBERT,  JR. 
COLUMBIA  COLLEGE,  December,  1895. 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS 


INTRODUCTION 

PAGE 

Bibliography  ;  Periodical  Literature  ;  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum     .        1 


PART  I 

CHAPTER  I 

THE  LATIN  ALPHABET  (HISTORICAL) 

Phoenician  and  Greek  Alphabets ;  Etruscan,  Umbrian,  Oscan,  and  Latin 
Alphabets  ;  Modifications  in  the  Latin  Alphabet ;  Double  Consonants  ; 
Double  Vowels 17 

CHAPTER   II 
THE  LATIN  ALPHABET  (MORPHOLOGICAL) 

Archaic  Alphabet ;  Monumental  Alphabet  of  the  Republic ;  Monumental 
Alphabet  Perfected  ;  Documentary  Forms ;  Cursive  Letters ;  Uncial 
Letters  ;  Methods  of  Making  Inscriptions  ;  Individual  Letters ;  Liga- 
tures ;  Sicilicus,  Apex,  Marks  of  Punctuation  .  .  .  31 

CHAPTER  m 

NUMERALS 

Numerals  ;  Fractions 72 

v 


CONTENTS 


PART  II 

CHAPTER   IV 
THE  ROMAN  NAME 

PAGE 

Praenomeri ;  Nomen  ;  Cognomen  ;  Names  of  Women  ;  Reduplication  of 
Names  ;  Signa  ;  Additional  Elements  ;  Names  of  Slaves ;  Names  of 
Freedmen  ;  Naturalized  Citizens  ;  Inscriptions  for  Practice  .  .  82 

CHAPTER  V 

NAMES  AND  TITLES  OF  THE  EMPERORS 

Elements  of  the  Imperial  Name  ;  Title  of  the  Emperors  ;  Titles  of  Mem- 
bers of  the  Imperial  Family  ;  Chronological  List  of  the  Roman  Em- 
perors;  Inscriptions  of  Emperors  and  their  Families  .  .  .  .114 

CHAPTER  VI 
OFFICIAL  TITLES 

Cursus  Honorum  —  Senatorial,  Equestrian,  after  Constantine  ;  Official  Po- 
sitions of  the  Third  Class ;  Inscriptions  of  the  Senatorial  Order,  of 
the  Equestrian  Order,  of  Officials  of  the  Third  Class  ....  164 

PART  III 
CHAPTER  VII 

TlTULI 

Dedicatory,    Sepulchral,  Honorary  Inscriptions ;    Inscriptions  on  Public 

Works  ;  Inscriptions  on  Movable  Objects  ;  Inscriptions  for  Practice    .    225 

CHAPTER  VIII 
DOCUMENTS 

Laws  and  Plebiscites  ;  Decrees  of  the  Senate  ;  Imperial  Documents  ;  De- 
crees of  Magistrates  ;  Public  and  Sacred  Documents ;  Military  Docu- 
ments ;  Documents  of  the  Municipalities  ;  Documents  of  the  Collegia; 
Private  Documents  ;  Wall  Inscriptions  ;  Inscriptions  for  Practice  .  348 


CONTENTS  vii 

CHAPTER   IX 
RESTORATION  AND  DATING  OF  INSCRIPTIONS.     ABBREVIATIONS 

PAGE 

Restoration  ;   Dating ;  Table  of  Archaisms ;  Table  of  Legions ;  Table  of 

Imperial  Relationships ;  Abbreviations 399 

TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS    .         .         •  •      .         e         ,         „         .         .         .417 

INDEX .     461 

TABLE  OF  INSCRIPTIONS  c  465 


INTRODUCTION 


To  a  beginner  in  the  study  of  Epigraphy,  the  most  important 
matters  for  consideration  are  the  works  which  provide  material  for 
research,  and  the  method  which  should  be  followed  in  approaching 
this  material. 

The  great  storehouse  of  Latin  inscriptions  is  the  Corpus  Inscrip- 
tion 'tm  Latinarum,1  which  is  indispensable  for  advanced  study  in  this 
subject;  but  notwithstanding  the  importance  of  this  great  work, 
certain  minor  collections  of  inscriptions  are  more  useful  to  the 
elementary  student  and  for  class-room  use. 

The  first  of  these  is  the  valuable  Collectio  of  Orelli  and  Henzen : 

Inscriptionum  Latinarum  Amplissima  Collectio.     lo.  C.  Orellius. 

2  vols.     Zurich,  1828.     Vol.  III.  is  by  W.  Henzen : 
Volnmen    Tertiam    Collectionis    Orellianae  supplementa  emenda- 

tionesque  exhibens.     Ed.  Guil.  Henzen.     Zurich,  1856. 
The  last  volume  contains  indices  to  the  entire  work. 

The  most  serviceable  collection  of  inscriptions  for  general  use  is : 

Exempla  Inscriptionum  Latinarum  in  usum  praecipue  academi- 
cum.  .  Gustavus  Wilmanns.  2  vols.  Berlin,  1873. 

This  work  contains  inscriptions  conveniently  classified,  with 
Latin  notes ;  also  excellent  indices. 

1  C.  I.  L.  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum  Consilio  et  Auctoritate  Academiae 
Litterarum  Eegiae  Bornssicae,  Editum.  See  page  6. 

LATIN    INSCRIP. 1  1 


2  llATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

'Formose  who*ar6  unable  to  consult  the  Corpus  Inscriptionum,  a 
more  recent  work  will  provide  well-selected  inscriptions  in  greater 
number  than  the  collection  just  mentioned.  This  collection  is  based 
upon  material  gathered  by  William  Henzen. 

Inscriptions  Latinae  Selectae.     Ed.  Hennannus  Dessau.     Vol.  I. 
Berlin,  1892. 

For  the  study  of  early  Latin,  the  following  will  be  found  to  be 
serviceable : 

Dialectorum  Italicarum  Aevi  Vetustioris  Exempla  Selecta  in  usum 
scholarum.     Vol.  I.     Dialecti   Latinae  Priscae  et  Faliscae 
Exempla  Selecta.     Pars  1.     Engelbertus  Schneider.     Leip- 
zig, 1886. 
Fragments   and   Specimens   of  Early  Latin.      J.    Wordsworth. 

Oxford,  Clarendon  Press,  1874. 
Remnants  of  Early  Latin.     F.  D.  Allen.     Boston,  1880. 

For  a  presentation  of  the  inscriptions  themselves  the  student  is 
referred  to  two  great  works,  one  of  which  gives  inscriptions  in  fac- 
simile, the  other  by  "  exempla." 

The  first  of  these  is  the  large  folio  of  F.  Bitschl,  containing 
inscriptions  from  the  earliest  period  down  to  the  beginning  of  the 
Empire.  It  is  regularly  denoted  by  the  letters  P.  L.  M.  E. 

Priscae   Latinitatis   Monumenta   Epigraphica   ad    archetyporum 

fidem  exemplis  lithograph-is  repraesentata.     Ed.  Fr.  Ritsche- 

lius.     Berlin,  1862. 
There  are  five  supplements,  which  were  originally  published  at 

Bonn  in  1862.     They  are  also  found  in  BitschPs  Opuscula 

PMlologica,  vol.  IV.  1878. 

The  second  of  these  is  : 

Exempla  Scripturae  Epigrapliicae  Latinae  a  Caesaris  dictatoris 

morte  ad  aetatem  Jmtiniani.   Ed.  Aem.  Hiibner.   Berlin,  ISSo. 
In  this  book  there  is  a  complete  introduction  in  Latin,  and  over 

twelve  hundred   inscriptions  with  commentary.      As   the 

title  indicates,  this  Exempla  is  a  complement  to  the  work 

of  Bitschl,  just  mentioned. 


INTRODUCTION  3 

As  introductory  to  the  study  of  Inscriptions,  the  student  is  re- 
ferred to  two  short  works  of  Emil  Hiibner :  (1)  The  article  entitled 
"  Roman  Inscriptions  "  in  the  Encyclopaedia  Britannica,  vol.  XIII. 
9th  ed.  This  will  form  excellent  preliminary  reading.  A  resume 
of  the  subject  is  presented  in  a  form  easily  understood.  (2)  The 
article  "Romische  Epigraphik"  in  the  Handbuch  der  Klassischen 
AUertmnswtssenschaft,  Iwaii  Miiller,  vol.  I.  1886,  2d  ed.  1892.  This 
provides  a  bibliography  of  the  collection  of  inscriptions  and  an 
introduction  to  the  subject  more  complete  than  the  article  in  the 
Britannica. 

This  last  work  is  also  published  separately. 

The  only  complete  introduction  to  Latin  Epigraphy  is : 

Cours  d'Epigraphie  Latine.    Rene  Cagnat.    1st  ed.,  Paris,  1886. 

2d  ed.,  Paris,  1890. 
This  is  an  exceedingly  useful  book. 

A  little  book  abounding  in  excellent  suggestions,  containing  in- 
scriptions in  illustration,  is : 

Anleitung  zum  Lesen,  Ergdnzen  und  Datiren  Romisclier  Insclirif- 

ten,     Karl  Bone.     Treves,  1881. 
This  work  refers  in  the  main  to  Rhenish  inscriptions. 

For  the  study  of  Christian  Inscriptions : 

Manuel  d'Epigraphie  Chretienne  d'apr&s  les  Marbres  de  la  Gaule. 
Edmond  Le  Blant.     Paris,  1869. 

Also,  by  the  same  author : 

L'Epigraphie  Chretienne  en  Gaule  et  dans  VAfrique.     Paris,  1890. 

For  historical  inscriptions,  illustrating  the  history  of  the  early 
empire : 

Latin  Historical  Inscriptions.      G.  McN.  Rushforth.      Oxford, 
1893. 


4  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

PERIODICAL  LITERATURE 

To  study  inscriptions  properly,  one  must  keep  pace  with  the  growth 
of  the  subject,  as  new  material  is  constantly  being  added.  To  accom- 
plish this  purpose,  familiarity  with  periodical  literature  must  be 
maintained.  The  following  are  the  principal  periodicals  bearing 
upon  this  subject: 

1)  A  running  supplement  to  the  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum  is 

published  at  intervals. 

Ephemeris  Epigraphica  (Ephem.  Ep.).     Vols.  I.-VIII.     Berlin, 
1892. 

2)  Mitteilungen  des  Kaiserliclien  Deutschen  Archaeologischen  Insti- 

tuts,  Rdmische  Abteilung.     Loescher  &  Co.     Rome,  1886. 
This  is  known  also  as : 
Bullettino  deW  Imperials  Istituto  Archeologico  Germanico. 

3)  Hermes,  Zeitschrift  fur  Klassische  Philologie.     Kaibel  and  Eobert. 

Berlin,  1866. 

4)  Rheinisches  Museum  fur   Philologie.      Ribbeck    and    Bticheler. 

Frankfurt,  1833.     Neue  Folge,  1842. 

5)  Jahrbiicher  des   Vereins  von  Altertumsfreunden  im  Wieinlande. 

Bonn,  1842. 

6)  Die  Westdeutsche  Zeitschrift  fur  Geschichte  und  Kunst.     Treves, 

1882. 

7)  Arcliaologiscli-epigmpMsche  Mitteilungen  aus  Oesterreich-Ungarn. 

Vienna,  1877. 

8)  Revue  Epigrapliique  du  Midi  de  la  France.     A.  Allmer.     7  vols. 

Vienna,  1878-92. 

9)  Revue  Archeologique,1     Paris,  1884. 

10)  Melanges  d'Archeologie  et  d'Histoire  Publies  par  I'Ecole  Francaise 
de  Rome.     Paris,  1881. 

1  For  recent  discoveries  see  Remie  des  publications  epigrapliiques  relatives  a 
Vantiquite  romaine.  R.  Cagnat.  This  forms  an  appendix  to  the  Revue 
Archeologique;  also  appears  annually  as  UAnnee  iZpigraphique,  dating  from 
the  year  1888. 


INTRODUCTION  5 

11)  Bulletin  de  Correspondance  Hellenique.     1877. 
This  is  the  organ  of  the  French  School  at  Athens. 

12)  Notizie  degli  Scavi  di  Antichita  Comunicate  alia  Reale  Accademia 

dei  Lincei.1    Rome,  1890. 

13)  Museo  Italiano  cP  Antichita  Classica.     By  Domenico  Comparetti. 

Rome,  1885-90.     Vols.  I.-III. 

This  publication  was  discontinued  with  vol.  III.,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  the  Monumenti  Antichi. 

f—\  J 

/14)  American  Journal  of  Archaeology,  and  of  the  History  of  the  Fine 

Arts,     Baltimore,  1885. 

15)  For  Christian  Inscriptions  : 

Bullettino  d*  Archeologia  Cristiana.    G.  B.  de  Eossi.    Rome,  1863. 

16)  Dizionario  Epigrafico  di  Antichita  Romane.    Hector  De  Ruggiero. 

Rome,  1886.     Thirty-two  fasciculi  have  appeared. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  THE  COLLECTIONS  OF  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

To  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  history  of   Latin  Epigraphy,  the 
student  is  referred  to  the  following : 

J.  C.  ORELLI  :  Index  Praecipuorum  Librorum  Epigraphicorum 
aliorumque  inscriptiones  Latinas  continentium. 

This  is  found  in  the  first  volume  of  the  Inscriptiones  Latinae  of 
Orelli,  page  21,  and  in  the  third  volume  by  Henzen,  page  xv. 

R.  DE  LA  BLANCHERE  :  Histoire  de  VEpigraphie  Romaine,  redigee 
sur  les  notes  de  Leon  Renier  in  the  Revue  Archeologique, 
nouv.  ser.  VIII.  1886,  page  46.  Also  in  a  separate  volume, 
Paris,  1887. 

Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum.     Prefaces  to  vols.  II.-XIV, 

G.  B.  DE  Rossi :  Inscriptiones  Christianae  Urbis  Romae  Septimo 
Saeculo  Antiquiores.  Prefaces  to  vols.  I.— II. 

1  Inscriptions  of  the  city  of  Rome  also  appear  in  the  Bullettino  della  Com- 
missione  Archeologica  Comunale  di  Roma  from  1872.     (Bull.  Com.) 


6  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

EMIL  HUBNER:  1.  Bibliographic  der  Klassisclien  Altertumswis- 
senschaft.  Berlin,  1889.  Part  II.,  page  354. 

2.  Article  "  Romische  Epigraphik  "  in  the  Handbucli  der  Klass- 
isclien Altertumswissenscliaft.  Iwan  Mtiller.  Vol.  I.  1886. 
2d  ed.  1892. 

J.  P.  WALTZING:  Recaeil  General  des  Inscriptions  Latines,  et 
I'Epigmphie  Latine  depuis  50  ans.  Louvain,  1892. 

This  work  gives  an  account  of  the  Corpus  Inscriptionum,  and  a 
bibliography  of  Latin  inscriptions. 


COEPUS   INSCRIPTIONUM   LATINABUM 

This  great  collection  of  Latin  inscriptions,  published  under  the 
supervision  of  the  Royal  Prussian  Academy  at  Berlin,  is  arranged  on 
a  geographical  basis  in  fifteen  volumes.  Each  of  these  volumes  with 
the  exception  of  the  first,  in  which  are  published  the  inscriptions 
dating  before  the  death  of  Caesar,  is  assigned  to  the  inscriptions 
derived  from  a  certain  portion  of  the  Roman  world.  The  general 
plan  may  be  seen  from  the  following : 

VOLUMES  I.     Inscriptions  dating  before  the  death  of  Caesar.     Editio 
prima.  1863  (out  of  print).     Editio  altera,  Pars  prior,  1893. 
Tabulae   Lithographae.     Priscae   Latinitatis   Monumenta  Epi- 
graphica,  1862. 

VOLUMEX  II.     Inscriptions  of  Spain,  1869. 

SUPPLEMENTUM,  1892. 

VOLUMES  III.  Inscriptions  of  Asia  (Egypt),  of  the  Greek  Provinces 
of  Europe,  of  Illyricum. 

Pars  Prior :  Inscriptions  of  Egypt  and  Asia,  of  the  Greek  Prov- 
inces of  Europe,  of  Illyricum.  Parts  I.-V.  1873. 

Pars  Posterior:  Inscriptions  of  Illyricum,  also  Monumentum 
Ancyranum,  Edict  of  Diocletian  de  Pretiis  Rerum,  Diplo- 
mata  Militaria,  Wax  Tablets  of  Dacia.  Parts  VI. -VII. 
1873. 


INTRODUCTION  7 

SUPPLEMENT!  Fasciculus  Primus:    Inscriptions   of  the    Greek 

Provinces  of  Europe.     1892. 
SUPPLEMEXTI  Fasciculus  Secundus:    Inscriptions  of  Illyricum. 

Parts  I.-III.     1892. 
SUPPLEMEXTI   Fasciculus    Tertius:    Inscriptions    of    Illyricum. 

Edict  of  Diocletian.     Constitutions  of  the  Emperors  (Diplo- 

mata  militaria).     Parts  IV.-VIL     1893. 

VOLUMEX  IV.     Inscriptions  Parietariae  of  Pompeii,  Herculaneum, 

and  Stabiae.     1871. 
SUPPLEMEXTUM  (in  preparation). 

VOLUMEX  V.     Inscriptions  of  Cisalpine  Gaul. 

Pars  Prior:    The   tenth   regio   of   Italy,   Venetia   and   Istria. 

1872. 

Pars  Posterior:  The  eleventh  (Liguria)  and  ninth  (Gallia 
Transpadana,  Alpes  Cottiae  et  Maritimae)  regiones  of  Italy. 
1887. 

VOLUMEX  VI.     Inscriptions  of  the  City  of  Rome. 

Pars  Prima  1876,  Pars  Secunda  1882,  Pars  Tertia  1886,  Pars 
Quarta  (1895),  Pars  Quinta,  containing  inscriptiones  falsae, 
1885,  Pars  Sexta,  Indices  (in  preparation). 

VOLUMES  VII.     Inscriptions  of  Britain.     1873. 

VOLUMEX  VIII.     Inscriptions  of  Africa. 

Pars  Prior:  Proconsular  Africa,  Numidia.     1881. 
Pars  Posterior :  Mauretania.     1881. 
SUPPLEMENT!  Fasciculus  Prior.     1891. 
SUPPLEMENT!  Fasciculus  Alter.     1894. 

VOLUMES  IX.     Inscriptions  of  Calabria,  Apulia,  Samnium,  Sabini, 
Picenum.     1883. 

VOLUMEX  X.     Inscriptions  of  Bruttium,  Lucania,  Campania,  Sicilia, 

Sardinia. 

Pars  Prior :  Bruttium,  Lucania,  Campania.     1883. 
Pars  Posterior :  Sicilia,  Sardinia.     1883. 


8  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

VOLUMEN  XI.     Inscriptions  of  Aemilia,  Etruria,  Umbria. 
Pars  Prior :  Aeniilia,  Etruria.     1888. 
Pars  Posterior:  Umbria  (in  press). 

The  Accademia  dei  Lincei  publishes  supplemental  volumes  of 
inscriptions  of  Italy  under  the  title  Corporis  I.  L.  Supplements 
Italica,  consilio  et  auctoritate  Academiae  regiae  Lynceorum  edita : 

Ease.  L,  Additameiita  ad  vol.  V.  Galliae  Cisalpinae.  Ed.  Hector 
Pais,  Eome.  1888. 

VOLUMEN  XII.     Inscriptions  of  Gallia  Narbonensis.     1888. 

VOLUMEN  XIII.     Inscriptions  of  the  Three  Gauls  and  Two  German- 
ies  (in  preparation). 

VOLUMEN  XIV.     Inscriptions  of  Ancient  Latium.     1887. 

VOLUMEN  XV.     Inscriptions  of  the  City  of  Borne,  Instrmnentum 

Domesticum. 

Pars  Prior :  Lateres.     1891. 
Pars  Posterior  (in  press). 

The  contents  of  the  several  volumes  may  be  considered  under 
three  divisions. 

L,  Introductory  Matter;  II.,  Inscriptions;  III.,  Indices  and 
Tabulae. 

I.    INTRODUCTORY  MATTER 

At  the  beginning  of  each  volume  there  is  an  Index  Auctorum, 
which  is  an  alphabetical  list  of  the.  authors  referred  to  throughout 
that  volume,  with  more  or  less  extensive  biographical  and  biblio- 
graphical comment. 

II.    INSCRIPTIONS 

A.  False  Inscriptions  (indicated  by  an  asterisk)  are  placed  at  the 
beginning  of  this  division,  and  are  arranged  topographically,  accord- 
ing to  cities  and  towns,  with  a  paging  and  numbering  of  their  own. 
The  falsae  of  vol.  VI.  are  collected  in  Pars  Quinta,  and  are  arranged 
according  to  the  names  of  the  authors. 


INTRODUCTION 


B.    Valid  Inscriptions  are  classified  in  three  divisions. 

1.  Inscriptions  in  general. 

2.  Those  connected  with  Yiae  Publicae. 

3.  Instrumentum  Domesticuin. 

The  main  body  of  inscriptions  is  arranged  on  geographical  and 
topographical  principles,  by  provinces  as  in  vol.  II.,  or  by  regiones 
as  in  vols.  V.,  IX.,  X.,  with  subdivisions  according  to  the  cities  and 
towns.  The  several  more  important  sections  capita,  e.g.  those 
assigned  to  provinces,  are  introduced  by  historical  notes,  and  by  a 
chronological  list  of  manuscripts  and  other  works  containing  the 
inscriptions  of  the  district,  together  with  biographical  comment  and 
estimates  of  the  epigraphic  authority  of  the  various  editors.  The 
character  of  the  inscriptions  under  the  title  Instrumentum  Domesticum, 
can  be  seen  from  the  following  subdivisions  from  vol.  XII. : 

Tegulae,  Lucernae,  Amphorae,  Dolia,  Pelves,  Vascula,  Aequipondia,  Statun- 
culorum  formae  cretaceae,  Signacula  ex  aere,  Sigilla  medicorum  oculariorum, 
Anuli,  Gemmae,  Pondera,  Tesserae,  Vasa  mtrea,  Supellex  aurea  argentea,  etc., 
Massae  plumbeae,  Fistulae  plumbeae. 

III.    INDICES  AND  TABULAE 

The  Indices  contain  a  classification  of  the  contents  of  the  texts 
of  the  inscriptions,  the  scope  of  which  may  be  appreciated  by  the 
following  specimen  index  from  vol.  XII. : 


Nomina  virorum  et  mulierum. 

Cognomina  virorum  et  mulierum. 

Tmperatores. 

Reges. 

Consules    aliaeque    anni    determina- 

tiones. 

Honores  alii  publici  populi  Romani. 
Res  militaris, 
Dei  Deaeque  et  res  sacra. 
Populus  Romanus,  Tribus  Romanae. 


Provinciae,  civitates,  pagi,  vici,  fluvii, 
montes,  praedia,  rim,  similia. 

Res  municipalis. 

Collegia. 

Artes  et  officia  privata. 

Carmina. 

Litterae  singulares  notabiliores. 

Grammatica  quaedam. 

Notabilia  varia. 

Recensus  locorum  recentiorum,  by 
Kiepert. 

Indices  are  at  this  time  provided  with  vols.  I.,  II.,  III.,  IV.,  V., 
VII.,  VIII.,  IX.,  X.,  XII.,  XIV. 


10  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

Tabulae. 

Maps  prepared  by  H.  Kiepert,  giving  the  localities  from  which 
the  inscriptions  are  derived,  with  names  both  ancient  and  modern, 
are  placed  at  the  end  of  vols.  II.,  III.,  IV.,  V.,  VII.,  VIII.,  IX., 
X.,  XII.,  XIV. 

GENERAL  ECONOMY 
Inscriptions  Admitted. 

All  Latin  inscriptions  engraved  upon  durable  materials,  such  as 
stone  and  bronze,  and  also  those  cut  or  impressed  upon  small  movable 
articles  instrumentum,  no  matter  of  what  character  or  purpose, 
are  included  in  this  work.  Coins,  however,  are  given  a  place  in 
the  first  volume,  but  are  elsewhere  excluded. 

The  work,  as  indicated  by  its  title,  is  limited  in  its  scope  to 
Latin  inscriptions,  those  of  other  languages,  however  closely  related 
to  Latin  antiquities,  being  as  a  rule  excluded. 

Bilingual  inscriptions  in  Greek  and  Latin,  however,  are  given  in 
their  complete  form,  and  certain  Greek  inscriptions  appear  among 
those  of  Pompeii  (vol.  IV.),  and  of  England  (vol.  VII.).  The  limit 
of  time  as  set  by  Mommsen  in  his  letter  to  Borghesi  (vol.  X.,  p.  vii), 
is  the  end  of  the  sixth  century,  inasmuch  as  the  Fasti  Consulares 
reach  almost  to  that  period  (541).  In  all  cases  of  uncertainty  as  to 
.date  the  inscriptions  are  accepted. 

Christian  inscriptions 1  are  admitted,  and  are  marked  in  the  indices 
with  a  cross. 

Criticism  of  Inscriptions. 

The  great  object  in  the  criticism  of  inscriptions  has  been  to 
determine  their  authenticity,  for  it  early  became  known  that  false 
inscriptions  had  been  composed,  so  closely  resembling  those  of  an- 
tiquity that  even  the  most  skillful  critics  were  deceived. 

1  Christianas  titulos  appello  inscriptiones  eas  quae  a  Christianis  relir/i»nis 
causa  positae  sunt.  De  Rossi,  Inscriptiones  Christiana e  UrMs  Romae.  Vol.  I. 
p.  xxxvii.  See  bibliography  for  special  works  on  Christian  Inscriptions. 


INTRODUCTION  H 

The  first  consideration  in  determining  the  validity  of  an  inscrip- 
tion which  exists  only  in  a  copy  is  the  standing  of  the  copyist, 
f  or  of  the  author  publishing  it.  The  names  of  Ligorius  and  Pratilli 
are  in  themselves  sufficient  to  condemn  the  inscriptions  published 
by  them  alone. 

The  standing  of  the  various  authors  can  be  learned  from  the  Index 
Auctorum  attached  to  each  volume.1  In  the  (7.  /.  L.,  when  the  unre- 
liableness  of  an  author  has  been  the  reason  for  the  rejection  of  an 
inscription,  the  fact  is  indicated  by  some  statement;  as  quamquamfor- 
tasse  genuina,  suspecta  tamen  utpote  a  tali  auctore  solo  relata  II.  432*, 
or  inter  titulos  suspectos  releganda  erant  necessario  propter  auctorem 
fide  omnino  indignum  II.  454*  ;  also  by  simply  attaching  to  an  inscrip- 
tion the  name  of  a  well-known  falsifier,  e.g.  Ligorius  or  Pratilli, 
X.  406*. 

The  science  of  palaeography  is  useful  in  the  criticism  of  inscrip- 
tions as  defining  certain  rules  and  usages,  a  violation  of  which  leads 
to  a  suspicion  as  to  the  validity  of  the  inscription.  This  method  of 
criticism  has  to  do  with  the  external  presentation,  and  is  concerned 
with  the  types  of  letters,  the  marks  of  punctuation,  the  forms  of  nu- 
merals, etc. ;  also,  if  the  inscription  can  be  seen,  with  the  nature  of 
the  engraving. 

Such  a  criterion  of  criticism  is  indicated  in  the  (7.  /.  L.,  thus: 
puncta  rotunda  pessime  facta  ad  imas  litteras  apposita  sunt,  XII.  145* ; 
also  titulum  recentem  esse  cum  litterarum  forma  turn  spatia  inter 
vocabula  relicta  punctis  dejidentibus  demomtrant,  XII.  305*,  or  vidi 
ego  et  medio  aevo  incisam  intellexi  X.  143*,  or  descripsi  et  damnavi 
V.  75*. 

The  last  method  of  criticism  has  to  do  with  the  text  itself.  Vio- 
lations of  epigraphic  laws,  of  established  principles  of  the  Latin 
language,  or  of  well  authenticated  theories  as  regards  Roman  antiqui- 
ties, should  arouse  suspicion  as  to  the  authenticity  of  the  inscription 
or  any  portion  of  the  same. 

In  X.  52*,  for  instance,  the  tribus  does  not  hold  its  proper  place; 
in  X.  565*  there  is  irregularity  in  the  use  of  the  nomina  and  prae- 

1  Non  tarn  insrript/onf'x  singulas  in  indicium  vocavi  quam  singulos  auctores. 
Mommsen,  C.  I.  L.  IX.  and  X.  p.  xi. 


12  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

nomina;  in  V.  40*  a  munus  senator  ium  is  inserted  among  the  eques- 
trian munera,  thus  violating  rules  of  the  cursus  lionorum;  in  X.  629* 
Sylvanus  is  termed  divus,  and  not  deus,  and  in  X.  506*  appears 
the  irregular  expression  sacra  aedes. 

Inscriptions  have  been  invented  to  prove  certain  statements  of 
classical  authors,  to  account  for  the  name  of  a  town,  or  determine 
some  disputed  point  in  Roman  antiquities  or  mythology,  e.g.  XII. 
188*,  where  the  comment  reads  ficta  ni  fallor  ad  Annecy  nomen  expli- 
candum.  Antonini  held  that  Paestum  had  been  a  municipality,  and 
based  his  theory  on  two  inscriptions,  X.  109*,  110*.  Pratilli  declared 
that  amphitheatres  were  consecrated  to  Hercules  Victor,  and  used  for 
this  theory  an  inscription  of  the  amphitheatre  of  Teanum  X.  607*. 

The  unreliability  of  the  source  determines  at  once  the  authenticity 
of  the  inscription,  when  such  striking  support  to  a  chosen  theory  is 
so  readily  supplied. 

Other  inscriptions,  containing  historical  names  and  allusions  to 
events  of  history,  were  undoubtedly  composed  for  various  purposes. 
Cyriacus  shows  an  inscription  from  a  statue  in  honor  of  Cicero, 
dedicated  by  the  people  of  Arpinum,  X.  711*.  Antonini  publishes 
an  epitaph  of  a  tomb  raised  to  a  son  by  M.  Lamponius,  general  of 
the  Lucanians  in  the  Social  War,  X.  91* ;  the  comment  here  is  ut  M. 
Lamponii  in  betto  sociali  Lucanorum  duds  gens  in  lapidibus  quoque 
reperiretur. 

Methods  of  Presentation. 

Preliminary  to  the  text  of  the  inscription,  information  is  given  as 
to  where  it  was  found,  its  location  in  antiquity,  and  at  the  present 
time.  In  some  cases  the  nature  of  the  monument  is  described,  as 
basis  statuae,  tabula  marmorea.  The  text  itself  is  printed  in  Roman 
capitals,  even  if  the  original  was  in  cursive  letters.  Imperfect  let- 
ters are  represented  by  type  broken  in  such  way  as  to  indicate 
what  remains.  Ligatures  are  shown,  also  accents  and  punctuation 
marks  of  various  forms.  The  lines  of  the  inscription  are  repro- 
duced in  the  text,  but  the  words  are  always  separated,  even  if  they 
are  united  in  the  original.  With  the  text  is  also  given  a  brief 


INTRODUCTION  13 

description,  printed  in  small  script,  of  any  design  appearing  on  the 
monument.     Thus  with  the  inscription  on  a  sarcophagus, 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  1537.  mulieris  imago  pueri  imago 

cum  tiolumine,  cum  tunica 

in  manibus  laticlavia 

in  clipeo  et  tiolumine 

quern  duo 

genii  sustinent,  pastor  cum  grege. 

Special  characters  are  employed  as  follows : 

I.    Roman  capitals  inclined  indicate 

1)  Letters  added  after  the  first  cutting. 

x.  6051.  M    .    T  R  E  B  I 

N  I  G  R  I 

IN  •  F  .  P  •  XI  I  •  I  N  .  AG  -  P  •  XII 

C'MAMILIO-SP 

F  .    PR  I M I G  E 

Note :  v.  4-5  post  tempus  adiecti  sunt. 

2)  Letters  seen  by  an  early  editor,  but  afterwards  missing, 
vi.  1098.  MARCIAE  .  OTACILlhE  .  SEVERAE 


S  E  N  ATV  S    •    AC    •    PATRIAE 
Note  :   Quae  inclinatis  expressi  desumpsi  ex  Maffei. 

3)    Letters  substituted  in  antiquity  in  place  of  erasures, 
vi.  loss.  SENATVS  -  ET  -  PATRIAE  •  ET 

Note  :  Litteris  inclinatis  expressi  quae  in  litura  reposita  sunt. 
The  above  was  substituted  for 

FVLVIAE-PLAVTILLAE-AVG. 


14  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

II.  Italics  with  points  beneath  indicate  letters  erased  in  antiquity 
which  can  be  replaced.    Capitals  with  points  beneath  indicate  letters 
erased,  but  partly  visible. 

xiv.  1007.  D        -        M        •        S 

quint o     B  E  6  i  0     F  E  L  I  C  I  S  S  I 
MO  -  QVI  -  VIXIT  -  AN  •  XXIII 

V.  1  et  v.  2  ex  parte  erasi  sunt. 

III.  /  /  /  /  /  indicate  letters  erased  which  cannot  be  replaced. 
The  number  of  dashes  depends  upon  the  number  of  letters. 

vi.  losi.  IMP   •    CAES   •    M    •    AVRELLIO 

ANTONINO    -    PIO    •    FELICI 
A  V  G  V  S  T  0 


n\V    M    I    N    I    .    E    I    V 
I  S  S  I  M 

v 

IV.      VIII.  6806. 


ET    SVPER    OMNES    RETRO    PRINCIPES    INVIC  | 
TISSIMlF 


Letters  thus  enclosed  have  been  substituted  in  antiquity  for  earlier 
erasures. 

V.  //////  indicate  illegible  or  imperfectly  copied  letters. 
The  number  is  regulated  by  the  number  of  letters. 

XIV.  2150.  D  M 

S  A  C  R  V  M 
Q/7//  SYNILESI 
H  E  R  E  D  E  S 

VI.  ......  indicate  the  same  as  V.,  but  are  used  only  when  an 

early  editor  has  adopted  this  form. 


INTRODUCTION  15 

VII.    FECIT.     This  kind  of  type  indicates  letters  barely  visible. 

VIIT.  Small  italics  are  used  to  fill  out  what  is  known  to  have 
formed  part  of  a  mutilated  inscription  ;  also  to  indicate  when  a  new 
reading  replaces  an  old.  The  old  reading  is  given  in  the  commentary 
accompanying  the  inscription.  . 

vi.  926.  \     IN     •     H  Cl  » o  r « « 

werowllS-CLAVDllcaes  a  u  g  germ 
pont.    \SMAX  ••  TRIR/p  o  t 

IX.  When  there  is  any  break  in  the  stone,  it  is  indicated  by  lines 
which  trace  out  the  fracture. 

Any  confusion  which  might  arise  through  the  use  of  similar 
characters  for  different  purposes  is  obviated  by  suitable  information 
in  the  commentary. 

After  the  text  of  the  inscription  there  follows  the  testimonium 
of  the  eyewitness  and  the  editor,  e.g.  descripsi  et  recognovi,  vidit  I.  B. 
de  Rossi,  Holstenius  descripsit;  next  the  principal  authors  and 
reviews  providing  the  inscription ;  and  finally  the  lectiones  variae, 
with  authorities  for  the  same. 

If  the  abbreviations  are  difficult  to  understand,  or  if  the  inscrip- 
tion is  much  mutilated,  a  transcript  is  often  given  in  cursive  letters. 
In  this  transcript  square  brackets  indicate  where  substitutions  are 
made  for  letters  erased  or  corrected,  while  parentheses  show  the  fill- 
ing out  of  abbreviations.  Where  nothing  can  be  supplied,  the  lacuna 

is  indicated  by  points equal  in  number  to  the  missing  letters. 

Vertical  lines  show  the  limits  of  the  lines  of  the  text. 


:» 


w\ov\^> 
U«flS$ 


JM 

>j* 


"%,    . 

\r* 

\3> 


-Q 

/•^ 

--'  vJV 


THE  DUENOS  INSCRIPTION. 
See  pae-e  346. 


UNIVERSITY  I 


PART   I 
CHAPTER  I 

THE  LATIN   ALPHABET  (HISTORICAL) 

FOR  its  civilization  Rome  was  greatly  indebted  to  the  Greeks.  Its 
philosophy  was  transplanted  from  Greece ;  its  literature  was  an  imi- 
tation of  the  literature  of  the  same  people.  The  resemblance  between 
the  alphabets  of  the  people  of  Italy  and  those  of  the  Greeks  proves 
that  for  the  source  of  the  Italic  alphabets  we  must  look  in  a  similar 
direction.  A  careful  study  shows  that  it  is  to  the  Ghalcidian  colo- 
nies, such  as  settled  Cumae  on  the  west  coast  of  Italy  and  Naxos  in 
Sicily,  that  the  Italic  alphabets  are  to  be  traced. 

The  origin  of  the  Greek  alphabet  is  the  Phoenician.  Tradition,  of 
however  little  authority,  supports  this  theory.  Herodotus,  V.  58-59, 
states  that  letters  were  introduced  into  Greece  by  Cadmus,  a  Phoeni- 
cian who  came  to  Boeotia.  Pliny,  N.  H.  VII.  56  (57),  191,  repeats  a 
similar  tradition,  adding  that  Cadmus  introduced  sixteen  letters, 
a,  /?,  y,  S,  e,  t,  K,  A,  /x,  v,  o,  TT,  p,  <r,  T,  v,  and  that  Palamedes  and 
Simonides  each  supplied  four  more.  Tacitus,  Annales,  XI.  14,  offers 
an  interesting  theory,  tracing  Greek  letters  through  the  Phoenician 
back  to  the  Egyptians,  assigning*  their  introduction  to  Cadmus  or 
Cecrops  or  Palamedes,  but  the  addition  of  new  letters  to  Simonides. 

The  early  Greek  and  Phoenician  characters  show  a  marked  re- 
semblance in  form,  and  stand  in  similar  alphabetical  order.  Knowl- 
edge of  the  order  of  the  Phoenician  letters  is  obtained  by  a  reference 
to  the  order  of  derived  alphabets,  such  as  Hebrew.  The  order  of 
the  Greek  alphabet  is  known  from  an  abecedarium  scratched  on  a 

LAT.  INSCR1P. — 2  17 


18 


PLATE  I 


PHOENICIAN. 
Baal  Lebanon. 

PHOENICIAN. 

Mesha  Stone. 

GREEK. 

Abu  Simbel. 

GREEK. 
Euboean  Inscr's. 

Aleph 

< 

f 

A 

A 

Beth 

tz^ 

3 

B 

B 

Gimel 

-\ 

r 

r  c 

Daleth 

^1 

AJ 

> 

D     fr 

He 

^ 

f  £ 

/? 

Van 

p>» 

T 

r^ 

Zayin 

I 

PB 

1 

Cheth 

q 

0 

H 

A/  0 

Teth 

® 

$ 

o 

Yod 

^u 

Tt 

i 

i 

Kaph 

'J\ 

•7 

K 

K 

Lamed 

t 

c 

A 

/*/a 

Mem 
Nun 

s 

] 

fA 
N 

/v\ 

A/ 

Samekh 

$ 

f 

Ayin 

o 

o 

0 

0 

Pe 

7 

r  n 

r 

Tsade 

jv 

JV 

tyoph 

9 

f 

f 

7 

Resh 

«d 

^ 

P 

/? 

Shin 

w/ 

Vv 

f 

^  s 

Tau 

r 

<f 

T 

T 

V 

V 

2  q^ 

2     /  =*  =  <•/> 

1      J(  =t  =  k* 

8      >]/=*=/» 

3     Nl/=X  =  cA 

THE   LATIN   ALPHABET 

vase  found  at  Formello  near  Veii  in  1882.1  The  civilization  of  the 
Greeks  is  younger  than  that  of  the  Phoenicians,  and  the  names  of 
the  letters  are  Semitic,  not  Greek ;  hence  the  inference  that  the 
Greek  alphabet  is  Semitic  in  its  origin,  derived  from  the  Phoenician. 

The  Phoenician  alphabet  was  not  in  all  respects  adapted  to  the 
phonetic  requirements  of  the  Greek  language.  First  of  all,  there 
were  no  letters  to  represent  vowel  sounds.  This  want  was  supplied 
by  the  use  of  aleph,  he,  yod,  ayin  to  represent  a,  e,  i,  o.  Van  F  may 
have  supplied  the  u,  the  semivowel,  but  a  new  sign  was  invented  to 
provide  the  vowel  u,  V  or  Y.  There  appears  to  be  a  resemblance 
between  the  Van  of  the  Mesha  (Moabite)  stone  and  the  Greek  Y 
upsilon,  but  Kirchhoff  believes  this  likeness  merely  accidental. 

The  sibilants  abounded  in  the  Phoenician  alphabet,  and  were 
beyond  the  needs  of  the  Greeks.  In  consequence  of  this,  much  con- 
fusion has  arisen  as  to  the  history  of  the  Phoenician  sibilants  in 
the  blending  of  the  two  alphabets.  These  Phoenician  letters  were 
zayin  =  dz,  samekh=s,  lsdde=tsoY  ss  (lingual),  and  shin  —  sch  (palatal). 
Of  these,  tsdde  appears  to  suggest  the  name  zeta,  while  zayin  re- 
sembles it  in  form  and  holds  a  similar  place.  Some  declare  that  zeta 
obtains  its  name  through  analogy  owing  to  its  proximity  to  ?ra  and 
Orfra,  Samekh  seems  to  have  supplied  the  sound  of  s  and  perhaps 

1  The  Formello  alphabet  is  given  on  Plate  II.,  column  I.  See  Roberts's 
Greek  Epigraphy,  p.  17. 

PLATE  I. 

COLUMN  I.     Names  of  Hebrew  letters  corresponding  to  the  Phoenician  characters  in  the  next  two 

columns. 
COLUMN  II.    Early  Phoenician  letters  traced  from  the  "Baal  Lebanon"  inscription  as  shown  by 

fac-simile  in  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Semiticarum.    This  inscription  is  dated  by  some  as  early 

as  the  tenth  century  B.C. 
COLUMN  III.    Early  Phoenician  letters  traced  from  the  fac-simile  of  the  Mesha  Stone  as  found  in  Die 

Inschrift  des  Konigs  Mesa  von  Moab.    R.  Smend  und  A.  Socin.     Freiburg,  1886.     This 

inscription  is  placed  by  scholars  in  the  ninth  century  B.C. 
COLUMN  IV.     Greek  alphabetic  characters  from  representation  of  the  Abu  Simbel  Inscription  as 

found  in  Insert pHones  Graecae  Antiquissimae,  Roehl,  No.  482.    This  inscription  represents 

the  Ionian  and  so  the  Eastern  Greek  alphabets  and  may  be  placed  in  the  early  part  of  the  sixth 

century  B.C. 
COLUMN  V.     Letters  taken  from  Euboean  inscriptions  of  Styra  and  Chalcis,  as  shown  in  Inscrip- 

tiones  Graecae  Antiqui^imae,  Roehl,  pp.  87-103;   and  from  Kretschmer's   Griechinchen 

Vuseninschriften,  pp.  62-72.    This  Euboean  alphabet  represents  the  West  Greek  alphabets. 


20  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

its  name,  while  shin  has  given  the  form  £  or  2  of  the  Greek  sigma. 
In  some  Ionic  inscriptions  samekh  is  found  equivalent  to  £i.  Again, 
there  are  inscriptions  in  which  the  sign  for  sigma  is  M,  the  Phoe- 
nician tsade,  and  it  has  been  suggested  that  the  Greeks  had  in  some 
alphabets  a  fourth  sibilant  san  of  this  form  M  equal  to  s,  while 
others  had  sigma  $,  S. 

Another  difference  between  the  Greek  and  Phoenician  alphabets 
consists  in  the  use,  in  the  former,  of  additional  characters  to  repre- 
sent ps  or  phs,  kh  and  ph.  In  the  early  inscriptions,  such  as  those 
of  Thera,  Melos,  and  Greta,  these  phonetic  values  are  expressed 
by  the  actual  combination  of  the  already  existing  letters.1  The 
appearance  of  the  new  characters  X  (+ ),  <t>,  *l  (Y)  in  the  alphabets 
of  Chalcis  and  the  Chalcidian  colonies  leads  to  the  belief  that  they 
were  introduced  before  the  eighth  century  B.C.1  Various  theories 
have  been  proposed  as  to  the  origin  of  these  letters,  but  none  has 
been  found  worthy  of  acceptance.  W.  Deecke2  considers  them 
Cypriote,  arguing  from  the  phonetic  values  of  Cypriote  syllabic 
characters,  Y  =  u,  ^  =  pu  and  phu,  >j<  =  ku  and  khu,  fyj,  Y, 
V  =  se. 

Kirchhoff  has  classified  the  Greek  alphabets  prior  to  403  B.C.  (the 
archonship  of  Eucleides)  in  two  divisions,  — 

1)  The  eastern  alphabets,  which  are  those  of  the  Aegean  Islands, 
Asiatic  coast  towns,  and  certain  places  in  the  mainland  of  Greece,  as 
Corinth,  Argos,  Attica. 

2)  The  western   alphabets,  which  belong  to   the  Euboean  cities 
Chalcis  and  Eretria,  to  Sicily  and  the  Greek  colonies  in  Italy ;  also, 
on  the  mainland  of  Greece,  to   Boeotia,  Locri,  Thessaly,  Western 
Peloponnesus. 

The  order  and  value  of  the  purely  Greek  letters,  those  newly  added, 
determine  the  difference  between  these  two  classes.  The  eastern 
alphabet  shows  the  order  <t>,  X,  -I,  with  X  =  ch  and  *l  =  ps.  The 
sound  ks  (£)  is  expressed  by  I  or  HH  samekh  seen  between  N  and  0. 

The  eastern  alphabet  became  the  recognized  Ionic  alphabet  after 
certain  changes  had  taken  place.  The  cheth  H  used  at  first  as  spir- 
itus  asper  became  long  e.  The  0  was  differentiated  to  produce  fi  =  6, 

1  Kirchhoff,  Studien*,  p.  172.  2  Baumeister,  Denkmaler,  p.  51. 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  21 

and  placed  in  the  last  position.  The  use  of  the  F  digamma  and 
the  9  koppa  as  letters  had  ceased,  and  the  F  =  6,  and  the  9  =  90. 

The  western  division  retained  the  I  (or  EB  in  the  Formello  alpha- 
bet) as  a  numeral  in  the  same  way  that  F  and  9  were  used  as  numer- 
als in  the  Ionian  alphabet.  The  order  of  the  letters  was  X,  <t>,  4,, 
with  X  =  ks,  4>  —  ph,  -I  =  ch.  For  V  =  ps,  TTO-  or  <£<r  was  used. 
Besides  these  peculiarities,  C,  D,  V  are  found  for  I",  A,  A,  also  H 
with  the  value  of  spiritus  asper,  also  the  older  form  of  mu,  /w. 

The  different  Greek  colonies  entering  Italy  brought  with  them 
their  own  alphabetic  forms,  but  the  Chalcidian  colonies  provided 
the  alphabets  for  the  people  of  Italy  probably  previous  to  600  B.C. 
The  proof  of  this  derivation  rests  on  the  similarity  in  the  forms 
V  and  C  (gamma)  in  the  Italic  and  Chalcidian  alphabets,  for  the 
appearance  of  these  characters  in  the  same  alphabet  marks  it  as 
Chalcidian. 

The  Italic  alphabets  arrange  themselves  in  two  classes.  The  one 
class  contains  the  Etruscan,  the  Umbrian,  and  the  Oscan ;  the  other 
the  Latin  and  the  Faliscan.  The  distinguishing  character  is  the  form 
8  found  in  the  first  class  with  sound  of  F.1  The  Latin  and  Faliscan 
not  possessing  this  letter  used  F  (van)  in  place  of  <1>  disregarded. 

The  Etruscan  alphabet  was  found  north  of  the  Tiber,  the  Oscan 
in  Campania,  the  Umbrian  east  of  the  Apennines,  the  Latin  and 
the  Faliscan  between  the  Etruscan  and  the  Oscan. 

Etruscan.  —  This  is  evidently  a  Chalcidian  alphabet,  since  it  shows 
the  use  of  \l  and  0.  The  X,  which  in  the  Chalcidian  alphabet  =  ks, 
is  in  the  Etruscan  a  numeral.  *  The  tenues  were  originally  all  in  use. 
K  is  at  first  found,  then  disappears,  while  D  supplies  its  place,  giving 
up  the  value  of  g,  media.  The  other  mediae,  B  and  D,  are  not  found 
in  the  oldest  inscriptions.  The  9  is  found  only  in  the  earliest 
remains,  and  soon  falls  out  of  use.  There  are  two  forms  of  the 
sibilant,  M  and  ^  or  8,  used  side  by  side.  The  prevailing  form 
in  the  inscriptions  is  8;  ^  seldom  occurs.  Two  forms  Q  and  S  with 

1  For  the  /  sound,  the  bilabial  spirant,  the  Italic  nations  seem  at  first  to  have 
used  F  H,  the  aspirated  digamma.  Cf.  fhefhaked  on  the  Praenestine  fibula  and 
the  Etruscan  vhulxenas  =  Fulcinius,  Fabretti  C.  I.  I.  Suppl.  III.  306.  The  8  is 
a  modified  . 


22 


PLATE  II  — ALPHABETS  OF  ITALY 


GKEEK 
IN 
ITALY. 

ETRUSCAN. 

UMBRIAN. 

OSCAN. 

LATIN. 

FALISCAN. 

J\ 

A 

fl 

R 

AA/1VA 

f\ 

B 

a 

J] 

^  B 

< 

D 

) 

<  c 

C    ) 

5 

P 

D 

a 

£ 

•5 

^ 

3 

?  II 

$ 

f 

3 

> 

J 

F  I1 

t 

1 

$ 

i 

I 

G 

^  r 

g 

0 

is 

B 

H 

g- 

£ 

0  o 

i 

1 

I 

i 

1 

i 

K 

>| 

)| 

K 

I 

J 

vj 

j 

I.  I 

J  4^ 

[W 

W\  VK 

VIA 

H4 

/W  ^A 

m 

N 

H 

M 

H 

/v 

i/l 

0 

0 

0 

P 
^A 

1 

1 

n 

p  p 

7P 

o 

p 

0 

n 

0 

z 

a 
\ 

I*  p 

5  S 

5 

T 

r 

> 

T 

T  T 

f  r 

X 

V 

V 

V 

V 

X 

V 
X 

4 

^ 

T 

4^ 

g 

8 

8 

O 

S 

d 

f- 

THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  23 

value  r  are  found.  The  vowels  are  a,  e,  i,  M,  with  o  wanting.  The 
Etruscan  is  always  found  written  from  right  to  left. 

Umbrian.  —  All  the  aspirates  are  wanting  save  one,  O,  which  is 
itself  rare,  and  does  not  differ  in  value  from  the  T.  Of  the  mediae 
C  and  D  have  disappeared,  and  in  consequence  the  K  is  still  in  use. 
The  ?  is  not  in  use,  perhaps  was  never  adopted.  The  Umbrian, 
like  the  Etruscan,  has  no  o,  but  possesses  the  other  vowels,  a,  e,  i,  u. 
The  peculiarities  of  the  alphabet  are  B  appearing  as  0,  and  the  new 
letters  S  and  d,  which,  with  8  found  in  Etruscan,  have  been  added 
to  the  Greek  alphabet.  The  first,  S,  is  a  by-form  of  the  Etruscan  0, 
but  it  does  not  have  the  same  value,  being  equal  to  rs.1  Hence  it 
takes  a  different  place  in  the  alphabet.  The  d  serves  for  the  sound, 
peculiar  to  this  dialect,  of  Jc  before  the  vowels  e  and  i.  The  Umbrian 
is,  as  a  rule,  written  from  right  to  left. 

Oscan.  —  In  this  alphabet  there  are  wanting  the  vowel  o,  X  =  ks, 
M  =  s,  and  9.  The  d  was  at  first  disregarded,  and  the  form  Q  was 
assumed  by  the  r  sound ;  so  that  when  the  need  of  a  media  was 
felt,  a  modified  S,  i.e.  R,  was  used,  which  may  have  taken  the  place 
of  d  in  the  alphabet.  Need  of  0  was  felt  at  a  later  date,  hence 
the  modified  u,  i.e.  V,  changed  to  v  •  The  letter  next  to  the  last  is 
a  modified  form  of  I,  i.e.  h,  which,  with  V ,  naturally  assumes  a  place 
after  8,  as  neither  appears  on  the  older  Oscan  coins.  The  order  of 
writing  is  from  right  to  left. 

1  See  Biicheler,  Umbrica,  and  von  Planta,  Grammatik  der  Oskisch-Umbrischen 
Dialekte,  p.  48. 

PLATE   II. 

COLUMN  I.  The  Greek  Alphabet  as  found  on  the  Formello  Vase.  This  is  the  Greek  Alphabet 
as  it  was  written  in  Italy,  and  is  the  link  between  the  Western  Greek  Alphabets  of  Euboea, 
particularly  of  Chalcis,  and  the  Italic  Alphabets.  These  letters  have  been  traced  from  Plate  6 
of  Melanges  de  Vficole  Frangaise  de  Rome,  vol.  II.,  Breal. 

COLUMN  II.  Etruscan  alphabetic  characters  traced  from  representations  given  in  Die  Etrusker. 
C.  O.  M  filler  and  Muller-Deecke. 

COLUMN  III.     Umbrian  letters  traced  from  Les  Tables  Eugubines.    Michel  Breal. 

COLUMN  IV.  Oscan  letters  from  fac-simile  inscriptions,  in  Inscriptiones  Oacae  (Tabulae).  J. 
Zvetaieff. 

COLUMN  V.    Latin  archaic  letters. 

COLUMN  VI.  Faliscan  letters  from  Inscriptiones  Ilaliae  Mediae  Dialecticae  (Tabulae).  J. 
Zvetaieff. 


24  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Faliscan. — This  alphabet  possesses  peculiarities  that  lead  to  a 
classification  with  the  Latin.  It  differs  from  the  Latin  in  the  disap- 
pearance of  the  B  and  9.  The  K  also  is  wanting.  The  van  F  is 
represented  by  the  form  T.  The  old  form  iji  and  the  position  of 
the  Z  show  the  early  adoption  of  the  alphabet.  The  order  of  writ- 
ing is  from  right  to  left. 

All  these  alphabets,  together  with  the  Latin,  are  evidently  derived, 
directly  or  indirectly,  from  the  same  Greek  alphabet.  The  test 
characters  are  ^  =  ch,  X  =  A\s,  C  gamma  and  V  lambda.  The  Oscan 
and  Umbrian  people  obtained  their  alphabets  through  the  Etruscans, 
while  the  Latins  took  their  letters  from  the  Chalcidian  colonists.1 

Latin.  —  The  following  peculiarities  mark  the  Latin  alphabet  as 
distinct  from  those  mentioned  above.  It  has  a  complete  vowel  sys- 
tem, so  that  0  is  found  as  well  as  A,  E,  I,  V.  It  employs  vau  F  for 
the  sign  8,  which  does  not  appear  at  all.  The  V  serves  the  purpose 
of  both  vowel  and  consonant.  The  K  has  really  disappeared  from 
use,  except  in  a  few  words  and  abbreviations,  and  C  has  taken  its 
place.  To  provide  the  gutteral  media,  C  is  made  into  G  by  a  mark 
of  differentiation,  and  the  new  letter  assumes  the  position  of  I  (Z), 
which  early  goes  out  of  use.  In  the  time  of  Cicero,  I,  the  old  zeta, 
md  Y,  upsilon,  were  taken  from  the  Greek  alphabet  and  placed  after 
X  (ix),  and  the  former  appeared  in  the  shape  Z.  The  Greek  aspirates 
did  not  become  letters  in  the  Latin  alphabet,  but  were  used  as 
numerals,2  V  or  *l,  the  Chalcidian  ch,  =  50,  O  =  100  (probably), 
0  —  1000.  The  9  remained  in  use,  but  gradually  lost  ground  in 
later  days.  The  mark  of  differentiation  was  added  to  the  P  to  form 
R  when  the  letter  P  began  to  have  a  form  nearly  closed. 

The  original  right  to  left  direction  of  the  writing  is  found  gener- 
ally in  the  dialect  alphabets  of  Italy,  save  those  of  the  Romans  and 
Volsci,  a  fact  which  assigns  the  adoption  of  these  alphabets  to  a 
period  prior  to  the  change  in  direction  in  the  Greek  parent  alpha- 
bet. The  medium  of  change  from  the  original  order  to  the  left- 
to-right  is  the  "  boustrophedon "  method,  which  combines  the  two 

1  Von  Planta,  Osk.  Umbr.  Dialekte,  I.  44. 

2  For  a  different  origin  see  Zangemeister  «'  Entstehung  der  romischen  Zahlzei- 
chen"  (Sitzungsber.  d.  k.  Preuss.  Akad.,  1887). 


THE   LATIN  ALPHABET  25 

systems.  With  a  very  few  exceptions,  the  writing  of  the  earliest 
Latin  inscriptions  is  from  left  to  right.  The  "  boustrophedon  "  order 
is  found  in  the  inscriptions  on  the  bronzes  from  Lake  Fucinus,1  but 
the  language  of  these  inscriptions  cannot  be  said  to  be  pure  Latin. 
The  Duenos  Inscription 2  (Vascula  Dresseliana)  is  written  from  right 
to  left,  but,  being  on  a  vase,  the  order  of  some  lines  may  be  due  to 
economy  of  space.  The  inscription  on  &  fibula  from  Praeneste,3  which 
is  regarded  as  perhaps  the  oldest  Latin  inscription,  is  written  from 
right  to  left,  an  order  which  may  be  due  to  an  attempt  at  concealing 
the  meaning,  as  in  charms.  It  is  reasonable,  however,  to  believe 
that  this  last  inscription  is  a  trace  of  the  early  retrograde  direction 
of  Latin  writing. 

Modifications  in  the  Latin  Alphabet. 

C.  This  letter  is  the  curved  form  of  the  gamma  of  the  Greek 
alphabet.  Its  value  at  first  was  that  of  the  Greek  letter,  but  after- 
wards it  had  the  sound  of  k  (surd  guttural),  a  value  it  assumed  in 
the  period  preceding  the  decein viral  legislation  (451  B.C.). 

G.  This  letter  finds  its  origin  through  the  process  of  differentia- 
tion in  the  letter  C.  The  modification  was  due  to  the  confusion 
arising  from  the  use  of  C  as  the  sharp  guttural  k  and  as  the  flat  g. 
In  the  Duenos  Inscription  virgo  is  spelled  virco  (some  read  vir 
cosied),  while  in  the  word  feced  an  attempt  has  evidently  been  made 
to  change  a  K  into  a  C,  but  the  K  still  remains  in  pdkari.  Plutarch, 
Quaestiones  Romanae,  54  and  59,  declares  that  Spurius  Carvilius 
Ruga,  who  opened  a  school  in  Rome  about  523/231,  invented  this 
letter.  Mommsen  (Unterital.  Dial,  p.  33)  shows  that  Spurius  Car- 
vilius did  not  invent  the  letter,  for  it  appears  in  inscriptions  before 
his  time.  He  may,  however,  have  been  the  first  to  teach  its  use 
at  his  school,  or  he  may  have  given  it  the  position  it  still  holds  in 
the  alphabet. 

The  letter  G  is  first  seen  on  the  as  libralis  of  Luceria,   dating 

iH.  Jordan,  Hermes,  vol.  XV.,  1880,  p.  5  j  F.  Biicheler,  Ehein.  Mus. 
XXXIII.,  1878,  p.  989. 

2  See  page  16.  8  See  page  265. 


26  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

before  485/269,  then  in  inscriptions  in  the  epitaph  of  Scipio  Bar- 
batus,  who  was  consul  in  298  B.C.  The  epitaph  appears  to  be  less 
archaic  than  that  of  his  son,  who  was  consul  259  B.C.  Ritschl  has 
set  the  date  as  not  later  than  234  B.C.  The  words  in  the  Scipio 
epitaph  in  which  G  appears  are  Gnaivod,  prognatus,  subigit.  It  is 
found  also  on  paterae  from  Tarquinii  in  the  name  Gabinio,  the 
date  of  which  is  supposed  to  be  about  the  same  as  that  of  the  Epi- 
taph.1 Again  it  is  found  in  the  decree  of  the  Senate  "  de  Bacchanali- 
bus "  of  186  B.C.,  in  the  words  magister,  magistratud,  magistratum, 
gnoscier,  jigier,  agro*  The  letter  G  does  not  appear,  however,  in 
the  inscription  of  the  Columna  Rostrata,  which,  though  dating 
originally  in  the  time  of  the  Epitaph,  was  renewed,  with  a  com- 
bination of  modern  and  archaic  forms  in  the  Empire,  perhaps  under 
Augustus.3  This  character  probably  did  not  come  into  general  use 
until  a  period  much  later  than  the  time  of  its  introduction,  for  the 
archaic  form  C  is  found  long  after  the  invention  of  the  G.  A  trace 
of  the  early  use  of  C  is  found  in  the  abbreviations  C  for  Gains  and 
Cn  for  Gnaeus. 

I.  This  letter  served  as  both  vowel  and  consonant  (semi-vowel). 
In  the  time  of  Cicero  a  double  I  is  found  indicating  the  semi-vowel ; 
thus  Aiiax,  Maiia,  aiio,  Troiiam,  are  mentioned  by  the  grammarians 
Quintilian,  I.  4,  11,  Velius  Longus  VII.  54,  x;  ana  others,  and  in  the 
inscriptions  are  found  cuims,  eiius,  plebeiius.4  This  doubling  of  the 
vowel  for  such  a  purpose  did  not  come  into  general  use.  In  in- 
scriptions of  the  imperial  period  the  tall  letter  I  stood  between 
vowels  as  the  semi-vowel,  though  ATElO  and  ElVS  are  already 
found  in  inscriptions  of  the  late  days  of  the  Republic.5 

It  should  be  remembered  that  J  was  not  specialized  as  a  letter 
until  the  fifteenth  century  A.D.  At  first  the  letter  I,  initial,  was 

1Corssen,  Aussprache,  I.  p.  10. 
2  See  page  359. 

8  It  may,  however,  be  an  inscription  of  the  days  of  Augustus,  with  imitation 
of  archaic  forms. 

4  C.  I.  L.  II.  1953,  1687,  1129.     Seelmann,  Die  Aussprache  des  Lateins,  p.  236. 

5  C.  L  L.  I.  750,  1418.     Christiansen,  De  Apicibus  et  I  Longis,  p.  29. 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  27 

changed  to  J  by  being  curved  to  the  left,  the  original  shape  still 
serving  as  the  medial  letter.  As  the  initial  I  was  usually  the  semi- 
vowel, the  initial  shape  became  identified  with  the  letter  J. 

K.  This  letter,  in  the  earliest  period,  served  as  the  sharp  guttural 
(&),  but  was  afterwards  replaced  almost  absolutely  by  the  letter  C, 
which,  at  first  equal  to  the  sonant  g,  was  relieved  of  this  double 
service  by  the  use  of  the  differentiated  C,  i.e.  G.  K  is  found  in 
"fhefhaked "  on  the  Fibula  Praenestina,  which  probably  belongs  to 
the  sixth  century  B.C.,  and  is  apparently  altered  to  C  in  the  Duenos 
Inscription,  dating  about  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  century  B.C., 
so  that  its  disappearance  from  general  use  must  have  taken  place 
at  a  comparatively  early  period.  Its  appearance  in  Latin  orthog- 
raphy is  confined  to  a  few  words  for  which  it  was  the  common 
abbreviation,  as  Kalendae,  Kaeso.1 

V.  This  letter,  originating  in  the  Greek  upsilon  of  the  form  V, 
served  the  purpose  of  both  vowel  and  consonant  (semi-vowel).  The 
differentiation  of  the  vowel  and  the  consonant  did  not  occur  until 
about  the  tenth  century  A.D. 

X.  This  letter,  which  Quintilian  calls  nostrarum  ultima,  was  the  last 
letter  in  the  early  alphabet  of  the  Romans.  In  inscriptions  of  all 
periods  after  the  Senatus  Consultant  de  Bacchanalibus  568/186, 
which  has,  e.g.,  the  form  EXSTRAD  for  extra,  xs  are  found  for  x, 
perhaps  because  the  X  is  regarded  as  equal  to  Greek  X  (cK),  and 
then  naturally  s  is  needed.  The  attempt  to  express  the  sound  of  c 
followed  by  s  led  to  such  irregular  orthography  as  ucxor,  vicxit  C.  I. 
L.  V.  5735,  iuxcta  C.  I.  L.  VI.  14614,  and  visxit  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  67. 

Y.  This  letter,  in  reality  the  Greek  upsilon,  was  employed  in  the 
days  of  the  Republic  to  represent  the  Greek  v,  for  the  Latin  V  cor- 
responded more  nearly  to  Greek  ov.  Before  the  use  of  Y,  the  Greek 
v  was  represented  by  Latin  V  or  at  times  I.  (Of.  Cic.  Orator,  48. 160, 

1  Quintilian,  I.  4,  9  ;   I.  7,  10;  Vel.  Long.,  2218  (Keil,  G.  L.,  p.  53);   Ter. 
>.  2400  (Keil,  G.  L.,  p.  349). 


28  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

where  Ennius  is  said  to  have  written  Burrus  for  Pyrrhus  and  Bruges 
for  Phryges.)  Bitschl,  P.  L,  M.  E.  124,  states  that,  with  one  exception, 
there  is  no  instance  of  the  use  of  this  letter  until  the  seventh  century 
of  the  City. 

Z.  This  letter  belonged  to  the  earliest  Latin  alphabet,  in  which 
it  probably  had  the  place  which  the  letter  G  afterwards  assumed, 
since  this  is  the  position  of  the  £  in  the  Greek  alphabet. 

In  the  Duenos  Inscription  it  is  believed  by  some  to  occur  in  the 
word  dze  for  die,  although  the  letter  may  be  I,  or  a  V  forming  part  of 
the  word  Duenoi.  It  is  found  in  a  fragment  of  an  old  priestly  prayer, 
Carmen  Saliorum,  given  by  Varro,  L.  L.  VII.  26  (M).1  It  appears 
on  a  coin  of  Cosa  dating  after  273  B.C.2  taking  the  place  of  S  in  the 
word  Coza(no),  and  is  also  seen  in  the  transcription  of  an  Oscan 
Law  of  the  time  of  the  Gracchi.3  After  this  we  have  no  trace  of 
the  letter  until  the  time  of  Sulla,  when  it  reappears  as  representing 
the  Greek  £,  for  which,  when  initial,  S  had  been  used,  or,  when 
medial,  SS.4  Cicero  (Orator,  48.  160),  —  Nee  enim  Graecam  litteram 
adhibebant,  mine  autem  etiam  duas,  —  probably  referred  to  Y  and  Z. 
It  should  be  remembered  that  Z,  when  reintroduced,  was  a  Greek 
letter,  and  was  so  recognized  in  the  first  century  A.D.  Z  took  the 
last  place  in  the  alphabet. 

Various  attempts  were  made  to  add  to  the  Latin  alphabet.  Ver- 
rius  Flaccus,  of  the  Augustan  age,  suggested  a  mutilated  M,  i.e. 
M,  to  take  the  place  of  M  when  final.5  No  trace  of  this  has  been 
found,  so  that  it  evidently  did  not  come  into  use. 

The  Emperor  Claudius  invented  three  letters :  the  Greek  digamma 
inverted,  to  provide  the  consonant  V,  the  antisigma  0  for  the  sound 

1  The  word  is  cozeulodoizeso  (some  read  cozeulodorieso') .     Velius  Longus,  p. 
2217  (Keil,  G.  L.,  p.  52)  wrote  :  mihi  videtuf  nee  aliena  sermoni  fuisse  (z  littera), 
cum  inveniatitr  in  Carmine  Saliari. 

2  C.  L  L.  I.  14;  P.  L.  M.  E.  VII.  40.  a,  b. 

3  C.  /.  L.  I.  197. 

4  Jordan,  Kritische  JBeitrage,  p.  151,  states  that  Z  once  stood  for  s  between 
vowels,  but  lost  its  usefulness  in  consequence  of  "Rhotacism." 

6  Velius  Longus,  p.  2238,  Keil,  G.  L.,  p.  80, 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  29 

of  bs  and  ps,  and  the  Greek  spirit  us  \-  for  the  sound  intermediate 
between  i  and  u.  Claudius  wrote  a  book  discussing  the  need  of  these 
letters,  and,  when  emperor,  ordered  that  they  should  be  introduced. 
This  was  done  in  state  documents,  as  senate  decrees,  such  as  Tacitus 
saw  (Annales,  XL  14),  also  in  the  mandates  of  magistrates  and  of 
priests.  The  most  common  of  these  letters  is  the  inverted  digamma 
to  indicate  the  consonant  V.  There  is  no  certain  example  of  the  use 
of  the  antisigma  0.  The  letter  f-  for  the  middle  sound  between  i  and 
u  is  found  in  inscriptions  of  the  time  of  Claudius  to  express  a  Greek 
upsilon  in  the  words  Aeg\-pti,  Batli\-llus,  C\-cnus,  Gl\-conis,  M\-ro, 
N\-mphius,  P\-lades,  Zop[-rus.  It  also  occurs  in  B^-bliotheca  and 
once  in  G\-bernator.  It  answers  to  the  i  or  u  before  labials,  which 
occurs  in  the  superlative  terminations,  as  opt\-mus  and  max\-mus. 
This  letter  may  have  had  the  value  of  the  French  u  or  the  Ger- 
man ii.1 

In  the  early  period,  to  represent  the  Greek  <£,  x>  and  0,  the  Latin 
employed  P,  C,  and  T  just  as  S  and  SS  had  been  used  for  £,  and  V 
or  more  rarely  I  for  Y.  About  the  close  of  the  second  century  B.C. 
the  aspiration  begins  to  appear,  and  for  the  following  fifty  years 
the  usage  varied  between  the  aspirated  and  unaspirated  letters,  until 
finally  the  aspirated  form  prevailed.2  In  inscriptions  of  the  imperial 
period,  however,  there  are  found  P,  C,  and  T,  instead  of  the  aspirates, 
and  in  the  later  imperial  period  F  f or  PH. 

Double  Consonants. 

The  introduction  of  double  consonants  is  commonly  assigned  to 
Enriius  (239-169  B.C.).  This  usage,  beginning  about  the  end  of  the 
sixth  century  of  the  City  (150  B.C.),  did  not  become  common  until 
the  middle  of  the  seventh  century  of  the  City  (100  B.C.).  The  double 
consonant  is  seen  first  in  the  decree  of  Aemilius  Paulus,  dating  189 
B.C.  (See  page  359.) 

Marius  Victorinus  (p.  2456)  and  Isidorus  (Orig.  I.  26)  refer  to  the 

1  Lindsay,  The  Latin  Language,  pp.  25  and  79. 

2  PH,  CH  and  TH  are  seen  in  the  dedicatory  inscriptions  of   L.  Mummius, 
dating  146  B.C.     C.  T.  L.  I.  546. 


30  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

sidlicus  o,  which  was  placed  over  letters  to  indicate  double  conso- 

0  0 

nants,  thus  SELA,  ASERES.  The  occurrence  of  this  sign  is  uncom- 
mon, the  period  of  its  most  frequent  appearance  being  the  early  days 
of  the  Augustan  age. 

Double  Vowels. 

The  tragic  poet,  Attius,  170-94,  introduced  the  double  letter  to 
represent  the  long  vowel.1  Ritschl  shows  that  this  usage  appears  in 
Latin  inscriptions  from  the  time  of -the  Gracchi  up  to  the  Mithridatic 
war  (75  B.C.).  The  first  instance  is  in  the  word  paastores  on  the 
miliarium  of  Popillius,  dating  132  B.C.  This  doubling  was  employed 
in  the  vowels  A,  E,  U,  but  not  O.2  Thus  we  find/oato,  haace,  luidius. 
Eeference  has  already  been  made  to  the  doubling  of  the  I,  not  for 
the  purpose,  however,  of  lengthening  the  vowel,  but  to  indicate  the 
consonantal  I. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Die  Unteritalischen  Dialekte.    TH.  MOMMSEN.     Leipzig,  1850. 

tfber  Aussprache,   Vokalismus  und  Betonung  der  Lateinischen  Sprache.     W. 

CORSSEN.    2d  ed.,  2  vols.     Leipzig,  1868-70. 
The  Alphabet.    ISAAC  TAYLOR.    2  vols.     London,  1883. 
Die  Aussprache  des  Lateins.     E.  SEELMANN.     Heilbronn,  1885. 
Studien  zur  Geschichte  des  Griechischen  Alphabets.    A.  KIRCHHOFF.    4th  ed. 

Giitersloh,  1887. 
The  Latin  Language.    W.  M.  LINDSAY.    Oxford,  1894. 

1  Velius  Longus,  p.  2220. 

2  C.  I.  L.    I.  p.  600.     In  a  Faliscan  inscription  we  find  nootum.    Zvetaieff, 
Inscr.  Ital.  Inf.  70. 


CHAPTER  II 

THE  LATIN  ALPHABET  (MORPHOLOGICAL) 

THE  early  writing  of  the  Phoenicians,  Greeks,  and  Romans,  shows 
a  uniform  style  employed  for  both  public  and  private  use.  Similar 
forms  are  found  on  the  various  materials  used,  such  as  clay  or  wax, 
and  metal  or  stone,  since  there  is  only  one  form  of  writing.  This 
uniformity  is  at  first  interfered  with  by  reason  of  the  difference  in 
materials.  Letters  made  in  soft  substances  naturally  display  curved 
and  easy  lines,  while  stiff  set  forms  are  found  on  the  hard  surface, 
as  the  cutting  of  letters  on  metal  or  stone  demands  greater  and  more 
laborious  toil.  This  difference  in  style  is  still  more  marked  after 
the  introduction  of  outlining  in  crayon  or  chalk,  and  of  drawing  let- 
ters in  colors  with  a  brush  on  such  surfaces  as  walls  and  board 
tablets,  finally  in  the  use  of  ink  and  pen  on  papyrus  or  parchment. 
The  Greeks  appear  to  have  used,  for  the  most  part,  similar  styles  of 
writing  for  both  public  and  private  documents,  and  for  inscriptions 
on  monuments,  down  to  the  time  of  the  Macedonian  supremacy.  In 
like  manner  the  most  ancient  remains  of  Roman  writing  show  a 
style  uniform  even  in  its  rudeness.  This  style  was  not  changed 
until  the  sixth  century  of  the  City,  when  there  was  introduced  from 
the  Greeks  the  custom  of  adorning  buildings  and  monuments  with 
inscriptions,  the  letters  of  which  were  made  with  regard  for  beauty 
and  elegance. 

ARCHAIC   ALPHABET 

This  early  uniform  writing  of  the  Romans  may  be  designated  as 
the  Archaic  Alphabet.  We  know  from  Dionysius  of  Halicarnassus 
(Antiq.  IV.  26  and  58)  that  the  Romans  used  writing  very  early  in 
their  history.  The  treaty  of  peace  made  by  Tarquinius  (Superbus  ?) 

31 


PLATE   III— ALPHABET   OF  THE   REPUBLIC 


A    A     1\     A     A 

L 

L 

L 

K 

A      A      A       A 

A/V 

AA 

/v\ 

XX 

*    B 

A" 

>M 

N 

'n 

<     c     (     c 

0 

O 

0 

o 

t>      D      D      D 

r 

P 

P 

P 

£      fc      E      E        II 

? 

ft 

a 

a^a 

/T      f>       F      f        I1 

R 

P 

R 

R      R 

G       Q       6 

5 

; 

5 

5      2 

H 

T 

T 

r 

r 

1        1 

V 

N 

K     H    _V     ^ 

X 

32 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  33 

with  the  Gabii  was  written  on  an  ox-hide  ypa//yxcwnj/  dpxaiKois  and 
stored  in  the  temple  of  Sancus.1  A  treaty  made  by  Servius  Tullius 
with  the  Latins  is  said  to  have  been  cut  in  bronze  (O-TI/A.//V  ^aA/c^v).2 
Cicero  (pro  Balbo  23.  53)  refers  to  a  treaty  of  alliance  between 
Rome  and  the  Latins  engraved  on  a  bronze  column,  and  Polybius 
III.  22  mentions  a  commercial  treaty  made  between  Carthage  and 
Rome  in  the  earliest  days  of  the  Republic,  likewise  engraved  on 
bronze  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus. 

The  oldest  Latin  inscription  extant,  that  on  the  golden  fibula  of 
Praeneste,3  dating  possibly  in  the  sixth  century  B.C.,  shows  letters 
which  are  really  Greek  in  form,  and  which  bear  witness  to  the  Greek 
parentage  of  the  Latin  letters,  and  to  a  period  when  the  Latin  alpha- 
bet was  in  a  transition  state,  not  fully  naturalized-  Very  old  forms, 
showing  Greek  influence,  are  also  found  in  the  Duenos  Inscription,4 
which  dates  perhaps  in  the  early  part  of  the  fourth  century  B.C. 
Besides  these,  there  remain  to  us  inscriptions  on  coins,  mirrors,  boxes, 
and  vases.  This  archaic  alphabet  is  found  in  the  inscriptions  given 
by  Ehtschl.  P.  L.  M.  E.  plates  I.-XVII.  The  marked  characteristics 
of  this  alphabet  are,  first  and  mainly,  the  near  approach* to  the  par- 
ent alphabets,  the  Greek  and  the  Phoenician ;  the  lack  of  uniform- 
ity in  the  various  forms  of  the  same  letter  (see  A),  also  the  oblique 
lines  (as  in  N) ;  together  with  general  irregularity  and  unevenness. 
Such  archaic  forms  as  A  A  A,  £,  >,  II,  I1,  V,  Illl,  P,  9  ft>  ^>  ?>  ill(li- 
cate  a  period  prior  to  the  Second  Punic  War. 

MONUMENTAL  ALPHABET  OF  THE  REPUBLIC 

The  employment  of  inscriptions  on  great  monuments  led  to  an 
improvement  in  the  style  of  the  letters.  This. .can  be  seen  by  exam- 
ining the  monuments  of  the  last  three  centuries  of  the  Republic. 

The  earliest  of  these  are  the  dedicatory  inscriptions  from  the 
grove  of  Pisaurum,  and  the  most  archaic  of  the  tituli  sepulcrales 
from  Praeneste. 

1  Dionys.  Hal.  Antiq.  Rom.  IV.  58.  2  IV.  26. 

3  See  page  265.  4  See  page  16. 

LAT.   INSCRIP. — 3 


34 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


On  a  cippus  found  at  Pisaurum,  fifth  century  A.U.C. 
P.  L.  31.  E.  XLIII.  c. 

Tunone  Ee(ginae)  matrona(e')  Pisaure(n}se(s~)  dono(m)  ded(e)ro(n)t.     C.  /.  L. 

I.  173. 


Epitaph  from  a  sepulcretum  at  Praeneste,  sixth  century  A.U.C. 

Caltia  M(arci)  f(ilia}.     C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3079. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  letters  do  not  show  particular  elegance ; 
their  parts  do  not  always  join,  and  the  lines  of  direction  are  not 
straight. 


Epitaph  from  Praeneste,  sixth  century  A.r.c. 

8ta(tios)  Cupio(s).     C.  L  L.  XIV.  3114. 


THE   LATIN  ALPHABET  35 

In  the  epitaphs  of  the  Scipios  (see  pages  232.  236)  and  in  that 
of  M.  Furius,  tribunus  militaris  at  Tusculum,  we  find  great  advance 
made  in  the  evenness  and  elegance  of  the  letters. 


> 


Dedicatory  inscriptions  from  Tuscuiuui,  sixth  century  A.U.C. 
P.  L.  M.  K  XLIX.  B.C. 

(a)  M.  Fourio(s)  C.  f(ilios}  tribunos  militare(s')  de  praidad  Maurte  dedet. 
(6)  M.  Fourio(s}  C.  f(ilios~)  tribunos  \_milita]re(s)  de  praidad  For[tunae~]  dedet. 
C.  I.  L.  XIV.  2577,  2578. 

Monumental  inscriptions  of  the  seventh  century  of  the  City  show 
marked  improvement  in  the\  forms  and  details  of  the  letters,  the 
exactness  and  beauty  of  which  increase  with  the  growth  of  the  cus- 
tom of  erecting,  and  likewise  inscribing,  large  architectural  monu- 
ments, whether  sepulchral,  dedicatory  or  honorary.  The  fully 
developed  script  ura  monumentalis  belongs  to  the  days  of  Augustus 
and  to  the  early  Empire. 


On  a  small  marble  pedestal  found  at  Rome,  where  it  was  probably  brought  from 
some  munieipium,  now  in  the  Vatican  Museum.    The  date  is  710/44 

Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  1. 

Divo  luiio  iussu  \  populi  Eomani  |  statutum  est  lege  |  Enfrena.     C.  I.  L.  VI.  872, 


PLATE    IV  — ALPHABET   OF  THE   EMPIRE 


A 

a  A 


F    F    f 


G/f*          ^=> 
S     6 


i 


L    1L     \ 


I, 


M  M   M   D^ 


P  '  .p  i 


t 


T  f   f    1  T 
V  V   V  ¥ 


ITT 


36 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  \      37 

MONUMENTAL  ALPHABET  PERFECTED 

The  letters  cut  in  stone  and  appearing  on  large  and  impressive 
monuments  represent  the  standard  of  this  fully  developed  alphabet. 
It  is  the  scriptura  quadrata  or  lapidaria  of  Petrpnius  (29.  58). 1 

This  standard  scriptura  monumentalis  was  mainly  the  work  of  the 
professional  stonecutter,  who  made  the  letters  with  exactness  after 
a  pattern  previously  outlined  in  color  or  crayon.  There  is  no  adorn- 
ment, such  as  extended  or  added  lines,  apices,  cornua.  The  letters 
are  square  and  exact.  Whatever  variation  is  found  in  this  alphabet 
is  due  to  the  skill  and  care  of  the  stonecutter,  and  is  shown  in  the 
depth  of  the  cut,  gracefulness  of  form  and  exactness  in  detail.  It 
must  be  remembered  that  these  forms  were  not  confined  to  stone,  but 
were  used  on  other  material,  such  as  bronze. 


QCRETICI-F 

METELLAE-CRASSI 

Sepulchral  inscription  on  the  large  tomb  of  Caecilia  Metella 
on  the  Via  Appia,  Rome. 

HUbner's  Ezempla,  No.  61. 

Caeciliae  \  Q.  Cretici  f(iliae)  \  Me.tellae  CrassL  C.  I.  L.  VI.  1274.  Caecilia 
was  the  daughter  of  Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Creticus,  consul  685/69,  and 
wife  of  the  son  of  M.  Crassus.  Although  it  is  not  known  when  she  died, 
the  inscription  may  with  probability  be  assigned  to  the  earlier  part  of  the 
reign  of  Augustus. 

While  this  scriptura  quadrata  is  strictly  the  alphabet  of  great 
monuments  during  the  early  Empire,  yet  other  forms  more  or  less 
ornamented,  showing  the  influence  of  the  lettering  of  the  acta  and 
of  the  more  ordinary  alphabets,  are  found  in  monumental  inscriptions 

1  Allied  expressions  are  saxa  quadrata,  lapis  quadratics,  opus  quadratum, 
opifices  quadratarii. 


^8  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

from  the  clays  of  Augustus.     The  following  will  illustrate  this  ten- 
dency to  vary  the  standard  forms. 

F 


A  EGVPTO'INPOTESTATEM 

POPVLItOMANl-REDACTA 

SpLI-DONVMDEDIT 

On  an  obelisk  which  formerly  stood  in  the  Circus  Maximus  ;  now  in  tne 
Piazza  del  Popolo,  Eome.    The  date  is  744/10. 

Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  52. 

Imp(erator)  Caesar  divi  f(ilius}  \  Augustus  \  pontifex  maximus,  \  imp(erator') 
XII,  co(n~)s(iil)  XI,  trib(unicia}  pot(estate~)  XIV,  \  Aegupto  in potestdtem  \ 
populi  Romdni  rcdacta  \  Soli  ddnum  dedit.  C.  I.  L.  VI.  701. 


wpo-cffomoso 

tVROANO-GALLO 


QWESrOR-IMP-CAKARISAVG 

From  an  inscription  on  a  marble  tablet  in  the  tower  of  a 
gateway  of  the  Propylaea  at  Athens. 

Hubner's  Exeinpld,  No.  185. 

Z.   Aquillio    C.  f(ilio)    Pom(ptina  tribu}   Floro  \  Turciano    Gallo  \  x 

stl(itibus)  iud(icandis) ,  tribftno  mil(itum)  leg(ionis)  VIIII  \  Maccdoni- 
c(ae),  quaest6r(i}  imp(eratoria)  Caesaris  Aug(usti),  \  proqnaest(ore) 
promnc(iae)  djpri,  tr(_ibuno}  pl(ebi),  proco(ii)s(ule)  Achaiae.  \  C.  I.  L. 
III.  551. 

This  inscription  belongs  to  the  age  of  Augustus. 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  39 


From  an  inscription  on  a  pedestal  of  black  marble  found  at  Pompeii,  now  in  the  Museum  of  Naples. 
Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  135. 

tip.  Tarranins  L.  f(ilius}  Sp.  n(epos)  L.  pron(epos)  Fab(ia  tribu}  \  Proculus 
Gellianus  \  praef(ectus)  fabr(um~)  77,  praif(ectus')  curatorum  aUei  \  Tiberis, 
praif(ectus)propr(aetore~)  i(ure)  d(icundo')  in  urbe  LaJinio,  \  pater  patratus 
populi  Laurentis,  .  .  .  Z(oco)  d(ato}  d(ecreto~)  d(ecurionum~) .  C.  L  L.  X, 
797.  The  date  is  between  47-54  A. D. 


P-  CAESAR  1 


On  a  cippus  of  travertine  found  at  Pompeii,  now  in  the  Museum  at  Naples. 
Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  335. 

Ex  auctoritate  \  imp(eratoris')  Caesaris  \  Vespasiani  Aug(usti}  \  loca  publica  a 
pricatis  \  possessa,  T.  Suedius  Clemens  \  tribunus,  causis  cognitis  et  \  men- 
suris  factis,  rei  \publicae  Pompeianorum  \  restituit.     (7.  7.  L,  X.  1018. 
This  inscription  dates  between  69-79. 


iMP'OB'RESFlTV 


FX-^-ORFI  I  O-PV 

[L,  /V  u>  V^  O  JL  L-  JU  V>  l    ¥ 


An  inscription  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Saguntum,  where  it  still  remains. 
Hubner's  Esempla,  No.  434. 


40  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

P.  Scipioni  Co(n}s(uli)  \  imp(eratori)  ob  restitu\tam  Saguntum  \  ex  s(enatus) 
c(onsulto}  bello  Pu\nico  secundo.     C.  I.  L.  II.  3836. 

Hiibner  assigns  this  inscription  to  either  the  age  of  Trajan  or  the  close  of  the 
second  century. 


P  JIO  CAVG-DACIAEA  fVLENS I STMC 
AtPIVMATRACTtANAltroOENJNAR 
iVMW-SWRAEFCLASSlMAVEN 


VESENNICIEMERIS 


From  an  inscription  on  a  large  marble  tablet  found  at  Falerio 
in  Picenum,  now  at  Koine,  in  the  Museum  of  the  Vatican. 
It  may  be  assigned  to  the  middle  of  the  third  century  A.D. 
Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  551. 

T.  Cornasidio  \  T.  f(ilio}  Fab(ia  tribu')  Sabino,  e(gregiae)  m(emoriae)  v(iro),  \ 
proc(uratori)  Aug(usti}  Daciae  Apulensis,  procurator i)  \  Alpium  Atrac- 
tianar(iim)  et  Po?ninar(um)  \  iur(e)  gladii,  subpraff(ecto}  class(is}  pr(ae- 
torice)  Baven(natis'),  |  .  .  .  T.  Cornasidi  Vesenni  dementis  \fili  eius  equo 
publ(ico}  Laur(cnthim^  \  Lavin(atium}  ...  C.I.  L.  IX.  5439,  vv.  1-5  and 
12-14. 


From  an  inscription  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Aquincum, 

dating  in  the  year  270  A.D. 
Hubner's  Escempla,  No.  593. 

Imp(eratori)  Caes(ari)  M.  \  Aure.l(io}  Claudio  \  Germanico  \  P(io)  F(elici) 
invicto  |  Aug(iisto),  pont(ifici)  max(imo'),  \  trib(itnicia)  potes(tate)  \  III, 
c.o(ri)s(uU},  pro  \  co(n}s(itli),  p(atri)  p(atriae),  leg(io)  II  \  Adi(utrix}  VI 
p(ia)  VI  f(idelis}  \  Constans  \  Claudiana,  \  numini  ma\iestatique\eius  \ 
dicatissima.  C.  I.  L.  III.  3521. 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  41 

DOCUMENTARY  FORMS  OF  THE  LETTERS 

Reference  has  already  been  made  to  the  influence  upon  the  forms 
of  letters  due  to  the  materials  used.  This  is  seen  most  clearly  in  the 
formative  period  before  the  alphabet  has  reached  its  full  develop- 
ment, but  subsequently  another  principle  supersedes  the  former. 
The  character  of  the  subject-matter  determines  the  style  of  writing, 
and  letters  are  made  with  a  certain  design  and  according  to  what 
finally  becomes  a  fixed  custom.  The  effect  of  this  influence  may  be 
seen  to  some  extent  in  the  days  of  the  Republic,  as  in  the  writing  on 
the  bronze  law  plates,  but  in  the  time  of  the  Empire  the  alphabets 
as  employed  for  various  purposes  can  be  plainly  distinguished. 

In  contrast,  then,  to  the  letter  system  of  the  great  architectural 
monuments,  the  letters  of  which  were  carefully  outlined  and  deeply 
cut,  a  more  simple  style  was  employed  for  the  more  ordinary 
inscriptions.  This  style,  differing  at  first  merely  in  size  from  that 
of  the  monumental,  gradually  assumed  its  individuality,  and  finally 
developed  along  two  general  lines,  namely,  the"  forms  of  writing  em- 
ployed in  public  documents,  scriptura  actuaria  ;  and  again,  but  more 
widely,  the  cursive  writing  used  in  ordinary  life,  as  on  wax  tablets. 

In  the  early  days  of  Rome  public  announcements  were  made  by 
painting  letters  with  ink  on  the  walls  or  on  white  board  tablets. 
Such  were  the  declarations  of  the  priests  as  to  the  feriae  and  pro- 
digia,  also  the  publication  of  the  names  of  the  magistrates,  and  the 
historical  notices  known  as  Annales  MaximL  By  the  same  method 
advertisements  of  various  kinds  and  information  as  to  contracts  and 
sales  were  later  on  placed  upon  the  walls  of  buildings.  This  use  of 
the  brush  had  its  influence  upon  the  forms  of  the  letters,  and  a  style 
which  was  an  approach  to  the  alphabet  of  the  pen,  and  which  after 
became  the  book-hand,  was  used  for  public  documents,  acta,  cut  in 
bronze.  The  curving  of  the  oblique  lines  of  the  letters  A,  M,  N,  and 
of  the  transverse  strokes  as  in  A,  E,  F,  H,  I,  T,  the  extending  of  the 
tails  of  L,  Q,  R,  and  the  diminution  in  the  size  of  the  upper  part  of 
the  B  and  R,  mark  this  writing  of  the  acta. 

No  exact  or  set  lines  can  be  drawn  defining  the  use  of  this  alpha- 
bet, "  "tiers  are  found  in  stone  inscriptions  also,  and  this  form 


42  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

of  writing,  scriptura  actuaria,  became  the  system  used  in  inscriptions 
in  general  after  the  fourth  century  A.D. 

The  following  inscriptions  will  illustrate  the  alphabet  of  the  acta 
as  engraved  first  of  all  on  metal  and  then  on  stone. 


HVMXKVM'PVBL 
CfN  SBll'II'AGf  RI  'I  XCf 

A  portion  of  the  Lex  de  Impei-ln   I  V.s-y/17  */<////  engraved  on  a  large  bronze  tablet 
found  at  Rome,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum.    The  date  is  69  A.D. 

Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  802. 

.  foedusve  cum  quibus  volet  facere  liceat  ita  uti  licuit  divo  Aug(usto},  \  Ti. 
lulio  Caesari  Aug(usto)  Tiberioque  Claudio  Caesari  Aug(ust(t)  Germanico] 
.  .  .  e.q.s.  .  .  .  utique, quaecunque  ex  itsu  rei  publicae,  maiest<tt<'  dimnarum\ 
Jtiim^an~]amm  ptibHcarum  privatarumque  rerum  ruse  [e]  \  censebit,  ei  agere 
facere  ius potestasqne  sit  .  .  .  e.q.s.  (7.  /.  L.  VI.  U-JU. 


HVSMOTm«^ 

A  portion  of  the  Lex  Collegi  Aescttlapi  et  Hygiae  engraved  on  a  large  marble  tablet  found 

at  Koine,  where  it  is  now  preserved  in  the  Palace  of  the  Barberini,  dating  153  A.D. 

Hiibner's  E.reni],J(i,  \o.  1044. 

Lex  collegi  Aesculapi  et  Hygiae  \  Salvia  C.  f(ilia)  Marcellina  ob  memoriam 
Fl(avii}  Apolloni  proc(uratoris')  Aug(usti},  qui  fuit  a  pinacothecis,  et 
Capitonis  Aug(usti)  l(iberti}  adiutoris  \  eins,  rnariti  sui  optimi  piissimi, 
donum  dedit  collegia  Aesculapi  et  Hygiae  ...  C.  I.  L.  VI.  10234. 


A  portion  of  a  diploma  mllit<irinm  engraved  on  a  bronze  tablet  forming  part 
of  a  diptych  found  near  Mantua,  where  it  is  still  preserved,  208  A.D. 

Hiibner's  Eyernpla,  No.  851. 

Imp(erator}  Caes(ar)  dim  M.  Antonini  Pii  Germ(anici}  Sarm(atici)  \Ji1(ius*), 
dim  Commodi  f rater,  divi  Antonini  Pii  \  nep(os'),  divi  Hadrntni pronep{os\ 
dim  Traiani  I'arthilci  abnepos,  divi Nervae  [adne~]pos,  L.  Septimius  \  Severus 
Pius  Pertinax  Aug (ustus)  Arabic(us)Adiab(enicus) e.q.s.  C.  L  L,  III.  890. 


THE  LATIN  ALPHABET  43 


CURSIVE  LETTERS  IN  THE  INSCRIPTIONS 

Naturally  letters  made  without  any  regard  for  elegance  or  even 
moderate  adornment  or  clearness  of  outline  present  the  same  varia- 
tions which  are  found  in  the  rapid  and  inartistic  writing  of  common 
life.  Early  Roman  capitals  made  rapidly  and  carelessly  are  the 
predecessors  of  the  cursive  letters  of  the  first  three  centuries  of 
the  Christian  era.  In  the  early  vulgaris1  letteiung  we  find  such 
forms  as  A,  1  1,  I  ',  C{,  k,  which,  in  modified  form,  are  prominent  in 
the  cursive  alphabets  shown  on  pages  44  and  46. 

writing2  is  that  found  on  wax  or  on  clay  before   it  is 


baked.  It  appears  on  the  wax  tablets  of  Pompeii  and  Dacia,  on 
the  wall  inscriptions  of  Pompeii  and  other  cities,  on  tiles  marked 
by  children,  and  on  vessels  for  domestic  use  made  of  gold,  silver, 
and  clay.  As  with  the  writing  of  the  acta,  this  cursive  style*  cannot 
be  set  within  well-defined  limits,  for  it  is  found  in  the  laws  and 
invades  the  dignified  inscriptions  of  the  monuments.  Even  as  early 
as  the  first  century  of  the  Christian  era,  cursive  letters  are  found  in 
the  monumental  inscriptions,  and  in  the  course  of  time  some  of  its 
forms  supplant  the  more  regular  types. 

UNCIAL  LETTERS  IN  THE  INSCRIPTIONS 

A  form  of  script  used  upon  papyrus  and  parchment,  consisting  of 
rounded  forms  with  vertical  strokes  somewhat  curved  is  known  as 
uncial.  From  the  close  of  the  fourth  century  these  letters  appear  in 
inscriptions  cut  in  stone,  mainly  in  the  acta  and  in  carmina  of  a 
dedicatory  character. 

A  few  inscriptions,  however,  have  been  found  in  Africa,  which 
may  be  assigned  to  the  close  of  the  third  century,  of  which  all  the 

1  See  page  52. 

2  Cursive  letters  from  wall  inscriptions  and  wax  tablets  of  Pompeii  as  given 
in  C.  I.  L.,  vol.  IV.,  are  shown  on  Plate  V.,  those  from  the  wax  tablets  of 
Dacia,  as  given  C.  I.  L.,  vol.  III.,  on  Plates  VI.  and  VII.     The  former  date  no 
later  than  79  A.D.,  while  the  latter  range  from  131-167  A.D. 


N      N 

>-    ^   ^   w  >y 

x   W  x  '><  X 

D  ^  :? 

.     v-  JT-   H 

^     Vs  S~  V- 


7       i 
\~      t- 


o> 


7     ^     ^ 


V 


4,1 


JC     X 


/^  ^ 


Vj- 


VJ 


z 


44 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  45 

letters  are  uncial  in  character,     rfhe  following  is  a  portion  of  one 
of  these. 


On  a  pedestal  found  at  Thuinugudi,  At',  iru. 
Hubner's  JSxempkt,  No.  1147. 

Vocontio.  |  P.  Fl(avio)  Pudenti  Pompo\niano  c(larissimo)  v(/ro),  erga  \  civets 
patriamque  \  prolixe  cultori,  exercitiis  mllitaribus  \  effecto,  multifari\am 
loquentes  lit\teras  amplianti,  At  \ticnm  facundiam  adlaequanti  Romano  \ 
nitori,  \  ordo  iwola  fontis  \  patrono  oris  uberis  \  et  fluentis  nostr[o~\  alteri 
fonti.  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  2391. 


METHODS  OF  MAKING   INSCRIPTIONS i 

To  study  properly  the  forms  of  letters,  and  appreciate  the  changes 
which  they  undergo,  it  is  very  essential  to  consider  the  methods  by 
which  these  forms  were  imparted  to  the  various  materials  used. 

Statements  of  ancient  writers,  also  terms  used  in  literature  and  in 
the  inscriptions,  as  well  as  a  careful  examination  of  existing  remains, 
provide  us  with  information  as  to  the  art  of  engraving  letters. 

The  exactness  with  which  letters  were  inscribed  on  stone  and 
bronze  bears  witness  to  the  existence  of  a  custom  of  outlining  in 
crayon  or  chalk,  or  of  painting  in  black,  red,  or  white  color,  as  pre- 
liminary to  the  work  of  the  stonecutter  or  engraver. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  practice  of  giving  exact- 
ness to  lettering  in  stone  by  means  of  patterns  prevailed  generally  at 

1  Prolegomena,  E.cempla  Scripturae  Epigraphicae  Latinae.     Aein.  Hiibner. 


PLATE  VI— CURSIVE   OF   DACIA 


X  C  *  *  /  ^  ^  k  ^  Tv  oc  ?  ^  ^  ^  r  ^  ^ 

2L   ('(    (>    ^    t  k    )  L     .)\   ^  o  c  f  'V  >  //  ^    °  ^ 

^  -f^      ^  S  ;V  ^  °  c  r  v  ^  /"  r  v 

^     vv    f                n  \    Av.-»>    o  *  *-^fr   /  (~^^_ 


\\  r  \  ^  *  ^ 

-  )V  ))  \  «^>  c^  r 

-  /  3}  (**e*r 

tv     >  /(  I    «•»    7t    *v^    t 


46 


THE  LATIN   ALPHABET  47 

all  periods.  The  effect  of  cutting  after  a  pattern  made  with  the 
brush  is  seen  in  the  later  tendency  to  imitate  painted  letters  in  the 
inscriptions. 

The  custom  just  referred  to  originated  in  the  earlier  usage  existing 
among  the  Romans  of  painting  inscriptions,  a  practice  derived,  in  all 
probability,  from  the  Phoenicians  and  Greeks,  and  found  also  among 
other  people  of  Italy,  such  as  the  Etruscans  and  Samnites,  who 
made  sepulchral  inscriptions  in  this  manner. 

Some  of  the  earliest  of  the  Roman  tituli  sepidcrales  on  the 
Scipio  sarcophagi  show  letters  painted  in  minium.  Reference  is 
made  in  the  Lex  Acilia  Repetundarum  631/123  to  the  custom  of 
painting  on  board  tablets.1  Fasti  have  been  found  at  Rome  painted 
in  red  or  black  colors  on  the  walls  of  buildings.  In  like  manner 
registers  of  officers  of  the  year  707-708  A.U.C.  were  painted  in  black 
upon  buildings  of  Pompeii  built  of  light  colored  tufa.  Amphorae 
of  various  kinds  show  many  instances  of  this  custom.  How  widely 
the  practice  extended  can  be  appreciated  by  considering  that  a  num- 
ber of  painted  inscriptions  exist  to-day,  though  such  a  preservation 
is  remarkable.2 

Letters  Cut  in  Stone. 

The  next  operation  in  the  preparation  of  inscriptions,  after  out- 
lining or  painting  of  patterns,  was  the  work  of  the  stonecuttei  (mar- 
morarius,  lapidarius),  which  consisted  in  the  cutting  (sculpo,  scalpo, 
insculpo)  letters  out  of  stone  with  the  use  of  tools,  principally  the 
chisel  (scalprum),  and  the  hammer  (malleus).  Other  tools  of  which 
we  have  knowledge  from  representations  in  the  inscriptions 3  were  the 
regula,  compasses  (circinus),  used  also  in  the  pattern-making,  square 
(norma),  level  and  plumb-line  (libella  etperpendiculum),  the  scalpellum, 
dolabra,  and  ascia.  The  form  of  the  cut  is  that  of.  an  inverted 
isosceles  triangle  ^MM^^/MMMM.)  nence  angular  and  not  oblong 
nor  curved.  This  shape  has  been  useful  in  determining  the  genuine- 

1  C.  I.  L.  I.  198.  verse  14.  in  tabula  in  albo  atramento  scriptos. 

2  Hiibner,  Exempla,  p.  xxviii. 
«  C.  I.  L.  VI.  16534. 


48  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

ness  of  inscriptions,  for  it  is  an  evidence  of  antiquity ; *  and  the  addi- 
tions of  modern  hands  can  thus  be  recognized.  The  smoothness  and 
evenness  which  it  displays  testify  to  the  perfection  attained  in  this  art. 

As  we  infer  from  the  perfect  and  exact  form  of  the  letters  that 
they  were  outlined  before  being  cut,  so  the  evenness  and  regular 
order  of  words  lead  us  to  believe  that  lines  of  direction  were  marked 
upon  the  stone,  probably  by  means  of  a  cord  covered  with  minium. 
Naturally  these  have  disappeared.  In  one  of  the  Scipio  inscriptions 
lines  are  plainly  seen  which  were  marked  in  the  stone  (see  page  240). 
After  the  letters  were  cut  in  the  stone  they  were  frequently  colored 
with  minium,  litter ue  rubricatae,  —  a  practice  which  belongs  to  the  more 
recent  inscriptions,  as  well  as  to  those  of  the  most  ancient  period.2 

In  addition  to  these  methods,  it  became  common  in  the  days  of 
great  architectural  designs  and  ornamentation  to  form  letters  out 
of  some  material  such  as  bronze  or  lead,  and  insert  them  in  the  stone 
by  means  of  rivets  set  into  holes  previously  prepared,  or  to  fasten 
them  upon  the  surface.  The  architraves  of  temples,  gates,  porti- 
coes, and  public  buildings,  particularly  in  the  Province  of  Africa, 
were  adorned  by  these  letters  in  relief  (litterae  incrustatae  or  caelatae). 
Pavements  were  inlaid  with  bronze  and  lead,  and  bronze  plates 
were  inscribed  with  letters  of  silver;  on  vases  of  silver  letters  of' 
gold  appear,  while  bronze  weights  were  thus  marked  with  silver. 

Letters  Engraved  on  Metal. 

As  stone  was  the  material  used  for  monumental  inscriptions  (tituli), 
so  bronze  was  employed  for  documents  (acta),  such  as  leges,  senatus 
consulta,  edicta,  etc. 

The  cutting  of  letters  in  bronze  was  the  work  of  the  aerarius  or 
caelator.  This  operation  is  referred  to  by  ancient  writers  under 
the  word  incidere.3  The  difference  in  material  required  different 

1  Ritschl,  Opusc,.  IV.  694,  note. 

2  Pliny,  N.  H.  XXXIU.  122  :  minium  in  voluminum  quoque  scriptura  usurpa- 
tur  clarioresque  litteras  vel  in  auro  (Momrasen  in  muro,  Hubner  in  aere}  vel  in 
marmore  etiam  in  sepulcris  facit. 

3  Cic.  pro  BaJbo  23,  PhiL  1.  10.  26 ;  Pliny,  N.  H.  XXXIII.  19 ;  Pliny  the 
Younger,  Epist.  VIII.  6,  13. 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET 


49 


methods  of  treatment,  lighter  and  smaller  tools,  and  work  more 
minute  in  detail.  Hence  we  find  a  style  of  writing  related  to 
that  employed  on  board  and  wax  tablets. 

As  can  be  seen  from  the  bronze  plates  given  in  facsimile  by 
Ritschl  (P.  L.  M.  E.),  in  the  laws  of  the  Republic  the  style  of  the 
letters  is  that  of  the  early  cursive  writing  with  space  between  lines, 
giving  evidence  of  a  rapidly  moving  scalprum.  Later  documents 
(acta),  show  that  great  skill  and  facility  were  attained  by  those  who 
prepared  bronze  tablets  in  the  time  of  the  Empire  (see  page  42). 

In  addition  to  the  documents  which  were  engraved  on  bronze, 
inscriptions  appearing  on  various  objects  of  various  materials  show 
the  use  of  a  similar  tool  (scalprum),  and  a  similar  style  of  lettering. 
Such  are  the  thin  bronze  plates  (laminae),  placed  on  the  bases  of 
statues  and  altars  and  attached  in  different  ways  to  votive  offerings. 


GELKSVS 


N 


Bronze  lamina  found  in  Kouie,  now  in  the  Kircherian  Museum. 
HUbner's  Exempla,  No.  893. 

Neptuno  \  ex  voto  \  Cn.  Domitius  \  Gelasus.     C.  I.  L.  VI.  534. 


Bronze  vases  and  figures,  likewise  ivory  and  bone  tesserae,  and,  in 
a  more  recent  period,  consular  diptychs,  were  engraved  with  a  tool 
similar  to  that  used  in  making  the  acta,  and  show,  in  consequence, 
letters  of  the  same  or  similar  character. 

In  addition  to  the  ordinary  methods  of  engraving  or  scratching 
letters  upon  metal  or  other  materials,  at  times  the  lines  were  made 
by  a  succession  of  points  cut  in  the  surface.  Letters  of  this  char- 

LAT.  INSCRIP.  — 4 


50  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

acter  are  found  to  some  extent  on  gold  and  silver,  bnt  frequently  on 
bronze  paterae,  tabellae,  and  shields. 


A  tabella  ansata  of  bronze  found  between  Niebla  and  Moguer  in  Spain,  dating  27  A.D. 
Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  869. 

Celer  Erbuti  f(ilius)  Limicus  \  Borea  Cantibedoniesi  \  muneris  tesera(ni) 
dedit  |  anno  M.  Licinio  co(n)s(ule).  C.  I.  L.  II.  4963. 

This  is  regarded  as  a  tessera  gladiatoria  and  is  explained  by  Hiibner  thus :  Celer, 
Erbuti  filius,  natione  Limicus,  munerarius  Boreae  gladiatori,  natione 
Cantibedoniensi,  muneris  gladiatorii  tesseram  dedit  anno  M.  Licinio 
consuls. 

Written  Inscriptions. 

The  two  forms  of  inscriptions  described  above,  namely,  those  on 
stone  and  those  on  metal,  show  letters  deeply  cut  with  a  graving  tool 
by  professional  workmen. 

Although  not  the  technical  term,  the  word  scribo  was  used  in 
reference  to  this  engraving  on  stone  and  metal,  but  applied  more 
exactly  and  consistently  to  inscriptions  which  may  be  said  to  have 
been  "written,"  inasmuch  as  they  were  made  without  the  formal, 
artistic  work  of  the  lapidarius  or  aerarius,  but  as  the  writing  of 
ordinary  daily  life. 

These  inscriptions  show  a  style  of  writing  of  the  character  of  that 
looked  for  on  wax  tablets  or  on  papyrus.  Of  such  a  nature  are  the 
inscriptions  cut  with  a  large  stilus  (grapliium),  in  such  material  as  the 
lime  or  clay  of  house  walls,  or  on  earthen  vessels  used  for  various 
purposes. 

The  inscriptiones  parietariae  of  Pompeii  were  scratched  with  a 
yraphium  before  the  cement  had  become  hardened.1  Inscriptions 

1  C.  L  L.  IV.     See  page  386. 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  51 

in  cursive  style  cut  or  scratched  with  a  graphium  are  found  also  at 
Koine,  as,  for  example,  on  the  walls  of  the  guard-house  of  the 
seventh  cohort  of  the  Vigiles.1 

On  clay  vessels  lettering  was  made  either  before  or  after  baking. 
In  the  former  case,  as  the  material  was  soft,  the  lines  are  curved, 
while  in  the  latter  they  are  angular,  as  cut  in  hard  material  with  a 
sharper  stilus.  Tiles  were  also  thus  marked  with  cursive  lettering 
before  or  after  the  material  .had  been  hardened,  and  were  used  for 
educational  purposes,  often  containing  alphabets  and  verses,  also  for 
memoranda  of  various  kinds,  such  as  directions  to  workmen  in  the 
brickfields.2  Very  early  examples  of  these  scratched  tiles  have 
been  found  in  Etruria,  containing  sepulchral  inscriptions  with 
Etruscan  words  written  with  Latin  letters.3  * 

It  is  not  upon  such  surfaces  alone  that  these  scratched  (scaripko), 
or  written  letters,  are  found,  but  metal  which  was  soft  enough  for 
the  purpose  was  also  used  as  material  for  what  may  be  termed 
"  written  inscriptions."  There  exist  to-day  vessels  of  silver,  such  as 
drinking  goblets,  and  patellae,  inscribed  thus  in  cursive  style  with 
the  names  of  the  maker  and  the  weight.  Bronze  tablets  were  thus 
inscribed  with  maledictory  inscriptions  (devotiones),  written  in  "a 
cursive  or  semi-cursive  style.  Lead,  as  being  a  softer  metal,  was 
freely  used  for  these  devotiones  and  for  sepulchral  inscriptions, 
but  specimens  are  rare,  as  the  material  was  easily  destroyed.  A 
very  early  example  of  the  use  of  lead  for  inscriptions  is  the  dedi- 
catory lamina  given  C.  I.  L.  I.  196. 


OJL£3___ 

Pl(autios}  Specios  Menervai  donom  port(at). 

P.  L.  H.  E.  II.  c. 

C.  7.  L.  VI.  3061.  2  C.  I.  L.  V.  8110  (176). 

»  C.  7.  L.  1. 1347,  1354-1356. 


52  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Unscientific  Cutting  in  Stone. 

The  different  methods  of  making  inscriptions  described  above  do 
not  include  the  unscientific  cutting  (sculpo)  of  large  letters  with  a 
scalprum  by  those  ignorant  of  the  art  of  engraving  or  careless  in 
their  work. 

A  peculiar  style  of  lettering,  which  approaches  the  cursive,  resulted 
from  this  amateur  inscribing.  It  has  been  termed  the  scriptura  vul- 
garis.1  Bitschl 2  has  shown  that  traces  of  this  style  are  found  in  the 
most  ancient  inscriptions.  The  imperial  period,  however,  provides 
much  more  numerous  illustrations  of  this  vulgaris  writing,  which  may 
be  regarded  as  the  epigraphic  cursive  style.  Inscriptions  with  this 
lettering  were  cut  without  the  assistance  of  outlines,  in  a  careless  and 
hasty  manner. 

Hence  we  should  place  under  this  classification  inscriptions  found 
in  quarries  and  on  blocks  of  stone  which  were  inscribed  before  their 
removal  to  the  place  for  which  they  were  designed. 


From  an  ancient  limestone  quarry  situated  between 
Birdoswald  and  Castlesteads,  England. 

Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  1185. 
I(unius?)  Brutus  \  tfec(wno)  al(ae)  Pet(rianne).     C.  L  L.  VII.  872. 

The  above  inscription  was  made  by  cutting  holes  along  the  out- 
lines of  the  letters,  and  afterwards  rudely  joining  them. 


From  an  inscription  on  a  block  of  Carystian  marble  found  at  the  Emporium 
in  Home,  now  in  the  Lateran  Museum.     Bate,  137  A.D. 

Hiibner  Ex.,  p.  xlvi.        2  P.  L.  M.  E.,  p.  Ill ;  Opusc.  IV.,  pp.  511,  687,  725. 


THE   LATIN  ALPHABET  53 

L.  Aelio  |  Caesare  n(ostro)  II  et  Bal\bino  co(n}s(ulibus)  rationis  urbicae  sub 
cur(a}  Irenaei  \  Aug(usti)  lib(erti)  proc(uratoris}  caesura  Tulli  \  /Saturnini 
7  (=  centurionis)  leg(ionis)  XXII Prim(igeniae').  (Hiibner's  Ex.,No.  1160.) 

Inscriptions  are  also  found  cut  in  the  natural  rock  which  show  an 
irregularity  due  in  some  measure  to  the  hardness  of  material  and  in- 
convenience of  location.  A  very  early  illustration  is  the  sepulchral 
inscription  from  Pescina,  dating  about  the  time  of  Sulla,  which  is 
given  below.  The  letters  are  monumental,  but  show  in  some  partic- 
ulars a  cursive  tendency. 


Sepulchral  inscription  cut  in  the  natural  rock  over  the  entrance  to  a  vault  near  Ffscir.u. 

N(umerius)  Vibidaius  V(ibii}  f(ilius^)  \  Barbo  \  G(aio')  Pansa  0(lo)  Irtio  \  con- 
s(ulibus),  pri(die)  non(as}  \  Febr(uarias).    C.  7.  L.  I.  625  =  IX.  3771. 

The  work  of  the  amateur  and  unskillful  stonecutter  is  seen  very 
commonly  in  the  votive  inscriptions,  appearing  on  public  or  private 
altars  of  the  different  gods,  and  on  marble  tablets. 


VIUCVS    HOAIOJIVAX 

From  a  votive  inscription  on  a  marble  tablet,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum, 

Rome,  probably  of  the  second  century  A.D. 

Hiibner's  Evempia,  No.  1155. 

Silvano  sacrum  \    Tychicus  \    Glabrionis  n(ostri)   ser(vus)  mlicus  hortorum  \ 
v(otum)  s(olmt}.     G.  /.  L.  VI.  623. 


54  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Again,  parts  of  the  fasti  magistratuum  and  of  the  calendaria,  also 
of  registers  of  various  kinds  which  were  added  from  time  to 
time,  show  a  form  of  lettering  evidently  made  without  the  care 
and  skill  of  a  professional  workman. 


A  portion  of  the  fasti  anni  luliani  engraved  on  a 
marble  tablet,  dating  between  746/8  and  757  =  3 
A.D.,  and  running  from  March  23-31st. 

Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  971. 

The  Roman  year  was  marked  off  into  sets  of  eight  days  denoted  by  the  letters 
A-H,  litterae  nundinales.  These  appear  in  the  first  column. 

The  Tubilustrium  is  the  fixed  festival  assigned  to  March  23d  and  May  23d. 

Q(uandoc}  rex  c(omitiavit)  /(as),  March  24th;  also  hP  =  nefastus  dies  and 
C  =  comitialis  dies,  are  the  notae  indicating  the  character  of  the  days.  The 
occasion  of  the  feriae  on  March  27th  is  given  as  Caesar  Alexandream  recepit. 
C.  I.  L.  I2,  p.  223. 

For  complete  account  of  the  Kalendaria  see  page  365. 

In  like  manner  miliaria,  upon  which  names  or  other  inscriptions 
were  cut  without  the  stone  being  taken  to  the  domain  of  a  pro- 
fessional engraver,  particularly  when  names  of  later  emperors  have 
been  added  to  the  original  inscription  while  the  stone  was  in  posi- 
tion, show  letters  carelessly  and  hurriedly  made,  often  of  small  size, 
and  with  shallow  cut. 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  55 

1MPDW- 

M-AV  R- 

VALE  RIO 
MAXENTIO 
PlOfELlCHMVlC 
TOAOPERPETVO 

AVC 

On  the  fifth  milestone  of  the  Via  Appia  at  Eome,  dating  hetween 

306  and  312  A.D.,  now  in  the  Vatican  Museum. 

Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  700. 

Imp(eratore)  d(omino')  w(ostfro)  \  M.  Aur(elio}  \  Valeria  \  Maxentio  \  Pio  Felici 
invic\to  ac  perpetuo  \  Aug\usto  V.     C.  I.  L.  X.  6816. 

Inscriptions  showing  similar  irregularity  were  cut  on  the  seats  of 
the  theatres  or  circi  giving  names  of  the  bodies  of  officials  or  of  the 
collegia,  as  well  as  of  individuals  who  had  the  privilege  of  certain 
portions.1 

Inscriptions  made  by  soldiers  are  found  in  the  remains  of  camp 
fortifications. 


Inscribed  on  a  eippm  militaris,  once  inserted  in  the  wall  of  a  Kornan  fortification  on 

Mt.  Taunus  (Hoheburg),  Germany,  now  in  the  Museum  of  Wiesbaden. 

Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  1181. 


Pedat(ura)   Treveror\um  p(edum}'  LXXXXVI  \  sub  cur  (am}  agente  Cres-\ 
centi.io  Eespecto  <l  (=  centurione)  \  leg(ionis)  VIII  Aug(ustae). 

1  (7.  7.  L.  VI,  1796  d  ;  also  p.  857,  1-82,  97-100. 


56  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Tituli  sepulcrales  of  all  kinds  and  from  various  places  form  the 
great  body  of  these  inscriptions,  often  monumental  in  size  and  pre- 
tension, but  ordinary  in  form  and  arrangement. 

loco  .  DOX/XTO-AAXK; 

crrxro-xrvUicix 

SXBMTOAJJCE-EE' 


AXO-  HEJUDE 


From  a  sepulchral  inscription  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Eome, 

now  in  Vatican  Museum. 
Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  1167. 

Loco  donato  man\dpato  a  Publicia  \  Sabastonice  et  \  ab  Arrio  Trophi\mo 
herede  \  eius,  in  /(route*)  p(edes)  XVI  s(emis'),  \  in  ag(ro)  p(edes~)  VIIIL 
C.  I.  L.  VI.  25165. 

Another  method  of  making  inscriptions  which  is  different  from 
any  mentioned  above,  and  which  was  employed  in  the  main  upon 
the  smaller  articles  classed  in  C.  I.  L.  under  Instrumentum,  given 
at  the  close  of  each  volume,  is  that  of  impressing  inscriptions  upon 
a  soft  substance  by  means  of  stamps  of  hard  material. 

The  greater  number  of  these  inscriptions  stand  forth  from  the 
surface  in  relief,  and  were  produced  by  stamps  upon  which  letters 
were  deeply  cut.  There  have  also  been  found  inscriptions  pressed 
into  the  softer  substance,  which  are  distinguished  from  cut  inscrip- 
tions by  the  shape  of  the  impression,  which  is  curved  or  square 
rather  than  triangular. 

These  letters  in  relief  appear  on  various  remains.  Such  are  the 
lamps  made  of  clay  or  terra-cotta  upon  which  the  names  of  the 
potters  are  pressed,  also  vessels  of  every  kind,  such  as  large  Roman 
amphorae,  upon  the  handles  of  which  these  stamped  letters  are 
found. 

Household  utensils  of  metal  are  also  marked  in  relief  with  the 
names  of  the  maker.  So  arms,  metal  ornaments  and  equipment  show 
the  name  of  the  awov//.s  imprinted  upon  them  when  in  the  mold. 


THE   LATIN  ALPHABET  57 


\t  Cv.  >*-..*  \:.  V-:..:  ^•^'•* 
••  »;.JL-.^.'.   •-•••' 


On  the  handle  of  a  bronze  patera  found  at  Evaux,  France. 

Vimpuro  Firmi  \  Ub(ertus)  Suav  (.  .  .   ?)  |  v(otum)  s(olvit)  l(ibens~)  m(erito), 

(In  litterae  punctatae.} 
\_Ari]si(i)    Epap(h}rod(iti}.      (In    litterae    impressae.}      Hiibner's    Exempla, 

No.  933. 

In  addition  to  these,  pigs  of  silver,  bronze,  and  lead,  found  in  the 
mines  of  England,  also  the  lead  water  pipes  (Jistulae  plumbeae)  and 
lead  missiles  (glandes  plumbeae),  lead  tabellae  or  tesserae  which  have 
been  cast,  show  these  letters  in  relief  (litterae  prominentes). 

The  most  interesting  of  these  inscriptiones  impressae  are  those 
made  upon  tiles  from  the  numerous  tile  and  brick  kilns  (Jiglinae). 
See  page  209. 

These  inscriptions  in  relief  which  have  been  imprinted  by  means 
of  stamps  are  seen  also  on  glass  vessels. 

Gems  cut  with  a  graving  tool  show  inscriptions  of  a  similar 
character. 


INDIVIDUAL   LETTEKS 
A 

The  various  forms  of  the  letter  A  may  be  classified  with  reference 
to  the  three  following  types  : 

1.  A,  with  transverse.  2.  A,  without  transverse.  3.  A  A,  with 
pendant.  A.  This  is  found  in  the  earliest  remains  with  the  position 
of  the  transverse  varying  in  its  relation  to  the  height  of  the  letter. 


58  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

It  is  also  the  monumental  form,  but  with  the  position  of  the  trans- 
verse fixed  midway  between  the  top  and  bottom  of  the  letter.  Little 
ornamentation  is  attached  to  this  standard  letter. 

.A  -A  A.  A  w^L  J\>  In  the  imperial  period  ornamented  forms 
showing  additions  (cornua)  and  extensions  of  certain  lines  become  prev- 
alent. It  is  noticeable  that  the  extensions  are  regularly  to  the  left. 

A.  This  form  is  due  at  first  to  the  negligence  of  the  graver.  It 
appears  in  the  smaller  letters  of  the  instrumenta  of  the  Republic  and 
Empire,  but  belongs  to  the  cursive  writing  of  inscriptions  of  all  peri- 
ods. A  A  A,  more  rarely  A,  are  of  Latin  origin,  and  belong  in  the 
earliest  period  to  the  vulgaris,  and  later  to  the  cursive  writing,  both 
of  the  Republic  and  Empire. 

B 

The  rounded  form  of  this  letter  is  the  one  in  ordinary  use  in  all 
periods,  fa  the  angular  shape,  is  rarely  found  in  early  inscriptions, 
but  occurs  in  letters  cut  in  lead  in  time  of  the  Empire,  the  form 
being  due  to  the  material.  The  variation  in  the  forms  of  this  letter 
depends  upon  the  relative  sizes  of  the  lobes.  Inscriptions  in  vulgaris 
lettering  on  pages  53  and  56  show  a  form  in  which  the  upper  lobe 
has  entirely  disappeared.  Compare  with  this  the  cursive  letters,  in 
which  further  modifications  are  seen. 

C 

<  (  (  are  the  archaic  forms.  In  early  inscriptions  the  only 
point  of  difference  is  the  breadth,  but  the  full  rounded  form  belongs 
to  the  best  period. 

D 

>  £  D  are  the  archaic  forms,  the  first  recalling  the  letter  of  the 
old  Chalcidian  alphabet.  Like  C,  this  letter  varies  merely  in  its 
breadth,  and  the  form  of  the  best  period  is  full  and  round,  b  D  D 
occur  on  the  metal  plates  containing  leges  of  the  republican  period. 

E 

E  f:  £  E  II  are  the  archaic  forms  of  this  letter.  The  monu- 
mental form  of  the  best  period  has  three  equal  parallel  horizontals. 
A  similar  shape  belongs  to  the  days  of  the  Republic,  llmno-h  it  is 


THE   LATIN  ALPHABET  59 

very  narrow  in  the  leges  on  the  bronze  plates,  but  the  letter  of  the 
Augustan  age  is  well  proportioned.  A  diminution  in  the  length  of 
the  central  horizontal  gives  evidence  of  a  period  later  than  the 
Augustan  age. 

II.  This  form  is  very  general  in  its  occurrence,  appearing  in  the 
archaic  alphabet  and  among  the  cursive  forms  of  the  Republic  and 
Empire.  It  is  not  a  form  belonging  to  the  City  either  in  origin  or 
use,  although  in  the  imperial  period  it  is  familiar  in  all  regions  and 
is  found  in  stone  inscriptions.  Zangemeister  suggests  that  IE,  I:  are 
transition  forms  from  E  to  II.  Htibner  supposes  that  1 1  =  E  is  analo- 
gous to  I '  =  F,  and  that  the  latter  I '  is  developed  from  F  through  the 
medium  of  V  or  some  one  of  the  numerous  cursive  forms  in  which 
one  transverse  is  wanting. 

6 .  This  curved  form,  due  to  Greek  influence,  appears  on  a  coin 
and  on  a  jar  of  Praeneste  of  the  republican  period,  and  about  the 
beginning  of  the  second  century  A.D.  is  found  in  inscriptions  which 
have  cursive  letters. 


/^  F  f  I '  are  the  archaic  forms  of  this  letter.  The  monumental 
form  of  the  best  period  has  two  horizontals  equal  and  parallel. 
Narrow  shapes  are  seen  in  the  law  plates. 

F.  This  form  with  the  second  horizontal  shorter  than  the  upper  is 
rare  in  monumental  inscriptions  until  the  fourth  or  fifth  centuries. 
T  l(  /'  T  I '  are  the  vulgaris  and  cursive  forms  which  appear  in 
inscriptions  of  the  later  Empire,  particularly  those  of  Gaul  and  Ger- 
many. I '  has  been  referred  to  in  the  account  of  1 1  under  E,  with 
which  its  history  is  connected.  ^ 

Like  T  and  P,  F  often  overtops  other  letters,  particularly  when  it 
is  initial  in  the  line.  This  custom  dates  from  the  second  century 
A.D.,  being  :'  -md  mainly  in  inscriptions  of  Italy  and  the  provinces, 
and  becomes  prevalent  in  Rome  after  the  third  century. 

G 

The  earliest  form  of  this  letter  is  G,  in  which  the  line  of  differen- 
"-licularly  from  the  right-hand  corner  of  the  letter 


60  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

and  terminates  in  a  head  scarcely  perceptible.  This  is  the  general 
form  up  to  the  second  century,  although  q  is  occasionally  found. 

6.  This  curved  form  is  found  at  times  in  the  first  century,  but 
becomes  more  common  in  the  second  and  third  centuries,  particularly 
where  smaller  letters  are  used  or  where  patterns  have  been  drawn 
before  the  cutting  of  the  inscription.  It  is  very  general  in  its  use 
in  City  inscriptions  of  the  third,  fourth,  and  fifth  centuries. 

Cj  Q  C,  G  are  the  cursive  forms  which  consort  with  All  I '  ^ 
and  later  appear  with  uncials.  In  the  latter  part  of  the  second 
century  they  appear  on  the  smaller  monuments  with  monumental 
letters,  and  become  common  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries. 

H 

B.  The  earliest  form  of  this  letter,  coinciding  in  fact  with  the  early 
letter  in  the  Phoenician  and  Greek  alphabet,  is  seen  on  the  Fibula 
Praenestina  A  similar  form  is  seen  in  the  other  Italic  alphabets. 

The  main  points  of  variation  in  the  different  forms  of  this  letter 
are  the  breadth  and  the  position  of  the  transverse. 

The  standard  monumental  form  of  the  early  part  of  the  first 
century  is  broad,  and  the  transverse  occupies  a  position  at  half  the 
length  of  the  shaft,  but  in  almost  the  same  period  the  letter  is  found 
narrow  and  with  transverse  higher  up. 


I.  This,  the  most  ancient  form  of  the  letter,  in  which  there  is 
neither  head  nor  foot,  was  the  prevailing  shape  even  in  the  early 
part  of  the  imperial  period ;  but  during  the  first  century  the  orna- 
mentation of  head  and  foot  was  added,  particularly  where  painted 
patterns  were  followed.  From  the  time  of  Sulla  a  tall  I  is  found 
taking  the  place  to  some  extent  of  the  more  ancient  El  which  had 
been  used  to  denote  the  long  vowel.  Thus  in  P.  L.  M.  E.  we  find 
CHlLO,  MAGISTRl,  PRlMVS.  It  occurs  very  commonly  in  the 
word  DlVVS,  also  in  the  genitive  case  DlVl,  again  in  the  dative 
case,  third  declension,  CAESARl,  in  dative  and  ablative  plural  of 
the  second  declension  although  more  rarely,  GRATIS,  also  in 


THE  LATIN   ALPHABET  61 

MElS,  HlS,  and  in  the  accusative  plural  of  the  third  declension 
SAECVLARlS. 

The  tall  letter  is  also  used  in  certain  positions  as  an  additional 
form,  and  as  representing  merely  a  custom  in  writing.  Thus  it 
appears  as  an  initial  letter  at  the  beginning  of  words  and  lines,  from 
the  Augustan  period.  The  words  ITEM  and  I  N  have  a  tall  initial 
letter  of  which  there  appears  to  be  no  explanation  save  that  it  is  a 
mere  custom,  originating  in  the  tendency  to  ornament  an  inscription 
by  the  simple  modification  of  certain  letters.  The  form  I M  P 
(=  imperator)  is  common  in  inscriptions  from  10  B.C.1  At  the  close 
of  the  second  century  the  tall  letter  denoting  the  long  vowel  dis- 
appeared from  use,  but  the  graphic  tall  I  seems  to  have  been  very 
common  during  the  second  and  third  centuries.2 

The  form  ]  found  at  the  end  of  words  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
second  century  is  due  merely  to  the  caprice  of  the  graver  and  has 
no  additional  value. 

The  point  over  the  I  is  not  of  ancient  origin,  but  appears  about  the 
fifth  or  sixth  century  A.D. 

K 

K.  The  ancient  form  of  this  letter  belongs  to  the  time  of  the 
Republic  and  Empire  as  well.  In  the  earlier  period  the  transverse 
lines  are  very  short;  after  the  first  century,  however,  letters  are 
found  with  one  or  both  lengthened.  In  case  of  one  being  lengthened, 
the  preference  is  in  favor  of  the  upper. 

Occasionally  K  overtops  its  fellows. 

L 

\f  |_  LI  l\.  These  are  the  archaic  forms  of  this  letter.  The  most 
ancient  form  \f,  the  same  as  the  Chalcidian  prototype,  gave  way,  by 
degrees,  to  the  rectangular  shape,  and  disappeared  from  use  about 
200  B.C. 

1  Ritschl.   Opusc.  IV.,  p.  570,  reverentiae  sensu  imperatoris  personae  atque 
maiestati  debitae.     Hiibner  declares,  however,  that  in  the  majority  of  instances 
in  his  Exempla  the  word  imperator  with  tall  initial  stands  as  the  first  word  of 
the  inscription  or  line.     See  Christiansen,  De  Apicibus  et  I  Longis,  p.  37. 

2  For  the  tall  letter  used  as  the  semivowel,  see  page  26. 


62  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

L  The  standard  letter  of  the  best  period  is  rectilinear  and  rec- 
tangular, with  transverse  measuring  a  little  over  one  half  of  the 
length  of  the  shaft.  The  transverse  varies  in  length  in  later  periods, 
being  very  short  in  painted  letters,  even  approaching  the  simple 
shaft  as  in  I.  The  letter  L  is  at  times  taller  than  other  letters. 


M 

* 

The  oldest  form  of  this  letter  consists  of  five  parts,  /w.  This  is 
found  on  the  Fibula  Praenestina,  also  in  the  Duenos  Inscription.  It 
gives  rise  to  AA'  AA),  which  in  the  days  of  the  Republic  stands  as  the 
abbreviation  for  Manius,  as  distinguished  from  Marcus  with  abbre- 
viation M.  The  prevailing  form  under  the  Republic,  and  the  stand- 
ard letter  of  the  best  period  is  that  made  with  oblique  lines  reaching 
to  the  base  of  the  letter. 

M  and  M  are  very  rare  in  the  republican  period,  the  former  occur- 
ring only  on  coins  and  small  articles,  and  the  latter  on  coins  only 
because  of  lack  of  space.  The  former  appears  in  the  instrumenta  of 
the  Empire,  but  as  an  exception,  while  it  is  not  seen  in  the  monu- 
mental inscriptions  until  after  the  second  century,  and  then  very 
rarely  until  the  close  of  the  fourth  century. 

M.  No  instance  of  the  rectilinear  form  with  angle  reaching  to 
the  base  occurs  in  inscriptions  until  the  middle  of  the  first  century 
A.D.  It  does  not  become  a  familiar  letter  until  the  close  of  the 
second  century,  when  it  is  found  in  Germany,  but  in  the  third  and 
fourth  centuries  it  becomes  so  common  as  to  equal  in  frequency  of 
occurrence  the  oblique  forms,  especially  in  Gaul  and  Germany. 

The  oblique  form  M,  however,  continued  in  use  as  the  more  ele- 
gant letter,  particularly  in  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries,  when  the 
monumental  alphabet  approached  the  style  of  lettering  found  in  the 
instrumenta,  for  the  rectilinear  form  never  prevailed  in  the  instru- 
menta, being  merely  a  chance  occurrence. 

The  standard  type  of  the  best  period  suffers  modification  only  as 
regards  its  breadth  and  ornamentation.  The  earliest  shape  of  this 
normal  letter  is  very  broad  and  unornamented,  its  top  being  the 
simple  angles  without  cornua.  It  is  not  obsolete  even  in  the  second 


THE   LATIN  ALPHABET  63 

and  third  centuries.  The  ornamented  letter  .M.  appears  in  inscrip- 
tions of  the  time  of  Trajan,  and  becomes  common  in  the  period  of 
Diocletian. 

1 1 1 1  belongs  to  the  old  cursive  writing,  and  may  be  classed  with 
II,  I1,  Gr.  It  does  not  occur  in  the  imperial  period,  save  in  the 
scratched  inscriptions  of  Pompeii. 

AX.  This  is  a  cursive  form  in  the  best  period,  but  appears  later 
on  monuments  of  the  lower  class,  and  in  inscriptions  of  Germany, 
Spain  and  Africa. 

AA).  This  five-part  letter,  denoting  Manius,  belongs  rather  to  the 
time  of  the  Eepublic.  It  exists  in  a  few  examples  during  the  Empire, 
and  is  retained  in  marking  the  praenomina  of  the  Consuls. 

N 

/V.  The  earliest  form  of  this  letter  is  that  in  which  all  parts  are 
oblique.  This  was  maintained  during  the  Eepublic,  but  disappeared 
entirely  under  the  Empire. 

N.  The  rectilinear  form  is  the  normal  type  of  the  best  period, 
being  at  first  unornamented,  afterwards  having  partial  ornamentation, 
N,  and  finally,  from  the  second  century,  becoming  fully  ornamented, 
N.  The  N  varies  in  breadth  just  as  the  M,  the  quadrate  form 
appearing  in  the  early  part  of  the  best  period,  while  the  slender 
letter  is  found  in  painted  inscriptions. 

A/  is  a  cursive  letter  having  a  history  coordinate  with  the  similar 
form  of  the  m,  AX. 

0 

0  0  O  <>.  These  are  the  archaic  forms  of  this  letter.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  best  period  the  form  of  the  0  like  that  of  other 
round  letters  of  the  same  time  is  quadrate,  that  is  with  height  and 
breadth  equal.  In  the  earliest  period  it  is  noticeable  that  the  0  is 
very  often  smaller  than  the  other  letters.  This  peculiarity  lasted 
through  the  imperial  period,  especially  after  the  letter  C,  which 
could  envelope  the  0  in  its  curve.  This  is  very  common  in  the 
abbreviation  @  S  from  the  Augustan  age  down  to  the  end  of  the 
third  century. 


64  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


"~I  F1  P  P.  These  are  the  archaic  forms,  the  first  being  due  to  the 
retrograde  direction  found  in  earliest  inscriptions  and,  like  the 
second,  recalling  the  Greek  prototype. 

The  standard  letter  of  the  monumental  alphabet  is  the  curved 
and  open  form.  The  closed  letter  is  a  chance  occurrence  in  republi- 
can days,  appearing  on  glandes  plumbeae  and  tesserae.  It  is  rare  in 
the  imperial  period  until  the  second  century ;  but  from  the  third 
century  it  is  found  in  inscriptions  of  the  City  and  provinces.  In 
Germany,  however,  it  appears  as  early  as  the  close  of  the  first 
century  and  afterwards  with  greater  frequency  than  elsewhere. 

Sometimes  P  rises  above  other  letters,  particularly  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  line. 

Q 

This  letter  originates  in  the  Greek  Jcoppa,  hence  its  earliest  form 
is  ?.  Q.  Q  <£  Q  are  other  archaic  forms. 

The  types  of  the  Republic  and  Empire  vary  merely  as  to  the  tail, 
which  is  either  short  and  straight  or  long  and  curved.  The  short 
and  nearly  straight  projection  belongs  to  the  latter  part  of  the 
Republic,  while  in  the  first  century  A.D.  the  tail  is  lengthened  and 
curved,  the  abridged  form  becoming  rare. 


q .   The  oldest  form  of  this  letter  as  found  in  the  Duenos  Inscrip- 
tion is  like  the  Greek  original. 

p  fc  P  P  are  other  archaic  forms.  After  the  R  attained  its 
normal  curved  shape,  its  form  depended  upon  the  relative  sizes  of 
the  upper  and  lower  parts,  as  in  B,  also  upon  the  length  and  shape 
of  the  tail  and  the  manner  of  its  union  with  the  upper  part. 
x  The  early  letters  have  a  full  circular  form  with  the  end  of  the 
circle  at  times  withdrawn  from  the  shaft,  while  the  tail  originates 
at  the  shaft  or  close  to  it.  The  standard  letter  of  the  monumental 
alphabet  of  the  Republic  and  Empire  was  marked  by  the  fully 
rounded  circular  portion  whose  circumference  terminated  at  the 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  65 

middle  of  the  shaft.  A  diminished  circle  with  circumference  end- 
ing above  the  middle  of  the  shaft  and  with  a  tail  somewhat  curved 
are  later  modifications.  In  this  standard  letter  the  tail  either 
originates  at  the  shaft,  or  in  the  circular  portion  at  some  distance 
from  the  shaft.  The  former  is  the  earlier  shape. 

R.  Often  the  tail  begins  at  the  end  of  an  incomplete  circle  to  the 
right  of  the  shaft.  This  is  found  in  the  provinces  both  in  the  early 
period  and  in  some  monumental  inscriptions  of  the  second  and 
third  centuries. 

s 

£  S  ^  are  the  archaic  forms  of  this  letter  of  which  the  angular 
shape  is  found  in  the  days  of  the  Republic,  but  not  of  the  Empire. 
S,  the  standard  letter  of  the  best  period,  shows  the  upper  and  lower 
portion  equal  and  fully  rounded.  Inequality  in  the  sizes  of  these 
two  portions  gives  evidence  of  an  inferior  alphabet. 

/.  Very  slender  letters  approaching  the  straight  line  are  found 
in  inscriptions  of  the  lower  class,  particularly  of  the  provinces. 

C  This  is  found  in  inscriptions  showing  Greek  influence,  as  those 
of  Naples  and  Sicily.  It  is  a  form  of  the  Greek  ^.  The  original 
four-stroke  Greek  ^  appears  in  Latin  as  an  indication  of  value  to 
denote  the  semuncia. 

In  rare  instances  S  is  taller  than  other  letters  when  standing  at 
the  beginning  of  the  line,  and  more  rarely  still  when  medial. 

T 

T     T     T     T  are  the  archaic  forms  of  this  letter. 

In  the  early  period  of  the  Empire  the  standard  letter  was  plain, 
with  transverse  at  right  angles  to  the  shaft,  not  very  short,  but  unor- 
uamented. 

A  form  with  transverse  slightly  curved  T  appears  in  inscriptions 
of  the  first  century,  and  is  very  common  in  the  second,  third  and 
fourth  centuries.  It  belongs  originally  to  the  documentary  writing 
and  the  cursive  letters. 

Very  often  this   letter  rises   above  others,  for  reasons   of  space. 

ainples  of  this  are  found  from  the  beginning  of  the  seventh  century 
of  the  City,  and  in  the  imperial  period  the  usage  is  very  common. 

LAT.   INSCRIP.  — 5 


66  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


V.  This  is  the  early,  and  at  the  same  time  the  regular  form  of  this 
letter  in  the  Republic  and  Empire. 

At  times  the  apex  of  the  angle  is  placed  a  little  to  the  right,  and 
as  a  consequence  the  right  side  becomes  perpendicular  and  the  left 
side  is  lengthened. 

The  curved  form  U  belonging  to  the  uncial  writing  is  found  in 
City  inscriptions  of  the  last  part  of  the  second  and  the  first  part  of 
the  third  centuries.  It  afterwards  appears  frequently  in  inscriptions 
with  uncial  letters. 

X 

The  early  form  of  this  letter  is  unornamented  and  exact,  with 
lines  equally  divided.  In  the  imperial  period  the  quadrate  form  is 
the  more  elegant,  but  the  ordinary  shape  is  narrow  and  graceful. 

Many  instances  occur  of  a  form  marked  by  the  broadening  of  the 
transverse  X.  This  is  seen  not  only  in  the  plain  letter,  but  also  in 
the  more  recent  and  more  elegant  forms. 


This  letter,  as  well  as  the  Z  which  follows,  was  introduced  in  the 
later  days  of  the  Republic,  to  aid  in  transliterating  Greek  words. 
Alphabetic  forms  were  then  attaining  the  perfection  which  marked 
the  Augustan  letters,  hence  both  Y  and  Z  are  well  proportioned  in 
their  early  history. 

The  regular  letter  is  a  plain  rectilinear  figure,  with  the  two  sides 
of  the  angle  equal.  Even  in  the  best  period,  however,  letters  with 
curved  lines  are  common. 

Z 

The  letters  of  the  best  period  show  equal  angles  and  equal  hori- 
zontals. 

J     h 

These  are  the  two  letters  of  Claudius  that  appear  in  inscriptions. 
The  former,  denoting  the  consonant  V,  is  the  more  common. 


THE   LATIN  ALPHABET  67 


LIGATURES 

The  necessity  for  economizing  space  in  en  graving' letters  led  to  the  expedient 
of  joining  them  in  monograms.  This  custom  first  appears  in  the  lettering  of 
coins  about  200  B.C.,  and  in  inscriptions  about  150  B.C.,  particularly  at  the  end 
of  the  line,  where  other  devices,  such  as  the  use  of  small  letters  and  their 
insertion  in  curved  letters,  mainly  C,  e.g.  G,  £,  and  superposition,  as  M>  were 
also  employed. 

The  use  of  ligatures  did  not  become  very  general  in  Rome  or  Italy,  but 
they  are  common  in  Gallic  inscriptions  from  the  first  century  A.D.,  and  in  those 
of  Germany  after  the  second  century,  while  they  abound  in  African  inscriptions 
of  the  third  century. 

The  ligatures  of  the  cursive  alphabet  of  the  Dacian  wax  tablets  are  given  in 
Plate  VII.  These  present  peculiar  difficulties,  while  those  of  the  capital  letters, 
a  few  of  the  most  common  of  which  are  given  below,  are  more  readily  inter- 
preted.1 

LIGATURES  OF,  Two  LETTERS 

M=am,    M=ma,     N  =  an,     /R=ar,      A/  =  an,  W  =  au,  /ft  =  ar, 

Ci  =  ch,      B  -=de,       ND^nd,      NE  =  ne,      Afc—  me,  M^mp,  \£=>ve, 

Tl  =  th,      fe  —  ib,       I  —  li,       M-mi,     fol-ni,  fe  -ir,  t— ti, 

A-  —  al,       VL  —  ul,      IN—  nn,     IT  —  nt,      jR  —  er,  CR~  or,  «R  -=  pr, 
"fi  =  tr,      "R.—  ta,       T  =  te,       V?=  ur,      R/  —  ru. 

LIGATURES  OF  THREE  LETTERS 
>W  — aur,    3T=ent,     il- eri,     *fe=ite,      M-=  mae,  /\ 

In  some  cases  a  number  of  letters  are  combined,  thus : 

7^?=atur,7fe=matjd,A%A=-  maxim,  ®=o(ssa)  h(ic)  s(ita),  Inscr.  Bhen.  1983. 
©-o(pto)  t(erra)  s(it)  l(evis)  t(ibi),  C.I.L.   III.    5577. 

!For  a  fuller  list  see  Cagnat,  Cours  d* Epigraphie,  p.  24,  and  Hubner's 
Exempla,  p.  Ixviii. 


PLATE  VII 


fc 


? 


a 


Bs 


ir 


J 


6: 


?/B 


»I 


?£- 


N_ 
P] 


5tj^§' 

i  -N  co  •*  \n  «o  i 


.S.5  O  13     c3       a> 


-~~  s 

;  p,  p,  3  c« 


Ss      .     .  .0, 
&$£§^3333§5?*3§SS8o 

l.S.l^    43        1      I    2    II     JS      I 


tF 


UNIVERSITY 


THE   LATIN  ALPHABET  69 

SICILICUS.     APEX.     MARKS   OF   PUNCTUATION 

SiciLidus  D 

This  has  already  been  referred  to  in  the  treatment  of  double  con- 
sonants. 

The  testimony  of  the  Grammarians,  that  the  sidUcus  was  used  to 
denote  that  the  consonant  should  be  regarded  as  a  double  letter,  is 
supported  by  a  few  instances  of  its  use  found  in  the  inscriptions 
of  the  time  of  Augustus.  C.  I.  L.  V.  1361 ;  G.  /.  L.  X.  3743. 

APEX 

From  the  period  just  after  Sulla  up  to  the  second  half  of  the  third 
vowels  long  by  nature  were  denoted  by  a  sign  termed  the 
They  appear  most  frequently  in  inscriptions  of  the  first 
century  A.D.,  and  of  the  first  half  of  the  second. 

The  earliest  form  of  this  sign  is  ;  ~7  J  /",  but  in  the  time  of 
the  Empire  the  usual  form  is  the  acute  accent  '. 

The  apex  is  found  over  A,  E,  0,  V,  El  =  I,  but  very  rarely  over  I.1 

Its  occurrence  in  the  acta  is  decidedly  less  frequent  than  in  the 
monumental  inscriptions. 

Other  methods  of  indicating  the  long  vowel  were : 

(a)  The  double  vowel  introduced  by  Attius  (see  page  30). 

(b)  The  use  of  El,  the  spurious  diphthong,  to  denote  long  I,  a  cus- 
tom dating  from  the  Gracchan  period,  620/134. 

(c)  The  tall  I,  from  the  time  of  Sulla  up  to  latter  half  of  second 
century. 

In  the  Augustan  age  both  methods  were  still  in  use,  as  in  the 
Monumentum  Ancyranum  a  number  of  words  (twenty-two  at  least) 
are  found  with  tall  I,  and  three  with  El. 

PUNCTUATION 

From  earliest  times  individual  words  in  inscriptions  were  separated 
by  marks  of  punctuation,  which  regularly  occupied  a  position  mid- 
way between  the  upper  and  lower  limits  of  the  letters.  These  points, 

1  Cb  De  Apicibus  et  I  Longis,  p.  13,  shows  that  out  of  1119  instances 

of  -.I.-  ;pex,  415  were  over  &,  350  over  6,  169  over  e,  147  over  w,  4 

over  i,  32  over  de,  and  2  over  au. 


70  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

as  a  rule,  were  not  placed  at  the  end  of  a  line,  and  did  not  indicate 
sentences  or  parts  of  sentences. 

There  are  various  forms  of  these  punctuation  marks.  The  round 
form,  which  may  be  regarded  as  the  primitive  mark,  belongs  in  its 
general  use  to  inscriptions  in  raised  letters.  Very  rarely  are  round 
marks  found  in  inscriptions,  as  in  stone  this  shape  would  be  most 
difficult  to  make.  Stone  workers  probably  made  a  square  with  four 
blows  of  the  chisel,  hence  we  have  B,  I,  ••  in  the  more  ancient 
inscriptions.  In  the  more  elaborate  inscriptions  triangular  shaped 
points  are  found,  ^  ?  ^  ?  4 ,  which  are  made  more  ornamental  by 
the  curving  of  the  sides,  y. 

These  triangular  points  remained  in  use  from  the  earliest  times 
down  to  the  most  recent  periods. 

The  triangular  shape  finally  passed  into  the  form  of  an  ivy  leaf, 
termed  in  an  inscription  (C.  I.  L.  VIII.  6982)  hederae  distinguentes, 
& ,  $ .  This  form  is  very  common  in  the  latter  part  of  the  first 
century,  but  is  not  found  in  the  time  of  the  Republic  (see  page  40). 
Naturally  in  cursive  writing  the  form  of  punctuation  would  be  a 
line.  Hence  in  the  "  scratched "  inscriptions  of  Pompeii  we  find 
examples  of  this  form,  and  from  the  close  of  the  second  century  it 
is  found  in  the  stone  inscriptions.  It  has  the  following  varieties : 
— ,  ^-'j  \,  f\^. 

These  points  of  punctuation  were  regularly  placed  between  the 
letters,  but  in  some  cases,  for  lack  of  space,  they  are  found  above,  or 
in  case  of  the  round  forms  C,  D,  G,  0,  Q,  inside  of  the  letter. 

Punctuation  was  not  confined  to  the  separation  of  words,  but  may 
be  found  between  syllables,  and  in  some  cases  between  letters.  In 
sepulchral  inscriptions  of  the  lower  class  unusual  punctuation  of 
this  kind  had  a  place,  but  it  is  rare  in  great  public  and  private 
inscriptions. 

In  some  instances  the  component  parts  of  compounds  were  indi- 
cated by  punctuation,  as  sub  •  legi,  in  •  perato,  ad  •  versus. 

Rarely  are  points  found  at  the  beginning  of  lines,  but  more  fre- 
quently at  the  end. 

In  carmina  the  metric  lines  are  marked,  and  when  half-verses 
are  written  this  also  is  indicated  by  punctuation. 


THE   LATIN   ALPHABET  71 

At  times  a  long  space  takes  the  place  of  the  punctuation  mark. 
In  one  of  the  Scipio  "Elogia"  the  ends  of  the  metric  lines  are 
indicated  by  the  spacing,  while  in  another  the  punctuation  mark  is 
used,  in  this  case  a  horizontal  line.1 

Like  the  ivy  leaves  referred  to  above,  branches  of  palm  are  found 
as  early  as  the  first  century  marking  the  more  important  divisions. 

Under  the  Republic,  punctuation  marks  were  rarely  omitted. 
The  leges  of  the  seventh  century  of  the  City  are  an  exception  in 
this  respect,  either  because  of  Greek  influence  or  the  carelessness  of 
the  engraver. 

Still  more  rarely  are  points  omitted  in  inscriptions  of  the  best 
period,  from  Augustus  to  Hadrian.  In  sepulchral  inscriptions  of 
the  lower  class,  however,  they  are  quite  often  neglected. 

DIVISION  OF  WORDS 

In  the  more  ancient  inscriptions  words  were  not,  as  a  rule,  divided 
at  the  ends  of  lines,  but  were  written  entire.  This  is  particularly 
true  of  the  older  leges  of  the  Republic,  with  some  rare  exceptions, 
such  as  the  Lex  Rubria.2  In  the  acta  of  the  imperial  period  words 
are  frequently  divided,  the  division  following  the  usual  law  of  sylla- 
bles which  generally  holds  in  the  inscriptions. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Latin  Alphabet  (Morphological) 

Priscae  Latinitatis   Monumenta  Epigraphica —  Enarratio  and  Indices.     FR. 

RITSCHL.     Berlin,  1862. 

Opuscula  Philologica.     Vol.  IV.     FR.  RITSCHL.     Leipzig,  1878. 
Exempla   Scripturae    Epigraphicae    Latinae  —  Prolegomena.     AEM.    HUBNER. 

Berlin,  1885. 

Cours  d"1  Epigraphie  Latine.     2d  ed.     RENE  CAGNAT.     Paris,  1890. 
Handbook  of  Greek  and  Latin  Palaeography.    E.  M.  THOMPSON.    London,  1893. 

1  See  pages  232,  236.  2  P.  L.  M.  E.  Enarratio,  p.  120. 


CHAPTER    III 

NUMERALS 

THE  characters  which  served  as  Latin  numerals  are  as  old  as  the 
letters  of  the  alphabet,  and  in  some  cases  perhaps  older.  The  original 
numerals  were  the  vertical  I  denoting  the  large  unit,  the  horizontal  — 
or  •  denoting  the  small  unit,  while  V  denoted  5,  and  X  denoted  10. 
The  earlier  system  was  probably  decimal,  the  small  unit  being  J^-  of 
the  large ;  and,  although  in  the  later  change  to  the  duodecimal  sys- 
tem the  small  unit  became  equal  to  y1^  of  the  large,  the  original 
signs  — ,  •  were  still  used.1 

Upon  the  introduction  of  the  alphabet  two  letters  were  adopted 
as  numerals,  >l  (later  vL,  1,  L),  the  Chalcidian  ch,  =  50,  and  4>,  ph 
(later  CIO)  =  1000,  since  they  were  not  needed  in  the  Latin  alpha- 
bet. A  sign  for  100  must  have  been  adopted  in  like  manner,  and 
its  later  representative,  C,  seems  to  indicate  as  its  origin  0  (tJi),  the 
remaining  aspirate.  This  appears  from  a  comparison  with  Etruscan 
numerals,  which  closely  resemble  the  Latin,  as  I  =  1,  A  =  5,  X  =  10, 
T  =  50.  As  the  Etruscan  alphabet  retained  the  aspirates,  we 
would  naturally  expect  some  mark  of  differentiation,  if  such  letters 
were  used  as  numerals.  Hence  *l  inverted,  i.e.  T  =  50,  $  becoming 
^  =  1000,  and  0  or  D,  the  Etruscan  th,  becoming  ®  =  100.  The 
similarity  existing  between  the  Etruscan  and  Latin  systems  thus 
supports  the  theory  that  0  originally  expressed  100.1 

The  remaining  Roman  numerals  were  formed  by  indicating  multi- 
plication by  the  doubling  of  the  signs,  as  0  =  1000,  ©  =  10000, 
(||j)  =  100000,  while  the  halves  of  these :  D  =  500,  g)  =  5000,  and 

ra)  =  50000.      In  the  more  ancient  times  the  Roman  numerals  did 
not  go  beyond  100000,  so  that  it  was  necessary  to  repeat  the  sign 

1  Mommsen,  Hermes,  XXII.  pp.  598,  599. 
72 


NUMERALS  73 

for  100000  to  indicate  higher  amounts.  In  the  inscription  on  the 
Columna  Rostrata  CD  is  repeated  some  thirty  times. 

At  a  later  period  a  sign  Q_o,  indicating  quingenta  milia,  is  found 
as  a  substitute  for  the  repetition  of  signs  denoting  100000. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  Republic  a  custom  became  prevalent  to 
write  simple  numbers  and  indicate  multiplication  by  lines  above  for 
thousands,  and  with  others  on  the  sides  of  the  signs  for  hundred 
thousands,  so  e.g.  V  took  the  place  of  100  —  5000,  D  took  the  place 
of  CLD  =  500000,  and  [Xl  =  1000000.  The  earliest  use  of  these  lines 
is  found  in  the  Lex  Rubria1  of  Caesar's  time.  In  the  early  Empire 
the  two  systems  are  both  in  use.  Thus  in  the  Pompeian  auction 
tablets  of  the  time  of  Nero  the  earlier  system  is  found,  while  in 
another  of  the  same  period  the  latter.  In  the  later  period  the  latter 
form  prevailed.2 

There  appears  to  have  been  a  tendency  at  first  to  assimilate  num- 
erals to  letters.  The  original  numerals  I,  V,  X  were  identical  with 
three  of  the  letters,  and  when  <t>  was  divided  the  resulting  form 
became  a  D,  C  took  the  place  of  the  0,  and  -i-  became  L. 

M  for  mille  or  milia  appeared  from  the  second  century  A.D.,  but 
in  the  combination  M  •  P  =  milia  passuum  the  use  of  M  was  much 
older.  The  M  was  an  abbreviation  for  the  word  mille  or  milia,  and 
was  never  used  by  the  Romans  as  a  numeral.3 

The  adoption  of  the  C  as  100  must  have  taken  place  after  the 
date  of  our  earliest  inscriptions,  subsequent  to  the  time  when 
fhefhaked  and  pakari  were  written,  for  centum  at  that  time  would 
have  been  kentum. 

Difficulty  naturally  arose  from  the  employment  of  the  same  signs 
as  letters  and  numerals.  In  consequence  of  this  we  find  a  mark  of 
differentiation  used,  namely,  a  line  crossing  the  numeral.  This  is 
seen  in  [),  which  dates  from  the  seventh  century  of  the  City;  cf.  also 
3£  denoting  the  denarius. 

i  C.  /.  L.  I.  204,  P.  L.  M.  E.  23.  4,  etc. 

2M.  G.  de  Petra,_£e  Tavole  Cerate  di  Pompei,  Roma,  1876;  No.  15, 
H-SVCCCLII;  No.  16,  >l  XXXIX  ;  No.  39,_lpO»XXXVIIII. 

«Mommsen,  Hermes,  XXII.  p.  601,  XV  M  •  N  (133  A.D.,  Henzen  6086);  H-S-  L 
M-N  (153  A.TK  Orelli,  2417). 


74  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

In  the  Augustan  period  the  line  was  placed  over  the  numeral, 
perhaps  coincident  with  the  use  of  numerals  of  iteration  in  titles. 
In  the  time  of  the  Republic  the  number  of  iteration  with  official 
titles  was  given  in  letters,  but  from  the  time  of  the  battle  of  Actium 
numerals  were  used.1 

To  express  amounts  intervening  between  these  numerals,,  the  signs 
were  placed  side  by  side  until  the  next  denomination  was  reached. 

Two  methods  might  be  used :  1)  the  addition  method,  when  the 
higher  number  preceded,  2)  the  subtraction  method,  when  the 
lower  denomination  preceded. 

The  former  of  these  two  methods  is  the  older  and  more  usual. 
1st  method,  XVIII  =  18;  2d  method,  XIIX  =  18;  so  (III  is  more  reg- 
ular than  IV,  and  VII II  than  IX. 

For  the  subtraction  method  Mommsen  (Hermes,  XXII.  603)  gives 
the  following  rules : 

1)  Not  merely  one  number,  but  many  in  order,  could  be  subtracted, 
so  that  MX  is  just  as  correct  or  incorrect  as  IX. 

2)  Only  the  numerals  I,  X,2  C,8  were,  as  a  rule,  used  in  subtraction, 
seldom  the  sign  for  1000,  and  never  V,  L,  D. 

3)  The  number  I  is  subtracted,  as  a  rule,  only  before  V  and  X,  and 
only  by  exception  before  L  and  the  higher  numbers. 

4)  The   subtractive   method    has    the    object   of    saving    space. 
It  is  therefore  inadmissible  unless  room  is  gained,  so,  not  MIX  but 
VII,  not  XXXC  but  LXX.     It  predominates  in  cases  where  an  essen- 
tial simplification  is  obtained,  and,  therefore,  particularly  in  the 
numbers  80  and  90,  and  occurs  more  in  the  carelessly  made  private 
inscriptions  than  in  the  precise  monumental  writing. 

5)  The  numeral  or  numerals  to  be  subtracted  were  placed  before 
the  last  numeral  of  an  addition  series,  so  that  X 1 1 X  =  18  was  writ- 
ten, not  IIXX;  and  CCCXXC  =  380,  not  XXCCCC. 

There  are  certain  numerals  which  deserve  special  consideration. 

1  In  C.  I.  L.  VI.  873,  dating  ?>25/29,  cos.  quinct.,  cos.  design,  sext.,  imp.  sept., 
and  C.  L  L.  XII.  3148,  dating  729 /25;  but  in  C.  L  L.Jt.  382^  dating  iw/z\,imp. 
VI.  cos.  Ill  and  C.  I.  L.  VI.  701,  dating  744/10,  imp.  XII  cos.  X\  trib.  potest.  XW. 

2  C.  I.  L.  I  1166.  CCCXvl,;  1143.  CXvk  VIMS;  536,  dating  ^7/1*7  CCXXC. 
8  C.  L  L.  I.  198,  dating  68i/128,  GDI ;  C.  I.  L.  VI.  1243  c,  /,  C»l,  C-oLX. 


NUMERALS  75 

2.  II.  This  numeral,  with,  the  earlier  position  of  line  of  differen- 
tiation, is  regularly  seen  in  rfS  denoting  sestertius.  1 1  occurs  very 
frequently,  particularly  when  indicating  successive  consulships  and 
denoting  duumvir  (I  I  VI R).  At  the  beginning  of  lines  IT  is  also  found. 

4.  Either  IV  or  1 1 1 1.     The  former,  the  subtractive  form,  belongs  to 
writing  of   the  lower  class,  appearing  first  on   the  vessels  of   San 
Cesareo,  which  date  in  the  seventh  century  of  the  City. 

MM  is  the  more  usual  form,  varying  as  follows :  HHH,  Hllh,  MM, 
frequently  denoting  qiiattuorviri,  I II I,  I  III  VIR. 

5.  V.    In  Pompeian  tablets  it  is  found  on  its  side.     1 1 1 1 1  appears 
in  African  inscriptions. 

6.  VI,  also  IfTTTI. 

8.  VIM.    The  subtractive  form  MX  is  a  rare  occurrence. 

9.  VMM  is  the  more  common  form.     IX  is  rare. 

10.    X.    The  transverse  cuts  the  middle  of  the  letter  when  the 
•1e>narius  is  denoted,  X- 
14.    XII 1 1  is  more  common  than  XIV. 

18.  XVIII,  but  XI IX  in  (7.  /.  L.  III.  582. 

19.  XVIIII. 

28.    XXVIII,  but  XXIIX,  C.  /.  L.  VI.  9934. 

45.    XLV,  by  exception  VL. 

In  some  inscriptions  /^  20,  ^  =  25,  >^=30,  /£<^=35,  ^T=40. 

50.  •i'  is  the  original  form,  J,  appears  down  to  the  Augustan 
period,  _L  is  seen  in  the  "Lex  Kepetundarum "  (123  B.C.),  and 
during  the  first  and  second  centuries  A.D. 

60-100.  To  represent  numbers  between  50  and  100,  L  with  X  re- 
peated is  the  regular  form.  In  some  African  inscriptions  X  X  X  X  X  X 
(C.  L  L.  VIII.  1108)  is  found.  TX*X.  and  ~[xxy  are  worthy  of  notice. 

500.  D,  originally  half  of  0,  was  subsequently  marked  by  trans- 
verse E),  as  in  the  "Lex  Repetundarum,"  and  in  many  inscriptions 
of  the  Empire. 

1000.  (D  is  the  oldest  form.  This  was  not  maintained,  but  appeared 
in  the  more  common  form  oo ,  which  was  also  modified  to  oo  or  ex-. 

Combinations  of  toie  preceding  signs  were  used  to  denote  higher 
numbers,  oo  oo  oo  oo  C  =  4100.  oo  oo  oo  CCXX  =  3220.  "X)<T  DCLXI 
=  21661. 


76  THE  LATIN   ALPHABET 

By  exception,  the  additional  thousands  were  denoted  by  the  sub- 
tractive  form,  thus  x  ^  ==  4000  ((?.  7.  L.  X.  1273). 

10000=®,  or  v^/,   rfk,  (cb),   nlii. 

5000  =  g),  or  U,  k,  b). 
100000  =®,  or 
50000  =   ),  or 


The  use  of  a  horizontal  and  verticals  has  already  been  referred  to. 
X  =  10000.  [Xl  =  1,000,000. 

In  the  time  of  Hadrian  the  n?  regularly  denoting  100000,  was 
strangely  used  to  indicate  1000. 

Naturally  the  variety  of  the  uses  for  which  these  horizontal  and 
vertical  lines  were  employed  caused  much  confusion  (Suetonius, 
Galba.  5). 

FRACTIONS 

The  Roman  system  of  fractions  is  based  upon  a  division  of  the 
unit,  as,  into  twelfths,  unciae,  the  former  being  denoted  by  I,  the  lat- 
ter by  —  or  •.  The  use  of  the  nobler  metals  led  to  a  division  of 
the  uncia,  thus  i,  -J,  -^  -J,  y1^,  ^,  and  finally  TJ¥  of  the  uncia. 

All  these  fractions  have  special  names,  and  can  be  arranged  in  the 
following  table,  showing  the  duodecimal  s;y  stem. 

TABLE  A 

As.       Unciae. 


As      

.     .      1 

12    1 

Deunx     

•   •    H 

11  s  —  —  — 

Dextans  

•    •    f 

10  s  —  — 

Dodrans       

•    •    f 

9   S  n  — 

Bes     

•   •    f 

8    S  — 

Septunx       

.    .    ^ 

7    S  — 

Semis      

-    .    1 

6    S 

Quincunx    

,    .   A 

5  zz  iz  —  or 

Triens     

3 

4 

Quadrans     

'         i 

3  —  — 

Sextans  . 

•         i 

2  = 

Sescunx  

•    i 

1J  £  —  or  S- 

Uncia ^      1  —  or  o, 


FRACTIONS  77 

As.  Unciae. 

Semuncia ^?  £   £  or  S  or  € 

Binae  sextulae  or  duella    .     .  ^  i    ZX 

Sicilicus ^  i    0 

Sextula 7V  i     8 

Dimidia  sextula T^?  T^  •£ 

Scriptulum ^ij  J?    3 

Siliqua xyVir  TT? 

The  signs  for  the  various  fractions  are  derived  from  the  initial 
letters  of  particular  words;  thus,  S  for  semis;  2,  and  later  £*,  for 
semuncia  and  sembella;  Z  for  sextula;  T  for  terruncius,  which  cor- 
responds to  the  sicilicus.  The  0  of  the  sicilicus  and  the  3  of  the 
scriptulum  are  from  the  round  forms  of  the  Greek  sigma.1  H  is 
due  to  the  repetition  of  the  3,  the  sign  of  the  sextula. 

With  the  introduction  of  the  silver  nummus  (Vov/z/xos),  sestertius, 
a  new  system  of  fractions  appears. 

The  sestertius  became  the  major  unit  corresponding  to  the  old  as  ; 
the  libella  became  the  minor  unit  corresponding  to  the  uncia,  but,  as 
the  system  was  decimal,  the  libella  —  T^  of  the  sestertius. 

The  following  table  shows  this  fractional  system  with  the  signs, 
which  are  adopted  from  the  duodecimal  system : 

TABLE  B 

Sestertius  =  1 

Semis  =  |  of  sestertius,  S 

Libella  =  TL  «  — ?  as  corresponding  to  the  uncia. 

(Singula)  Sembella      =  ^  "          "  S,  like  semuncia. 

(Sicilicus)  Terruncius  =  ^  "         "  0  or  T 

With  the  sestertius  equal  to  2-J-  asses,  the  copper  denominations 
may  be  arranged  in  a  decimal  system  with  the  sestertius  as  major 
unit,  and  with  signs  adopted  from  the  duodecimal  system : 

Dupondius |  or  T8?  of  sestertius,  so  S  IE-,  i.e.  \  +  TV 

AS f    "  &  "         "  "  =  = 

Semis £    "  ^  "          "  " 

Quadrans T^  •«    . 

1  The  Greek  C  =  s  appears  on  Tarentine  coins  struck  before  the  time  of 
Pyrrhus,  and  in  Greece  after  the  time  of  Alexander.  Mommsen,  Hermes, 
XXII.  p.  605. 


78 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


In  like  manner  if  the  denarius  be  taken  as  a  major  unit,  witb 
value  of  10  asses,  the  system  stands  : 

Denarius     .....  1  3£ 

Quinarios    .....  \   denarius,  so       S 

Sestertius    .....  \  "  "  =  S,  i.e.  &  +  fo 

Dupondius  ..'...  \  "  "  —    "   ^ 

As  ........  TV  " 

Semis      ......  ^  "  "  2 

Quadrans    .....  TV  "  "  T  or  D 

The  duodecimal  fractional  system,  with  the  as  serving  as  any 
unit,  was  applied  very  generally,  e.g.  to  land  measure,  to  computa- 
tion of  interest,  to  weight,  time,  and  money.  The  decimal  system 
was  applied  to  money,  to  the  denarius  and  as,  then  to  the  fractions 
of  the  sestertius. 

The  final  depreciation  of  the  as  brought  it  down  to  the  value  of 
Y1^  of  a  denarius,  and,  as  the  sestertius  =  \  of  a  denarius,  the  as  =  \  of 
a  sestertius. 

The  duodecimal  fractional  system  of  the  denarius,  when  equal 
to  16  asses,  is  set  forth  in  the  following  table  :  l 


TABLE  C 


Denarius 

Quindeciaere    .     ||  =  {\  + 

Quattuordeciaere   |  =  £  + 


Tredeciaere 

Duodeciaere 
Undeciaere 


Nonus[sis] 
Octus[sis] 


$$  =  f  +  &  + 

f  =  f  , 
|^  =  f  +  fa 


=  \ 


so  "  S  —  I?-  D    deunx  sicilicus 
*'  "  S  iz  ~   2    dextans  semuncia 

f  dodrans 

"  "  S  IE-  2  3  J  semuncia 
I  sicilicus 
dodrans 
bes  sicilicus 


""SI?- 
"  "  S  m     D 


S-     S 

S    2    D 


"  «*  S 


semis 
semuncia 
sicilicus 
semis 


1  From  Manuel  des  Institutions  Romaines,  Bouch6-Leclercq. 

2  This  sign  merely  denotes  denomination. 


FRACTIONS 


79 


Sepsis].    . 


Sexis   ....      f  =  £  +  ,\ 


Quinques[sis]   .  T5ff  =  £  +  7\t  + 

Quattrussis  .     .  $  =  |, 

Tressis  A  =  *  +  A, 

Dupondius   .     .      *   =  J¥  +  TV, 

As  .....    -*+*• 


"  u  —  —    2        triens  semuncia 
j  quadrans 

"  "  ^-  2    0     -j  semuncia 
I  sicilicus 

u  u  -^_  quadrans 

"  "  ~     0 


2  — 


|  sicilicus 
sescuncia 


The  decimal  fractional  system  of  the  sestertius,  when  equal  to  4 
t,  is  shown  in  the  following  table : 

TABLE  D 

Sestertius       H-51 

!  octo  libellae 

Tressis  semis  .     .     f  =  ^  +  ^  +  ¥L,  so    "    S  IE-  2T  j  singula 

I  terruncius 
Tressis  ....     f  _  _.r_  ^_  _i_?  u    u     5  —  2 

Dupondius  semis      f  =  T6,j  +  Jff, 
Dupondius     .     .      £  =  T5^, 

As  semis     .  £  =  A  +   1  +   1 


»     S  —   T 

[  terruncius 

«     S 


-_  2T 


, 
libellae 

tres  libellae 


As 

Semis 


I  terruncius 
f  duae  libellae 
{singula 

-:  libella 
•  teiTuncius 


In  inoiH'y,  the  duodecimal  system  as  indicated  above  was  followed 
before  the  a*  was  reduced,  that  is,  as  long  as  the  as  was  considered 
the  KC.N-  grave  or  libral  </N. 


1  This  sign  merely  denotes  denomination. 


80 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


The  coins  were : 

As  =  12  unciae,  marked 

Semis  =6       "  " 

Triens  =    4       "  " 

Quadrans  =    3       "  " 
Sextans 


Uncia 


=    2 

=    1    uncia 


In  addition  to  these  were  : 


I 

S 

0000 

ooo 
oo 

0 


Dupondius  =    2  asses,   marked    II 

Tressis  or  Tripondius  =    3      "  "        III 

Decussis  =  10      "  "         X 

When  silver  coinage  was  introduced,  485/269,  the  copper  as 
became  a  subordinate  denomination  of  the  superior  metal,  and  sub- 
sequently depreciated  in  value  so  as  to  be  entirely  distinct  from  the 
old  libral  as,  i.e.  the  unit  of  the  duodecimal  system. 

The  silver  system  may  be  shown  by  the  following  table  : 


(  Denarius     =  10 
Silver  -j  Quinarius   =5 
I  Sestertius    =    2 
Dupondius  =    2 
s  =    1 


( 
C°PPer 


asses,  later  16  asses  3£ 
"  "  8  "  V 
"  "  4  "  H-S 
"  H 

I 


We  might  expect  that  in  money  calculations  of  ordinary  life 
the  subordinate  denominations  would  be  expressed  in  terms  of 
copper  coins,  but  it  was  customary  to  follow  the  silver  fractional 
system  as  far  as  possible. 

Thus,  in  an  African  inscription  of  the  days  of  Hadrian,  Ephem. 
J3p.,  VII.  426,  we  find  : 

[fecit  sta]tuam  argenteam  ex  H-S  ET  CCCXXXV  tribus  libel  (lis)  sing(ula) 
terr(uncio)  et  aeris  quad(rante)  cum  rei  p(ublicae)  H-S  L  prom(isisset),  i.e. 
51335  sestertii,  1  as,  1  semis,  1  quadrans,  since  T%  (tribus  libellis)  +  ^  (singulcf) 
+  Jfl  (terruncio*)  —  £  +  |,  but  \  of  a  sestertius  =  I  as,  and  |  =  semis.  The  word 
aeris  shows  that  quadrans  is  from  the  copper  system. 

In  denoting  money  the  various  indications  are  :  opper  money, 

aeris    gravis,    or   aeris,    or    A(sses)  ;     for    silver,    .N  =  nummi,    or 
H-S  •  N  =  sestertii   nummi,   rarely   in   the   ordor    N  •  H-S,   but   later 


FRACTIONS 


81 


regularly  H-S  •  •  •  N,  with  the  number  placed  between.  With  the 
sums  denoting  denarii,  j£  alone  was  used. 

The  duodecimal  system  served  for  measures  of  weight,  also  for 
linear  and  surface  measures  when  the  foot  was  divided  into  twelve 
parts;  e.g.  summa  ped(um)  CXXVIIII  S  —  I=-  £  =  129||  feet;1  in 
agr.  p  XXV  S  =  =:  £  =  25 1  feet.2 

In  weight,  PI  denoted  a  pound,  P  being  the  abbreviation  for 
P(ondo),  which  was  the  indication  of  weight,  and  hence  was  regu- 
larly used  with  the  subordinate  denominations,  e.g.  P  •  I S 3  =  1^ 

pounds ;  P  IT-  3  1 1 1  =  3  undae,  3  scriptula;8  P  —  IE-  9  —  =  5  undae, 
8  scriptula;3  Pwww£  =  5J-  unciae* 

In  expressing  linear  or  surface  measure,  P(edes)  or  PED(es)  is  used 
where  the  measure  exceeds  the  foot.  PED-  LXIII  S  —  IE-  £  = 
pedes  sexaginta  tres  deunx  semuncia,  or  63  and  |i  -f  ^¥  (Wilmanns, 
2875).  In  the  building  contract  of  Puteoli,  C.  L  L.  I.  577,  I  14 : 
latum  p.  i;«,  altum  p.  S"-  ;  and  1.  15:  crassos  S\  ,  altos  p.  I.  It  is 
exceptional  to  find  the  exponent  with  the  simple  fraction. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Romische  Staatsverwaltung,  vol.  II.     J.  MARQUARDT.     Leipzig,  1876. 
Griechische  und  Romische  Metrologie.     F.  HULTSCH.     Berlin,  1882. 
Manuel  des  Institutions  Romaines  (Appendix).     A.  BOUCHE-LECLERCQ. 

1886. 
Hermes,  XXII.  1887.    Article,  Zahl-  und  Bruchzeiclien.    TH.  MOMMSEN. 


Paris, 


1  C.  L  L.  VI.  2059. 
3  C.  J.  L.  XIV.  21. 


2  C.  7.  L  XIV.  665. 
4  G.  L  L.  XII.  354. 


UNCIA. 


SEXTANS. 


;'.  — 6 


QtTADRANS. 


TRIENS. 


SEMIS, 


PART    II 


CHAPTER   IV 

THE   ROMAN   NAME 

THE  Eoman  name  enters  very  largely  into  the  composition  of 
inscriptions  of  all  classes,  and  forms,  therefore,  the  most  important 
element  in  their  subject  matter,  often  making  up  the  inscription 
itself.  A  knowledge,  accordingly,  of  its  history  and  chronological 
development,  its  formal  arrangement  and  abbreviations,  is  essential 
to  a  proper  interpretation  of  the  inscriptions,  which,  moreover,  are 
themselves  the  great  source  of  information  as  to  this  subject,  since 
here  the  Eoman  name  has  its  fullest  use  and  most  complete  form. 

It  must  be  understood,  first  of  all,  that  the  name  among  the 
Komans  was  not  of  fixed  or  absolute  form,  but  that  it  varied  with 
the  history  of  the  people,  passing  through  a  process  of  development 
and  reaching  its  complete  form  in  the  most  prosperous  period ;  then 
suffering  modification  and  losing  its  regularity  in  the  declining  days 
of  the  later  Empire. 

In  the  earliest  times  the  individual,  strictly  speaking,  was  desig- 
nated by  one  name,  but  as  a  member  of  society,  and  in  relation  to 
the  state,  his  name  consisted  of  the  personal  element,  with  the 
addition  of  certain  determinatives.1  The  first  determinative  was 
the  genitive  case  of  the  name  of  the  one  in  whose  possession  or 

1  In  a  fragment  of  uncertain  authorship,  entitled  de  Praenominibus,  placed 
as  the  tenth  book  of  Valerius  Maximus  by  Julius  Paris  of  the  fourth  century 
A.D.,  the  statement  Varro  simplicia  in  Italia  nomina  fuisse  ait  is  supported  by 
a  reference  to  the  names  Romulus  and  Remus,  but  controverted  by  a  reference 
to  Rhea  Silvia,  Silvius  Numitor,  Amulius  Silvius. 


THE   ROMAN  NAME  83 

under  whose  authority  the  person  belonged,  as  of  the  father  in  the 
case  of  a  son  or  daughter,  of  the  husband  in  the  case  of  a  wife,  or 
of  the  owner  in  the  case  of  a  slave.  Thus  Marcus  Marci,  Caecilia 
Crassi.  Later  this  genitive  was  followed  by  f(ilius)  or  f(ilia),  uxor 
or  s(ervus).  The  second  early  determinative  was  the  name  indicat- 
ing the  family  (gens).  This  at  an  early  period  was  marked  by  the 
suffix  -ius.  The  early  Eoman  name  thus  consisted  of,  a)  the  per- 
sonal name,  6)  the  family  name,  c)  the  name  of  the  one  in  authority, 
the  father  or  husband,  and  at  times  the  names  of  the  grandfather 
and  great-grandfather.1 

Q.  Fabius  Q(uinti)  f(ilius). 

In  the  course  of  time  an  additional  element,  the  cognomen,  brought 
the  Eoman  name  to  its  full  development,  so  that  free-born  men  pos- 
sessed a  triple  name,  praenomen  =  individual  name,  nomen  =  name 
of  gens,  cognomen  =  name  of  family  (stirps). 

L.  Cornelius  Scipio. 

Official  usage  required  that  with  these  three  names  there  should  also 
be  given  the  names  of  the  father  and  of  the  tribe.  These  were  both 
placed  before  the  cognomen.2  With  the  name  of  the  father  there 
might  also  be  given  those  of  the  grandfather  and  great-grandfather. 

The  inscriptions  show  that  the  regular  order  was  praenomen, 
nomen,  cognomen.  It  was  observed  by  the  writers  of  the  best  prose 
as  Cicero  and-  Caesar.3  Any  variation  is  due  to  the  necessities  of 
the  metre,  as  in  the  Scipio  Epitaph,  where  the  nomen  precedes  the 
praenomen.  or  to  Greek  influence,  or  to  the  irregularity  of  rustic 

1  The  original  order  was  I.;  individual  name  ;  II.,  father's  name  ;  III.,  family 
name;   so  Mommsen,  who  refers  to  the  order  among  the  Greeks,  Umbrians 
and  Volscians.     The  Roma.ns  and  Samnites  transposed  the  last  two. 

2  Lex  Julia  Municipals  (709/45).     C.  I.  L.  I.  206,  p.  122. 

3  In  prose  of  the  good  period  the  usage  was  M.  Claudius,  not  Claudius  Mar- 
cus, even  in  Livy  ;  M.  Claudius  Marcdlus,  not  M.  Marcc.Uus  Claudius.     With- 
out the  praenomen,  according  to  older  method  (so  Cicero),  Marcellus  Claudius, 
according  to  later  method  (so  Caesar),  Claudius  Marcellus.     G.  Lahmeyer  in 


84  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

usages,  as  Alfenos  Louci(os)  on  a  cinerary  jar  from  the  sepulcretum 
near  the  church  of  San  Cesareo  (C.  I.  L.  VI.  8220). 

PRAENOMEN 

The  praenomen,  the  strictly  personal  name,  was  conferred  by  par- 
ents upon  children  on  .the  dies  lustricus,  which  was  the  ninth  day 
after  birth  in  the  case  of  boys,  and  the  eighth  in  the  case  of  girls. 

This  is  the  opinion  of  ancient  writers  in  general,1  but  Q.  Scaevola  2 
is  authority  for  the  statement  that  the  name  was  not  conferred  upon 
a  boy  before  he  assumed  the  toga  virilis,  nor  upon  a  girl  before  her 
marriage. 

It  is  probable  that  the  informal  conferring  of  the  name  in  the 
family  took  place  on  the  dies  lustricus,  but  the  official  recognition  of 
the  same  occurred  at  the  time  of  the  assumption  of  the  toga  virili*. 
This  opposition  between  theory  and  practice  is  set  forth  in  the 
inscriptions,  where  we  find  names  of  persons  dying  in  childhood 
both  with  and  without  praenomina.  Frequently  the  word  Pupux 
(abbreviated  PUP)  took  the  place  of  the  praenomen,  thus  indicating 
an  early  death. 

PVP  .  PONTIO  -  T  -  F-  V0(7?) 
PROCVLO    •    AN    -    XIII    • 


Pup(o)  Fontio,  T.  (Pontii)  /(i7zo),  Fo[Z](tfm'a  tribu),   Proculo,  an(norum} 
tredecim.     (Of  the  first  century  A.D.)     C.  L  L.  IX.  2789. 

The  number  of  inscriptions  giving  the  praenomina  exceeds  that  of 
those  without,  particularly  after  the  second  century  A.D. 

The  praenomen  was  regularly  abbreviated  when  joined  with  the 
nomen  and  cognomen.  This  was  not  a  matter  of  choice,  but  an 
established  custom,  indicating  Roman  citizenship.  In  consequence 
we  do  not  find  the  praenomen  written  in  full,  unless  standing  alone 
or  in  inscriptions  in  which  Greek  influence  has  been  felt,  or  in  those 
of  the  lower  class  dating  mainly  after  the  second  century  A.D. 

iFestus,  p.  120;  Macrobius,  Sat.  I.  10.  30;  Plutarch,  Quaest.  Horn.,  p.  102. 

2  De  Praenominibus,  §  3,  pueris  non  priuaqucun 
puellis  non  antequam  nuberent,  praenomina  impo/ 
auctor  est. 


THE   ROMAN   NAME  85 

The  following  are  the  praenomina  in  general  use,  with  their  abbre- 
viations. Kaeso,  Manius,  Servius,  Spurius,  are  the  most  uncommon. 

A      Aulus.          D  Decimus.     /w  (M')  Manias.       Q      Quintus.       S    Spurius. 
C     Gaius.  K  Kaeso.  M     Marcus.       SER  Servius.        T!  Tiberius. 

CN  Gnaeus.        L  Lucius.  P      Publius.       SEX  Sextus.         T   Titus. 

Aulus.  Abbreviations:  A,  AV,  or  AVL  (rare),  O  (very  rare).  Additional  form, 
Olus.  Cf.  the  slave  name  Olipor. 

Decimus.  D,  DEC  (rare  and  late).  Additional  form,  Decumus.  This  prae- 
nomen  is  regularly  found  with  the  names  of  the  Claudii  (patrician),  and 
of  the  lunii  and  Laelii  (plebeian). 

Gaius.     C  with  the  primitive  value,  that  of  the  Chalcidian  T.1 

Gnaeus.  CN,  GN  (very  rare).  Additional  forms:  Gnaivos  (early),  Naevus, 
Naeus,  Gneus  (rare). 

Kaeso.  K.  This  praenomen  is  not  common.  It  is  found  with  names  of  the 
Acilii,  Duilii,  Fabii,  as  shown  in  the  Fasti  Consulares,  and  the  earlier  in- 
scriptions, such  as  those  found  at  Praeneste. 

Lucius.     L,  LV  (rare).     Early  form,  Loucios. 

Manius.  /w  or  AAJ.  The  familiar  form  with  an  apostrophe  M'  is  not  found 
in  the  inscriptions.  This  praenomen  is  common  with  names  of  the  Aemilii 
and  Sergii. 

Marcus.     M.    This  is  probably  the  most  common  praenomen. 

Publius.  P,  PVP  =  Puplius  (rare),  PO  appears  in  one  instance  for  Poblio, 
C.  L  L.  IX.  5699. 

Quintus.     Q.     Additional  form,  Quinctus. 

Servius.  SER.  This  praenomen  is  found  with  names  of  the  Cornelii  and  Sul- 
picii ;  elsewhere  it  is  rare,  and,  for  the  most  part,  archaic. 

Sergius  is  the  family  name,  having  the  same  origin  as  Servius:2  It  is  first 
found  as  a  praenomen  in  an  inscription  of  Salona,  Eph.  Epigr.  II.  n.  522, 
referring  to  the  Emperor  Sergius  Galba.  S  is  a  rare  abbreviation  for  Ser- 
gius, C.  I.  L.  XI.  2636. 

Sextus.  SEX,  SX  for  reasons  of  space  on  a  denarius  of  the  City,  of  the  sixth 
century,  SEXT  (once,  C.  L  L.  II.  1495),  S  appears  in  lists  of  Praetorian 
soldiers  and  on  tombstones  of  the  second  and  third  centuries  A.D.,  and  in 
Africa. 

1  Quintilian,  Inst.  Orat.  I.  7,  28,  Terentianus  Maurus,  De  Metr.,  V.  890  ff., 
Priscian,  I.  7,  28,  are  authorities  for  the  statement  that  C  and  CN  were  abbre- 
viations for  Gaius  and  Gnaeus,  with  values  G  and  GN. 

and  Servius  are  related  as  ni(n}yere  and  nives,  vixi  and  vivere 
(Cor-  .  I.  44).     They  are  merged  in  an  older  Serguius,  as  nig-  and  niv- 

(Mommseu,  Momische  Forschungen,  p.  8.) 


86  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Spurius.     S  (archaic),  SP  after  middle  of  the  first  century  A.D. 
Tiberius.    Tl,  later  TIB. 
Titus.    T. 

The  three  following,  belonging  to  certain  special  patrician  families 
should  also  be  added : 

Appius.     AP,  APP  (rare).     This  praenomen  is  the  same  as  the  Sabine  Atta,  anc 

was  probably  brought  to  Rome  by  the  Claudii. 
Mamercus.     MAM,  used  exclusively  with  the  names  of  the  Aemilii  as  seen  in  th 

Fasti  Consulares  of  the  third,  fourth,  and  seventh  centuries. 
Numerius.     N.     Gk.  Ne^eptos.     This  is  Samnite  in  its  origin.  —  Festus,  p.  170 

and  the  author  of  de  Praenom.  §  6  inform  us  that  through  the  marriage  of  Q. 

Fabius  Vibulanus  with  the  daughter  of  Numerics  Otacilius  of  Maleventum 

this  name  was  brought  into  the  Fabian  family.     Cf .  Numasioi  on  the  Fibula 

Praenestina. 

Of  these  eighteen  praenomina  certain  only  were  selected  by  the 
individual  patrician  families. 

Mommsen  has  arranged  these  in  a  table  (Rom.  Forsch.,  p.  15). 

Aemilii:  C,  CN,  L,  MAM,  A/V(M'),  M,  Q,  Tl. 

Claudii:  AP,  C,  D,  L  (disregarded  later},  P,  Tl,  Q.  (Ephem.  Ep.  IV.,  p.  218). 

Cornelii:  A,  CN,  L,  M,  P,  SER,  Tl. 

Fabii:  C,  K,  M,  N,  Q. 

Furii:  Agrippa,  C,  L,  M,  P,  SEX,  SP. 

lulii:  C,  L,  SEX,  Vopiscus. 

Manlii :  A,  CN,  L,  M  (disregarded  in  370  B.C.),  P,  T. 

Still  further  restriction  in  the  selection  of  names  is  shown  in  the 
exclusive  use  of  Tiberius  and  Decimus  by  the  Claudii  Nerones,  and 
Gnaeus,  Lucius,  Publius,  by  the  Cornelii  Scipiones. 

After  a  certain  time  the  Claudii  did  not  use  Lucius,  nor  the  Manlii, 
Marcus,  because,  as  Cicero  and  Suetonius  inform  us,1  certain  men 
bearing  these  names  committed  crime.  Likewise,  Marcus  was  not 
used  by  the  gens  Antonia  after  the  downfall  of  the  Triumvir.2 

In  addition  to  the  praenomina  just  discussed,  which  form  the  body 
of  those  in  general  use,  there  are  others  worthy  of  mention,  either 

ldc.  Phil.  I.  13,  32.     Suetonius,  Tiberius,  c.  1. 

2  Plutarch,  Cic.  c.  49 ;  Dio,  LI.  19  ;  Tacitus,  Aim.  III.  17. 


THE   ROMAN   NAME  87 

those  which  fell  into  disuse  in  early  days,  and  are  known  from  the 
Fasti,  or  from  statements  of  authors/  or  those  which  are  of  foreign 
origin  and  of  rare  occurrence. 

Agrippa.     AGRIPP  is  found  in  the  Fasti  Cons,  with  names  of  the  Furii  and 

Menenii. 

Faustus,  with  names  of  the  Cornelii  Sullae.     (Consuls  31  and  52  A.D.) 
Hostus,  with  names  of  the  Lucretii. 

Lar,  with  names  of  the  Herininii.     This  is  an  Etruscan  praenomen. 
Opiter.     OPI  or  OPET,  with  names  of  the  Verginii. 
Paullus,  with  names  of  the  Aemilii,  Lepidi,  and  Kegilli :  afterwards  with  those 

of  the  Fabii  and  Postumii. 
Postumus.     POST,  with  the  names  of  the  Aebutii,  Cominii,  and  Veturii,  also 

TJmbrian. 

Proculus.     PR,  with  the  names  of  the  Geganii  and  Verginii. 
Vibius.     V  (archaic),  VI  and  VI B  (rare),  with  the  names  of  the  Sestii.     The  old 

form  was  Veibius.     This  is  common  in  inscriptions  from  the  district  of  the 

Oscan  dialect. 
Volero.    VOLER,  with  the  names  of  the  Publilii. 
Volusus.    VO,  with  the  names  of  the  Valerii. 
Vopiscus,  with  the  names  of  the  lulii. 

The  following  praenomina  are,  as  a  rule,  of  foreign  origin,  and 
occur  only  in  individual  instances  : 

Annius AN 

Aruns AR Etruscan. 

Atta  or  Attus      ....    AT  (so  A ttus  Clausus'is  Sabine  for  Appius  Claudius). 

Ban--  ? .     .     Oscan. 

Caesar,  originally  a  praenomen.  —  Varro,  de  Praenom.,  §  3. 

Denter-,  Denter  Romulus,  praefectus  urbi  under  Romulus.    Tacitus,  Ann.  VI.  11. 

Epidius EP Oscan. 

Marius       Sabine. 

Mesius        Oscan.  <y  / 

Min(atius  ?)  or  Minius  ?     MIN Oscan. 

Nero NER Umbrian. 

Novius NO  or  NOV .     .     .     Sabine. 

Of? OF Sabine. 

Ovius 0V •  Osxr^n. 

Paquius  or  Pacuius     .     .     PAC  or  PAQ     .     . .  -Oscan. 

1  Varro,  according  to  de  Praenom.  §  3,  names  fourteen  of  these  :  Agrippa, 
Ancus,    Caesar,   Faustus,   Hostus,  Lar,    Opiter,    Postumus,    Proculus,   Sertor, 
Volero,  Vopiscus, 


88  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Percennius  9  or  Petro  ?    .  PE Sabine. 

Petro PET Sabine. 

Pescennius  or  Percennius,  PESC  and  PER    .     Sabine. 

Plancus  or  Plautus  f  .    .  PLA?      ....     Sabine. 

Pompo  or  Popidius      .    .  POP 

Retus R,  perhaps  Keltic  (Hiibner). 

tialvius SA  or  SAL   .    .    .    Oscan,  common  as  a  praenomen 

and  later  as  a  cognomen. 

Sertor SERT      ....     Sabine  or  Umbrian. 

Statins  ........  ST  or  STA  .     .     .    Oscan. 

Tirrus TIR  (<7.  /.  L.  XIV.  3110). 

Trebius TR,  later  TREB   .     Oscan,  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3224. 

Tullus TVL 

The  praenomina,  when  first  used,  evidently  had  a  significance 
suited  to  the  circumstances  of  their  original  application.1  This 
primitive  meaning  lost  its  force,  so  that  words  originally  conveying 
some  reproach  might  be  given  to  those  of  high  birth. 

Although  the  common  praenomina  were  employed  in  naming  the 
first  four  sons,  nevertheless  the  following  were  used,  finally  with 
loss  of  original  meaning : 

Primus PR  or  PR  I  Secundus. 

Tertius  (abbreviated  in  one  instance),  TERT  Quartus,  QVAR  or  QVART 

Quintus.  Sextus. 

Irregularities. 

a)    Cognomina  as  Praenomina. 

In  certain  countries,  notably  Gallia  Cisalpina,  cognomina  were  at 
times  used  as  praenomina. 

So,  Maximus  C.  L  L.  V.  5902,  Rufus  C.  I.  L.  V.  7064,  Firmus  C.  L  L.  V.  7339. 

In  the  Augustan  period  this  transfer  in  use,  so  that  cognomina 
served  as  praenomina,  is  found  in  the  names  of  members  of  the 
imperial  family,  and  those  of  the  nobility. 

1  So,  Manius  (mane),  born  in  the  morning  ;  Tiberius,  Tiberis,  the  god  of  the 
river  ;  Titus,  tata,  used  by  children  as  papa ;  Appius,  atta,  applied  by  children 
to  old  men. 


V 

THE   ROMAN   NAME 

Cossus     .    .    .    Cossus  Cornelius  Lentulus.     Consul,  753/1. 

Drusus    .    .     .     Drusus  lulius  Ti.  i'(ilius)  Aug.  n(epos)  divi  pron(epos) 

Caesar 

=  Drusus,  son  of  Tiberius. 
.    .    .    Drusus  lulius  Germanic!  f .  Ti.  n.  Aug.  pron.  Caesar 

=  Drusus,  son  of  Germanicus. 

Sisenna    .    .    .    Sisenna  Statilius  Taurus.     Consul  16  A.D. 
Taurus    .     .     .    Taurus  Statilius  Corvinus.     Consul  15  A.D. 

The  designation  of  honor,  "  iinperator,"  which  in  republican  days 
followed  a  triumph,  in  the  time  of  Julius  Caesar  became  an  actual 
title,  and  finally  in  the  days  of  Augustus  took  the  place  of  the  prae- 
nomen.  See  page  115. 

b)   Nomina  as  Praenomina. 

From  the  middle  of  the  second  century  A.B.  the  nomina  Aelius, 
Aurelius,  Flavins,  Ulpius  were  frequently  used  as  praenomina,  and 
were  abbreviated.1 

Praenomina  of  Women. 

In  the  names  of  women  as  found  in  the  inscriptions  the  praenomen 
is  of  uncommon  occurrence  and  little  importance,  compared  with 
the  regular  appearance  and  significance  of  the  same  element  in  the 
names  of  men.  The  praenomen  was  all-important  to  a  man  in  his 
relation  to  the  state  and  to  society,  while  in  a  woman's  name  its 
presence  was  by  no  means  essential,  and  its  abbreviation  did  not 
imply  what  a  similar  abbreviation  implied  in  the  praenomina  of  men. 

Nevertheless,  from  the  earliest  times,  women  had  praenomina,  and 
during  the  republican  period  this  custom  was  maintained.  This  is 
shown  by  the  legendary  names  Acca  Larentia,  Gaia  Caecilia,  Quinta 
Claudia,  Quarta  Hostilia,2  also  from  the  testimony  of  the  inscrip- 
tions, such  as  those  of  the  grove  of  Pisaurum  (Cesula  Atilia,  C.  L  L. 
I.  168),  which  regularly  give  praenomina  of  women,  also  those  from 

1  In  an  inscription  from  Apulia,  dating  second  or  third  century  A.D.,  Aemilia 
is  referred  to  as  a  praenomen.  C.  I.  L.  III.  1228. 

2de  Praenumin.  §  7  "Antiquarum  mulierum  frequenti  in  usu  praenomina 
fuerunt  Rutilia,  Cawllia,  liodacilla,  Murrula,  Burra  a  colore  ditcta.  Ilia 
praenomina  a  viris  tracta  sunt  Gaia,  Lucia,  Fnblia,  Numeria,  ceterum  Gaia 
usu  super  omnes  celebrata  eM." 


90  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

the  tombs  of  Praeneste,  e.g.  Gaia  H(e)r(enia  f)  (C.  L  L.  XIV.  3149), 
and  with  abbreviation,  C.  Comeniai,  C.  Usor(i)  ?  (C.  L  L.  XIV.  3102). 

In  the  case  of  two  sisters-  the  elder  was  known  as  Maio(r),  the 
younger  Mino(r)  —  Maio  Fabricia,  Mino  Cumia  (C.  L  L.  XIV.  3111, 
3133),  Mino  Ania  C.  /.  (C.  L  L.  XIV.  3058).  In.  some  instances,  at 
a  later  period,  the  oldest  sister  had  the  praenomen  Maxima. 

Other  praenomina  of  importance  are  Pola  (oldest  form)  for 
Paul(l)a,  Polla  (in  country  districts),  Pusilla,  Pupa,  also  the  num- 
eral adjectives  which  were  in  use  in  all  periods,  Prima,  Secunda, 
Tertia. 

In  the  imperial  period  praenomina  of  women  are  of  little  account, 
and  occur  entirely  as  exceptions. 


The  second  determinative  in  the  early  Roman  name  was  the  name 
which  belonged  to  all  members  of  the  same  family,  and  which  was 
at  first  identified  with  a  certain  locality.  Afterwards  the,  nomen 
denoted  members  of  the  same  gens,  men,  women,  clients,  freedmen, 
while  the  cognomen  indicated  the  family  of  the  gens. 

The  nomina  of  the  ancient  Roman  families,  both  the  patrician 
and,  for  the  most  part,  the  plebeian,  ended  in  -ius,  and  the  closely 
related  terminations  -aius,  -ems,  -eus,  -aeus. 

Ex.  —  Aemilius,    Cornelius,    Furms,    Manlius,   Vibidaius,    Arcaeus,  Terraeus, 
Cocceius,  Pompeius. 

In  early  inscriptions,  such  as  those  on  the  earthen  vessels  from 
San  Cesareo,  nomina  are  found  ending  in  -is,  in  place  of  -ios,  so 
Anavis,  Clodis,  Caecilis,  and  the  Oscan  Heirinnis. 

In  addition  to  these  there  are  many  with  different  endings,  which 
were  once  restricted  to  certain  localities  of  Italy. 

The  terminations  -arna,  -erna,  -enna,  -ina,  -inna,  show  Etruscan 
derivation. 

Mastarna,  Perperna,  Caecina. 
-as,  -anas,  -enas,  -inas,  show  Umbrian  derivation. 

Maecenas,  Sentinas. 


THE   ROMAN  NAME  91 

-acus,  -avus,  show  Gallic  derivation. 

Avidiacus,  Amnavus. 
-enus  shows  Sabine  and  Oscan  derivation. 

Alfenus,  Varenus. 

-icus  marks  nomina  from  Illyria,  Lusitania  and  Africa. 
Abalicus,  Boicus,  Veronicus,  Caturicus. 

To  these  there  should  be  added  Latin,  Sabine  and  Umbrian  nom- 
ina in  -anus,  mainly  derived  from  names  of  places. 

Acerranus  (Acerrae),  Aequanus  (Aequum),  Calpetanus,  Norbanus 
(Norba). 

Also  nomina  in  -inus,  partly  of  Latin  origin. 
Pomptinus,  Crastinus. 

On  the  analogy  of  early  names  in  -ius  are  formed  the  Greek  names 
of  similar  ending,  as  Eumachius,  Aristius,  Nymphidius;  and  Proper- 
tins  of  Umbrian  origin,  also  like  formations  from  other  languages. 

After  the  second  century  A.D.,  in  the  provinces,  there  appear  many 
new  nomina  made  from  cognomina  and  other  nomina. 

Faustinius,  Secundinius. 

The  nomen  Verres,1  of  Roman  origin,  stands  by  itself. 
Nomina  appear  in  the  inscriptions,  as  a  rule,  in  their  complete 
form. 

Exceptions. 

1)  Nouns  in  ios  or  is  drop  the  final  s  in  early  inscriptions : 

Cornelio(s),  C.  I.  L.  I.  31,  about  250  B.C.  ;  Cornell  (s),  G.  I.  L.  I.  35, 
about  160  B.C.  ;  Claudi(s),  C.  /.  L.  I.  196,  of  196  B.C.  ;  L.  Anici(s)  V.  1, 
C.  L  L.  - 

^Wicin.   Mus,\   XV.    I860,   p.   172   and  207.      Ritschl,    Opusc.  IV.   p.  469. 
68,  p.  110 


92  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

2)  Abbreviations  of  nomina  are  found  at  times  where  the  name 
may  be  readily  supplied,  as  in  tomb  inscriptions,  where 
many  of  the  same  nomen  are  mentioned.1  So  AEL  for 
Aelius,  CL  or  CLAVD  for  Claudius,  IVL  or  I  for  lulius. 

COGNOMEN 

The  cognomen,  although  the  last  addition  to  the  actual  Roman 
name,  is  identical  in  it^^nruHnjwfoh  the  praenomen,  for  it  was  first 


applied  as  a  strictly  personal  name,  and  had  a  meaning  as  a  surname 
or  nickname  appropriate  to  the  individual.  It  differed,  however, 
from  the  praenomen  in  its  early  use  in  several  respects,  for  it  was 
not  an  essential  part  of  the  name,  neither  was  it  given  to  children, 
but  to  adults;  it  was  generally  an  adjective  referring  to  some 
peculiarity  of  body2  or  mind,3  or  derived  from  the  name  of  the 
place  of  birth. 

As  to  the  time  of  the  introduction  of  the  cognomen,  at  least  of 
the  recognition  of  its  use,  we  can  form  an  idea  from  the  position  it 
holds  in  the  name,  in  that  it  follows  the  word  indicating  the  tribe. 
The  tribal  division  of  the  Roman  people  belongs  to  the  days  of  Ser- 
vius  Tullius,  hence  the  inference  that  the  use  of  the  cognomen  does 
not  date  back  further  than  the  Servian  Constitution.  It  appears  in  / 
the  oldest  Scipio  inscriptions  of  the  fifth  century  of  the  City,  also 
on  Roman  coins  from  the  time  of  the  second  Punic  war,  while  in 
the  laws  of  the  seventh  century  of  the  City  of  a  less  formal  char- 
acter (Lex  Eepetundarum,  631/123)  its  use  is  demanded.  In  im- 
portant decrees,  however,  where  conservative  influences  are  likely  to 
prevail,  it  does  not  appear  before  the  time  of  Sulla.  It  can  be  said, 
then,  that  the  custom  of  writing  cognomina  dates  back  to  the  fifth 
century  of  the  City,  while  its  regular  use  may  be  assigned  to  the 
latter  part  of  the  seventh  century. 

The  cognomen,  at  first  a  strictly  personal  name,  was  soon  recog- 

1  See  Cagnat  Cours-.,  p.  52. 

2  Albus,  Barbatus,  Calvus,  Clandus,  Longus. 

3  Beniynus,  Blandns,  Catux,  Severus,  Screnus. 

4  Gallus,  Ligus,  Sabinus,  Siculus,  Tuscus. 


THE   ROMAN  NAME  93 

nized  as  a  family  possession,  and  became  an  heirloom  for  succeeding 
generations.  Two  principles  appear  to  have  controlled  its  use  :  first, 
it  was  regarded  as  the  indication  of  the  family  (stirps)  of  the  gens, 
so  of  the  gens  Cornelii  there  were  the  Cethegi,  Lentuli,  Scipiones, 
and,  with  a  subdivision,  the  Cornelii  Scipiones  Nasicae ;  again,  it 
was  considered  an  indication  of  nobility,  though  not  absolute,  for, 
though  the  patricians  and  most  of  the  plebeians  had  cognomina,  cer- 
tain families  of  the  plebeians,  the  Antonii,  Duilii,  Flaminii,  Marii, 
Memmii,  Mummii,  Sertorii,  were  without  them.  The  specially 
selected  praenomina  had  once  indicated  nobility,  but  later  the  cog- 
nomen served  this  purpose,  so  that  the  number  of  these  names  that 
were  not  the  property  of  the  nobility  in  early  republican  times  is 
very  small.  In  the  later  republican  period,  and  in  imperial  times, 
the  cognomen  was  given  to  all  freeborn  citizens,  and  frequently  to 
freedmen.  This  change  dates  from  about  the  middle  of  the  seventh 
century  of  the  City. 

The  cognomen  differed  from  the  praenomen  in  another  respect, 
namely,  in  that  more  than  one  could  be  attached  to  the  same  name. 
In  the  days  of  the  Republic  a  second  and  third  cognomen l  might  be 
used.  Such  were 

a)   the  cognomina  ex  virtute,  as  Caudinus,  Fidenas,  Achaicus. 

Cn.  Cornelius  Scipio  Hispanus. 
P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus. 

6)  Names  indicating  the  parentage  of  the  adopted,  formed  from 
nomina  gentilicia  by  the  use  of  suffix  -anus. 

P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Aemilianus  (son  of  L.  Aemilius  Paullus). 

c)  Special  designations,  as  nicknames,  in  many  instances  retaining 
their  meaning. 

Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Celer. 

P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Nasica  Corculum. 

1  Among  later  grammarians,  beginning  with  those  of  the  fourth  century  A.D., 
the  second  cognomen  was  erroneously  regarded  as  an  additional  element,  and 
termed  agnomen. 


94  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Names  of  Women. 

The  early  names  of  women  probably  consisted  of  an  individual 
name,  praenomen,  followed  by  the  nomen  of  the  father  and  genitive 
case  of  his  praenomen,  or  by  the  nomen  of  the  husband  and  the 
genitive  case  of  his  praenomen.  Later  the  genitive  case  was  followed 
by  the  word  f(ilia)  in  case  of  a  daughter's  name,  and  uxor  in  case 
of  the  wife's.  Cf.  Maio(r)  Anicia  C.  f.,  C.  L  L.  XIV.  3057.  The 
changes  in  this  form  consisted  in  the  disappearance  of  the  prae- 
nomen and  the  use  of  the  nomen  gentile  of  father  or  of  husband,1 
either  alone  or  accompanied,  when  more  formal,  by  the  genitive  of 
the  praenomen  of  father  or  husband.2  Other  inscriptions  show  the 
nomen  of  the  husband  in  the  gen.  case  added  to  the  nomen  of  the 
wife,3  accompanied  in  the  imperial  period  by  a  cognomen. 

Old  inscriptions,  such  as  those  of  Praeneste  and  San  Cesareo, 
show  isolated  instances  of  cognomina  in  the  names  of  women.  At 
the  close  of  the  Republic,  however,  the  evidences 4  of  the  introduction 
of  this  custom  are  more  numerous,  and  from  the  middle  of  the  first 
century  A.D.  women's  names  frequently  contained  cognomina.  En- 
tirely exceptional  are  the  instances  of  triple  names  of  women.5 

Reduplication  of  Names.6 

The  custom  of  using  more  than  one  cognomen,  beginning  in  the 
period  of  the  republic,  became  common  in  the  early  days  of  the 
empire,  and  in  the  second  and  third  centuries  A.D.  the  number  had 

1  Aemilia  ;  lulia,  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  1517,  1176. 

2  Acilia  C.  f. ;  Brasidia  L.  f.,  C.  L  L.  X.  5146,  721. 

sCurtia  Kosci  (uxor)  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3115;  Helvidia  C.  f.  Priscilla  Marcelli 
(uxor)  C.  /.  L.  IX.  3019. 

4  Caecilia  Metella ;  Cornelia  Gaetulica,  C.  I.  L.  VI.  1274,  1392. 

6  Furia  Sabinia  Tranquillina,  C.  L  L.  VI.  1095. 

6  More  than  one  praenomen,  L.  Pompeius  Vopiscus  C.  Arruntius  Catellius 
Celer.  (C.  I.  L.  VI.  2059,  43.) 

More  than  one  nomen,  M.  Valerius  Antonius  Antico,  Borghesi  Annali  1830, 
p.  182.  C.  Calventius  Sittius  Magnus,  G.  L  L.  IV.  526. 

Fourteen  nomina  in  one  name,  that  of  a  Consul  r,f  IAO  .  TV  n  j  ^  XIV. 
3609.  See  page  197,  no.  20. 


THE  ROMAN  NAME  95 

increased  in  some  cases  to  a  wonderful  degree.  This  reduplication 
of  names  was  not  confined  to  cognomina;  for  from  the  time  of  Sulla 
several  nomina  might,  for  various  reasons,1  be  adopted  by  the  same 
person.  At  the  close  of  the  first  century  A.D.. instances  occur  of  the 
use  of  several  praenomina.  These,  however,  take  the  position  of 
cognomina,  and  are  regarded  as  such,  being  regularly  written  in  full. 
This  multiplicity  of  names  raises  the  question  as  to  the  manner 
of  addressing  a  person  so  encumbered.  In  social  intercourse  chil- 
dren, clients,  and  slaves  addressed  the  master  of  the  house  by  using 
his  praenomen,  while  strangers  used  the  cognomen.  In  more  formal 
address  the  nomen  and  cognomen  were  used. 

The  consul  of  71  A.D.  had  as  full  name  C.  Calpetanus  Rantius 
Quirinalis  Valerius  P.  f.  Pomp.  Festus,  but  Tacitus  speaks  of  him  as 
C.  Valerius  Festus  or  Valerius  Festus. 

Signa. 

In  consequence  of  the  similarity  of  names,  and  their  number  as 
well,  certain  persons  were  designated  by  nicknames  (sobriquets), 
termed  signa  (vocabulum,  Tac.  Ann.  I.  41).  These  signa  are  found 
in  the  inscriptions,  and  are,  in  general,  preceded  by  the  words  idem, 
idemque,  sive,  qui  et  =  qui  et  vocatur,  or  vocatus,  or  dictus  est,  also 
signo  or  signum ;  cf .  Gk.  6  KCU  or  <£wm  Se. 

L.  Cornelius  Cato  qui  et  Caligatus,  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  2848 ;  Aemilius  Epio 
tetus  sive  Hedonius  (Wil.  2483). 

Additional  Elements. 

It  has  already  been  stated  that  the  complete  Eoman  name  did  not 
consist  alone  of  the  tria  nomina,  but  included  certain  other  elements. 

I.  The  first  of  these  in  importance  is  the  indication  of  descent, 
which  was  placed  after  the  nomen  and  before  the  cognomen.  This 
showed  the  freedom  of  the  person  designated,  hence  is  regularly 
found  in  the  inscriptions.  It  consisted,  as  a  rule,  of  the  praenomen 
of  the  father  followed  by  the  word  f(ilius),  but  extended,  in  case  of 
nobility,  to  names  of  ancestors  in  order,  since  in  this  way  aristocracy 
of  birth  could  he  declarer!.  The  common  abbreviations  are:  for 

line*  of  adopted  persons,  page  98. 


96  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

jilius  or  filia,  F,  later  FIL;  for  nepos,  N  or  NEP;  pronepos,  PRON; 
abnepos,  ABN;  adnepos,  A  DM. 

C.  Aetrius,  C.  f  (ilius),  C.  n(epos),  L.  pron(epos),  C.  abn(epos),  Maturus. 

C.  I.  L.  IX.  121)8. 

Sometimes  the  cognomen  of  the  father  is  used  in  place  of  the 
.praenomen. 

Q.  Coelius  Laeti  f  (ilius).  C.  /.  L.  vin.  972. 

At  times  the  name  of  the  mother  either  takes  the  place  of  that  of 
the  father  or  stands  with  it. 

M.  Porcius  Aegriliae  f  (ilius).  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  3996. 

II.  Another  element  was  the  name  indicating  the  tribus  to  which 
a  person  belonged. 

The  tribus,  a  territorial  classification  of  the  citizens  of  Koine  for  the 
purpose  of  the  census,  dates  from  the  time  of  the  Servian  reforma- 
tion. The  number  was  at  first  four,  but  increased  until  513/241, 
when  it  reached  the  limit,  thirty-five,  which  was  never  passed. 
Towards  the  close  of  the  Republic  it  lost  its  early  territorial  value, 
and  became  merely  a  personal  and  hereditary  affair,  while  under  the' 
Empire  it  lost  its  administrative  and  political  importance,  and  be- 
came, in  the  provinces,  an  evidence  of  Roman  citizenship,  while  in 
the  city  it  was  of  advantage  as  a  means  by  which  certain  privileges, 
such  as  the  distribution  of  corn,  could  be  enjoyed  by  the  citizens. 

The  word  denoting  the  tribe  regularly  preceded  the  cognomen, 
sometimes  taking  its  place.  In  the  inscriptions  the  names  of  the 
tribes  are,  as  a  rule,  abbreviated.  When  they  are  written  in  full, 
they  are  regularly  in  the  ablative  case,  rarely  in  the  genitive. 

The  following  are  the  names  of  the  thirty-five  tribes,  with  their 
customary  abbreviations  l :  AEMilia,  ANIensis,  ARNiensis,  CAMilia, 
CLAudia,  CLVstumina,  COLlina,  CORnelia,  ESQuilina,  FABia, 
FALerna,  G-ALeria,  HORatia,  LEMonia,  MAEcia,  MENenia, 
OVFentina  (or  VF),  PALatina,  PAPiria,  POPlilia  (or  POB),  POLlia 

iSee  Cagnat  Cours.,  p.  61,  for  other  abbreviations,  also  Indices  of  C.  /.  L., 
vols.  II.,  III.,  V.,  VII.,  VIII.,  IX.,  X.,  XII.,  XIV. 


THE   ROMAN   NAME  97 

(Momm.  Ephem.  Ep.  V.,  p.  14),  POMptina,  PVPinia,  QVIEina, 
EOMilia/'SABbatina,  SCAptia,  SEEgia,  STELlatina,  SVCusana, 
TEEetina,  TEOmentina,  VELina,  VOLtinia,  VOTuria  (or  VET).1 
III.  In  inscriptions  of  certain  classes,  particularly  of  soldiers, 
there  occur  names  which  have  words  indicating  the  country,  prov- 
ince, city,  or  town  to  which  the  person  designated  belonged.  The 
position  of  such  words  is  regularly  after  the  cognomen,  although  at 
times  they  are  placed  between  the  tribe  and  cognomen. 

L.  Cassius  L.  f.  Trom(entina)  (tribu)  Martialis  Aq(uae)  Sta(tellae). 

C.  L  L.  III.  2833. 

C.  Cornelius  C.  f.  Poin(ptina)  (tribu)  Dert(ona)  Verus.       C.  I.  L.  III.  4057. 

These  words  assume  various  forms,  and  in  some  instances  are  made 
more  definite  by  the  addition  of  civis,  natione.  genere,  domo,  or  natus  in. 
The  name  of  the  city  is  in  the  ablative  case,  or,  if  it  is  singular 
of  the  first  or  second  declensions,  in  the  genitive.  Ethnic  adjectives 
are  also  found  either  standing  alone  or  accompanied  by  the  word 
civis  or  natione.  In  combination  with  the  word  natione  the  adjective 
either  agrees  with  the  name  of  the  person  or  stands  in  the  nomina- 
tive case. 

If  the  word  domo  occurs,  it  is  either  followed  by  a  noun  in  the 
ablative,  or,  if  singular  of  first  or  second  declension,  in  the  genitive, 
or  is  used  with  an  adjective  agreeing  with  the  name  of  the  person. 
See  Wil.,  vol.  II.,  p.  409. 

M.  Valerio  M(arci)  fil(io)  Gal(eria  tribu)   Aniensi  (tribu)  Capelliano 
Daman  itano.  C.  L  L.  II.  4249. 

Capellianus  =  Cognomen.    Damanitanus  =  Adj.  from  Damania. 
M.  Liberius  Victor  cives  Nervius.  Brambach  C.  I.  Rhen.  n.  71. 

C.  lulio  Silvano  .  .  .  natione  Bithyno.  C.  L  L.  X.  3492. 

L.  Valerius  L(ucii)  f(ilius)  Vol(tinia)  (tribu)  Domo  Philippis. 

C.  I.  L.  III.  2717. 

Names  of  Illegitimate  Children. 

Illegitimacy  of  birth  is  indicated  in  the  inscriptions  by  the  abbre- 
viations S  P  •  F,  standing  for  S(purii)  f(ilius).2  In  some  inscriptions 3 

1  Hiibner,  in  Handbuch  dcr  Klassischen  Altertumswissenschnft,  vol.  I2.,  p.  680. 

2  C.  Asinins,  Spurif(iUus),  spurius,  G.  I.  L.  IX.  2690;  V.  3801. 
8  C.  I.  L.  X.  3790,  V.  2009,  4145. 

LAT.  INSCRIP.  —  7 


98  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

the  SP  stands  for  the  praenomen  Spurius,  which  belonged  to  a  few  old 
patrician  families,  but  in  various  ways  the  inscriptions  prove  that 
S  P  •  F  was  regularly  the  indication  of  illegitimacy.  In  some  inscrip- 
tions the  father's  praenomen  is  given,  and  thus  shown  to  be  different.1 

D.  Avianus  Sp.  f.  Rufus,  D.  Aviano  Salvio  patri.  c.  I.  L.  X.  2135. 

Again,  SP--  F  is  denned  by  the  expression  filio  naturali, 

C.  Mamercio  Sp.  f.  .  .  .  filio  naturali.  C.  I.  L.  X.  1138. 

or  spurius  is  used  as  a  designation. 

T.  Aretio  Proculo  spurio  Modestae  libertae  filio.  C.  /.  L.  V.  2523. 

Names  of  Adopted  Persons. 

The  usage  as  regards  the  names  assumed  by  adopted  persons 
varied  with  different  periods.  According  to  the  early  system,  the 
one  adopted  received  the  name  of  the  adoptive  father,  and  added 
thereto  his  own  nomen,  changed  to  a  cognomen,  with  termination  in 
-anus.  The  son  of  L.  Aemilius  Paullus,  adopted  by  P.  Cornelius 
Scipio,  becaine  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Aemilianus.  After  Sulla's  time 
one  of  the  original  names  could  be  used  unchanged.  The  natural 
son  of  L.  Licinius  Lucullus  became  M.  Terentius  M.  f.  Varro 
Lucullus,  Cos.  681/73.  So  a  famous  cognomen  of  the  old  family 
could  be  joined  with  the  entire  name  of  the  new,  thus : 

Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Pius  Scipio.  Cos.  702/52. 

From  the  time  of  Augustus  two  nomina  are  found  in  one  name,  as 
the  result  of  the  use  of  the  nomen  of  the  natural  father,  so, 

P.  Sulpicius  Quirinius.  Cos.  742/12, 
and 

Sex.  Papinius  C.  f.  Allenius.  Cos.  36  A.D., 

and  finally  at  the  close  of  the  first  century  the  entire  name  of  the 
natural  father  might  be  added  to  that  of  the  adoptive  father,2 

C.  Marius  Marcellus  Octavius  Publius  Cluvius  Rufus.  Cos.  80  A.D. 

C.  I.  L.  III.  dipl.  XL,  p.  854. 

1  Mommsen,  Staatsrecht  III.,  p.  72  n.  Hiibner,  M.ti\ler'sHandbuch,vol.  I.,  p.  657. 
Mispoulet,^ 'tudes (V Institutions Romaines, p. 258      C.LL.V   p.  1213, 3    M  1187. 

2  See  examples  under  Reduplication  of  Nai 


THE   ROMAN   NAME  99 

Later  on  there  appears  to  have  been  a  choice  made  in  the  selection 
of  the  praenomen  either  of  the  natural  or  the  adoptive  father,  also 
in  the  retention  of  any  other  part  of  the  original  name. 

Antoninus  Pius  had  originally  the  name  T.  Aurelius  Fulvus 
Boionius  Arrius  Antoninus,  but  after  his  adoption  by  P.  Aelius 
Hadrianus  he  received  the  name  T.  Aelius  Hadrianus  Aurelius 
Antoninus.1 

Names  of  Slaves. 

The  slave  did  not  originally  have  more  than  one  name,  which  con- 
sisted of  the  name  of  his  master  in  combination  with  the  word  puer, 
so  Marcipor  —  Marci  puer,  Olipor  =  Auli  puer,  Lucipor,  Publipor. 
In  the  republican  period  the  slave  was  known  by  an  individual 
name,  often  of  foreign  origin,  derived  from  the  circumstances  of 
capture  or  purchase,  followed  by  the  nomen,  and  afterwards  the 
praenomen  of  his  master  as  well,  both  in  the  genitive  case.  This 
was  followed  by  the  word  servus,  abbreviated  S  or  SER  in  case  of 
male  slaves,  and  s(erva)  or  ancitta  in  case  of  female,  so, 

Helenus  Hosti  Q.  s.     Date  656/98.  C.  I.  L.  X.  3789. 

Felix  Popil(ii)  L(ucii)  s(ervus).  C.  I.  L.  X.  3790. 

In  the  time  of  the  Empire  the  name  of  the  owner  is  given  in  full 
in  the  genitive  case,  so 

Martialis  C.  Oli(i)  Primi  (servus).  C.  I.  L.  X.  826. 

When  a  slave  came  under  a  new  master,  either  by  purchase  or 
inheritance,  it  was  customary  to  give  to  him  an  additional  name, 
formed  from  the  cognomen  of  his  former  owner  with  the  termination 
-anus,  so, 

Epitynchanus  Caes(aris)  n(ostri)  ser(vus)  Candidian(us).     C.  L  L.  X.  6977. 
This  is  clearly  set  forth  in  the  following,  from  a  Spanish  inscription : 

[7V]ophimus,    C(olonorum)    C(oloniae)    P(atriciae)   ser(vus),   [e]mptu 

C.  L  L.  II.  2229. 

ni,  Hermes,  III.,  p.  70. 


100  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

Names  of  Freedmen. 

The  status  of  the  freedman  in  early  days  was  similar  to  that  of 
the  slave,  hence  his  name  differs  at  first  but  little  from  the  name 
of  the  latter.  In  the  early  period  the  freedman  received  the  nomen 
of  his  patron,  but  selected  his  praenomen,  which  might  be  his  early 
servile  name, 

Cratea  Caecilius  M.  l(ibertus).  C.  I.  L.  I.  840. 

His  former  state  was  indicated  by  the  word  servus  following  the 
genitive  case  of  his  patron's  praenomen : 

C.  Sextio(s)  V(ibi)  s(ervos).  Ann.  deir  1st.  LII.  1880. 

Servio(s)  Gabinio(s)  T(iti)  s(ervos).  c.  I.  L.  x.  8054.  7. 

In  the  seventh  century  of  the  City  (150-50  B.C.),  however,  a  freed- 
man received  his  patron's  nomen,  a  Roman  praenomen  regularly 
that  of  his  master,  and  used  his  former  slave-name  as  a  cognomen, 
while  he  indicated  his  former  status  by  the  word  Hbvrtus,  abbre- 
viated L  or  LIB. 

Thus  the  form,  in  many  examples,  is  P.  Helvidius  P.  1.  Hermes, 
(C.  /.  L.  VI.  975). 

In  inscriptions  of  the  earlier  part  of  the  seventh  century  the  cog- 
nomina  are  not  always  found  (Wil.  II.,  p.  404).  The  cognomen  of 
the  patron,  in  some  instances,  took  the  place  of  the  nomen. 

When  freedmen  were  liberated  by  the  emperor,  the  expression 
Aug(usti)  l(ibertus)  or  Caes(aris)  n(ostri)  l(ibertus)  took  the  place  of 
the  praenomen  of  the  patron. 

In  special  instances  a  patron,  when  naming  a  freedman,  might, 
out  of  regard  for  a  friend,  name  him  after  that  friend,  so  Cicero 
named  Dionysius,  his  son's  tutor,  M.  Pomponius  Dionysius.  Slaves 
freed  by  women  took  the  nomen  of  their  patroness  and  the  prae- 
nomen of  her  father. 

M.  Livius  Aug(ustae)  l(ibertus)  Menophilus.  c.  I.  L.  vi.  3989. 

Livius  is  from  the  name  Livia ;  M(arcus)  is  from  name  of  Livia's  father,  M. 
Livius  Drasus. 

A.  Postumius  Postumiae  l(ibertus)  Heraclida.  c.  I.  L.  vi.  '.mi. 


THE  ROMAN  NAME  101 

The  fact  that  a  slave  has  received  his  freedom  from  a  woman  is 
indicated  in  the  inscriptions  regularly  by  an  inverted  C,  thus  0.  L 
stands  for  G(aiae)  l(ibertus)  or  l(iberta),  i.e.  mulieris  libertus  or 
liberta.  Other  methods  of  indicating  this  are  the  word  mulieris 
written  in  full  or  abbreviated  MVL,1  also  M  inverted  W,2  or  placed 
on  its  side  ^,3  or  WY  =  MV  inverted.4 

Q.  Atisius  0  l(ibertus)  lucundus.  c.  I.  L.  V.  8500. 

The  names  of  those  who  have  been  freed  by  more  than  one  person 
testify  to  the  fact  as  follows  : 

a)  When  the  nomen  is  the  same,  but  the  praenomina  are  different, 
the  freedman  receives  the  common  nomen  and  the  one  or  the  other 
of  the  praenomina. 

L.  Cocceius  C.  L.  M.  l(ibertus)  Papa.  C.  I.  L.  X.  3803. 

b)  When  the  nomina  are  different,  and  the  praenomina  as  well, 
the  freedman  takes  the  praenomen  and  nomen  of  one,  or  the  prae- 
nomen  of  one  and  the  nomen  of  the  other. 

M.  Varenus  0  et  M.  Laitidi  libertus.  a  I.  L.  X.  1333. 

Q.  Caecilius  Cn.  A.  Q.  Flarnini  1.  C.I.  L.  XIV.  2090. 

Freedmen  of  a  colonia  or  a  municipium  formed  a  nomen  either  out 
of  the  word  publicus,  since  they  had  been  servi  publici,  or  from  the 
name  of  the  colonia  or  municipium. 

Sextus  Publicius  Bathyllus.  c.  I.  L.  X.  1889. 

M.  Publicius  coloniae  l(ibertus)  Philodamus.  (7.  /.  L.  X.  4984. 

Sex  Venafranius  coloniae  l(ibertus)  Primogenius.  C.  I.  L.  X.  5012. 

Cf.  also  Pollentius  from  Pola,  C.  L  L.  V.J3,  Veronius  from  Verona,  C.  L  L. 
V.  3470.  '  | 

The  additional  names,  which  belong  to  certain  towns,  supplied 
names  to  the  liberti  in  some  instance^ 

Claudia  Suavis  colonor(um)  lib(erta).  Henzen  III.  6399. 

Claudius  was  a  cognomen  of  Lugdunum,  where  the  inscription  was  found. 

Ti.  Claudius  Municipii  Celeian(i)  lib(ertus)  Favor.  r.  /.  L.  ill.  5227. 

This  inscription  was  found  at  the  Municipium  CHn^ium  Celeia,  Noricum. 


C.  /.  L.  V.  7017.       2  n.  558,  1449.     XII.  4364.       «  V.  7107.       *  V.  358. 


102  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

The  freedmen  of  a  collegium  obtained  names  from  the  profession 
of  the  members  of  the  collegium  as  the  Fabricii  Centonii  in  Brixia, 
named  from  the  fabri  centonarii,  C.  I.  L.  V.  4422. 

If  the  slave  possessed  two  cognomina,  these  were  retained  after  he 
had  become  a  f reedman ;  cf .  the  names  in  -anus  referred  to  above. 

Ti.  lulius  Aug.  l(ibertus)  Fuscus  Cornificianus.  Wil.  390. 

Naturalized  Citizens. 

Foreigners  who  were  naturalized,  on  a  similar  principle  to  that 
observed  in  the  naming  of  freedmen,  received  their  names  from  the 
one  who  obtained  for  them  the  right  of  citizenship,  or  the  one 
through  whose  interposition  the  favor  was  granted.1  This  will 
account  for  the  Cornelii  in  Sicily,  the  lulii  in  Gaul,  the  Pompeii  in 
Spain,  and  the  Claudii  and  Flavii  in  the  provinces  in  general.  Hence, 
under  the  Empire,  the  names  of  the  Emperors  were  used  thus,  not 
only  for  persons  so  favored,  but  for  towns  which  were  raised  to  the 
rank  of  cities. 

Foreign  kings,  allies  of  the  Roman  Empire,  frequently  adopted 
names  of  the  emperors,  so  as  to  show  them  respect. 

Ti.  Claudius  Cogidubnus.     King  of  Britain.  a  /.  L.  VII.  11. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

De  Cognomine  et  Acjnomine  Romano.     F.  ELLENDT.     Konigsberg,  1853. 
Quaestiones    Onomatologicae    Latinae.     AEM.    HUBNER.     Bonn,    1854.     Also 

Ephem.  Ep.,  I.,  pp.  25-92. 
Homische  Forschungen.     Article,  Die  Romischen  Eigennamen.    TH.  MOMMSEN. 

Vol.  I.    Berlin,  1864. 

Das  Privatleben  der  Homer.    2d  ed.    J.  MARQUARDT.     Leipzig,  1886. 
Cours  d^pigraphie  Latine.    2d  ed.     RENE  CAGNAT.     Paris,  1890. 
Handbuch  der  Klassischen  Altertumswissenschaft.     Vol.  I.    2d  ed.    Article, 

Edinische  Epigraphik.     AEM.  HUBNER.     Munich,  1892. 
Indices  of  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum. 

Indices  of  Inscriptions  Latinae.     Vol.  III.     ORELLI  and  HENZEN. 
Indices  of  Exempla  Inscriptionum  Latinarum.     Vol.  II.     G.  WILMANNS. 

1  Ex.  —  C.  Valerius  Caburus  obtained  citizenship  from  C.  Valerius  Flaccus. 
Caes.  B.  G.  I.  47. 


THE   ROMAN  NAME  108 


INSCRIPTIONS   IN   ILLUSTRATION   OF  THE  FORM  OF  THE 
ROMAN   NAME* 

1.  d.  m.    D.  luni  D.  f.  |  D.  n.  D.   pron.  |  Attiani   Agrippini,  |  vix. 

mens.  IIII  d.  XV,    Probus  e.t  Agrippina  filio. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  1204.  On  a  sarcophagus  found  at  Rome.  The  enumeration 
of  ancestors  in  an  inscription  of  so  young  a  child  indicates  high,  birth. 
For  form  of  sepulchral  inscription,  see  page  235. 

2.  C.  Cuspius  C.  f.  Pansa  pater  d.  v.  i.  d.     IIII  quinq./  praef.  i.  d., 

ex.  d.  d.2  lege  Petron.3 

C.  I.  L.  X.  858.  Inscribed  on  travertine  in  the  porta  of  the  amphitheatre 
at  Pompeii.  l  d(uo}  v(ir}  i(ure)  d(icundo)  q(iiartum}  quinq(uennalis). 
2  ex  d(ecreto~)  d(eciirionum).  s  Petron(iana).  Mommsen  conjectures 
the  date  to  be  between  63-70  A.D. 

3.  C.  Cuspio  C.  f.  f.1  Pansae  |  pontifici,  II  vir.  i.  d.,    ex.  d.  d.  pec. 

pub. 

C.  L  L.  X.  791.     Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Pompeii  in  the  forum. 

1  f(ilio').    For  date  see  preceding  inscription. 

4.  Atilia  A.  1.  [Lais. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3068.  On  the  pedestal  of  a  cone-shaped  monument  found  at 
Praeneste. 

5.  Aciliae  Gavini|ae  Frestanae  |  c.  q.,1  01.  Acili  Cleobolis    fil.,  M'. 

Acili  Faustini  |  cos.2  nepti,  Acili  Glajbrionis  bis  cos.3  II  vir  ] 
q  q.  pronep.,  Tib.  Olau|di  Cleobolis  [s]  en.4  "cos.    nep. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  2334.  Inscribed  on  a  large  pedestal  found  at  Allifae  (Allife) 
Samnium.  l  c(larissimae)  p(uellae).  2  210  A.D.  3  186  A.D.  4sen(ior). 

*  As  the  following  inscriptions  are  selected  for  practice  in  reading,  they  are 
arranged  without  consideration  of  chronology  or  development.  Such  arrange- 
ment and  selection  should  be  made  as  far  as  is  possible  by  the  student. 


104  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

The  stem  is 

M'.  Acilius  Glabrio  cos.  II  (186  A.D.). 
Ti.  Claudius  Cleoboles  sen.,  cos.  M'.  Acilius  Faustinus  cos.  (210  A. D.). 

Cl.  Acilius  Cleoboles. 
Acilia  Gavinia  Frestana. 

Cl.  Acilius  Cleoboles  had  two  fathers,  one  natural,  one  adoptive. 

6.  IT.  Z>o]mitio  T.  f.  Vol.  Decidio    [///]  viro  capital!  |  [elect]o  a 

Ti.  Claudio  Caesare  \_Augus~\iQ  Germanico,  qui  priinufs] 
[gwaes]tor  per  triennium  citra  [sor£e]m  praeesset  aerario 
Saturni,  praetori. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1403.  A  fragment  discovered  at  Rome  preserved  in  copy. 
Domitius  is  the  father  of  Domitia  Decidiana,  wife  of  lulius  Agricola, 
Tac.  Agr.  6.  In  tlie  year  44  A.D.  Claudius  intrusted  the  aerarium  to  the 
quaestors.  From  this  the  date  of  the  inscription  can  be  approximately 
determined.  Note  the  name  Decidius  due  to  adoption. 

7.  M.  Livius  Aug.  1.  |  Menophilus  calc.1  ollam  dat  |  Liviae  Chloe.2 

1.  suae. 

C.  /.  L.  VI.  3939.  Found  in  the  Columbaria  of  Li  via  at  Rome.  1  cal- 
c(iator}.  '2  Chlo(a)e  l(ibertae).  The  name  of  the  libertus  is  obtained 
from  that  of  M.  Livius  Drusus,  father  of  Livia. 

8.  d.   m.,  |  T.  Allio  T.   f.  Profuturo,  |  vixit  ann.   VIII     mens.  V 

dieb.  V  hor.  [/],  [T]  Allius  |  Admetus  et  |  Aufila  Ius|ta 
parentes. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  11484.  From  Rome.  For  form  of  sepulchral  inscription  see 
page  237. 

9.  L.  Valeri  Laeti  |  M.  Valeri  Vetusti  |  libertus  Verna,  |  M.  Valeri 

Vetusti  Prima  Vernae  ux.  |  v.  s.  1.  m.  Saluti,  |  posita1  k. 
Mart.,  |  Cn.  Cornelio  Gaetulico  C.  Calvisio  Sabino  cos.2 

C.  L  L.  II.  2093.  On  a  pedestal  found  near  Granada  (Iliberris),  Spain. 
Verna  is  libertus  of  the  two  Valerii,  L.  Laetius  and  M.  Vetustus.  He 
and  his  wife  Prima,  a  slave  of  M.  Valerius  Vetustus,  have  thus  paid  their 
vow  to  Salus.  l  Sc.  statua.  '2  26  A.D. 


THE   ROMAN  NAME  105 

10.  dis  inanibus  |  T.  Flavi  Capitolini,    Hermeros  Aug.  lib.  |  a  libel- 

lis   et  |  Flavia   Irene  |  parentes     filio   dulcissimo,  |  vi.    aim. 
VIII   111.  V. 
C.  L  L.  VI.  8614.     Found  at  Rome,  but  now  at  Florence. 

11.  Q.  Fulvio  Q.  |  Fulvi  Attiani  f.  |  Q  Fulvi  Eustici  n.    Gal.  Carisi- 

ano  |  patrono  et  |  pontifici  obmejrita,  centuriae1  Ores.,2  Maii- 
ens.,  |  Halos.,  Erques.,  |  Beres.,  Arvabores.,  Isines.,  Isurgut.,  | 
in  locum  quern  ordo  m.  m.3  F.  A.  decrevit  posuerunt  d.  d.  | 

C.  /.  L.  II.  1064.  Inscribed  in  letters  of  age  of  Trajan  on  a  pedestal  found 
near  Arva  (Alcolea  del  Rio),  Spain,  now  in  museum  at  Sevilla.  1  cen- 
turia  designates  some  collegium  of  owners  of  property ;  2  Ores(t's), 
Manens(is),  Halos  .  .  .  ,  Erques(is},  Beres(is),  Arvabores  (is),  Isine- 
s(is),  Isurgut(ana)  are  the  names  of  the  centuriae.  sm(unicipum) 
m(unicipii)  F(lami)  A(rvensis). 

"12.    Sex.   Afranius    Lautus  |  Sp.1  f.  vix.   an.   X.   mens.   VIII     dies 

IIII,  |  Afrania  Prote  mater  |  et  Herma  pater  filio    piissimo. 
(7.  L  L.  VI.  11206.     Inscribed  on  a  marble  urn  found  at  Rome,  now  in 
Castle  Pawlowsk,  near  St.  Petersburg.     l  Sp.  f.  here  denotes  illegitimacy 
of  birth. 

13.  Sp.  Carvilius  Sp.  1.  Eros,     Carvilia  Sp.  f.  Bassa  fecit  |  sibi  et 

suis  parentibus,    Carvilia  Sp.  1.  Agatherneris. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  7593.  From  the  Vinea  Randaninia  on  the  Via  Appia,  Rome. 
8p(urius)  is  here  a  praenomen. 

14.  Dama   Pup.    Agrippae,1      Manlianus   Lucreti,1  |   Anteros    Stai 

Run,1    Princeps  Mescini1    ministri  pagi  Aug2  Fel.  suburban.3 
primi   posierunt,     Ti.    Claudio    Nerone   iter.     Cn.    Calpurnio 
Pisoiie.  cos.4 

C.  I.  L.  X.  924.  Found  at  Pompeii,  existing  only  in  copy.  l  Sc.  serous. 
-Au(j(usti).  1'upus  Agrippa  is  Agrippa  Postumus,  five  years  of  age. 
3  Fel  (ids)  suburl>an(i).  4  747/7. 

15.  L.  Manlius  L.  f.  L.  11.  Acidinus  Fulvian.,  |  Q.  Fulvius  Q.  f.  M. 

n.  Flaccus,  |  hei  fratres  germani  fuerunt. 

C.  L  L.  I2,  p.  25.  From  the  Fasti  Capitolini,  of  the  year  575/179.  The 
first  of  these  brothers  was  adopted  into  the  Manlian  gens. 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


Neratio  C.  fil.  C.  n.  C.  pron.  C.  abn.  Cor.  Proculo  Betitic 
Pio  Maximilliano,  |  quaestor.,  II  vir.  quiiiq.,  p.  c.,1  flamini 
divi  Hadriani,  |  curator!  operum  publ.  Venusiae  dato  ab  divo 


Hadrian!,2 
Aug.  Pio,  | 


curat.  kal.3  |  Nolanorum  dato  ab  imp.  |  Antonino 
Ephaphroditus  et    Conventa  lib.,    1.  d.  d.  d. 


C.  L  L.  IX.  1160.  Found  at  Mirabella,  near  Aeclanum,  existing  now  in 
copy.  lp(atrono)  c(oloniae).  2  Read  Hadriano.  3  kal(endarii}.  The 
father  was  C.  Betitius  C.  f.  Cor.  Pietas  (IX.  1132),  the  mother  Neratia 
Procilla  (IX.  1132). 

17.  L.  Nonius  Quintili|anus  L.  f.  Sex.  n.  C.  Sosi     cos.  triumphal. 

pro  nep.,  |  augur,  salius  Palat.1    vix.  ann.  XXIIII. 

C.  I.  L.  IX.  4855.  Inscribed  on  a  small  marble  cippus  found  near  Boc- 
chignani,  between  Forum  Novum  and  Cures,  in  Sabine  territory.  Note 
the  irregular  order.  C.  Sosius  triumphed  720/34,  was  consul  722/32. 
1  Palat(inus). 

18.  T.  Aretius  T.  C.  L.  1.  |  Apiolus  Iiml  vir     idem  Augustalis 

sibi   et     Aretiae   Modes  |tae  lib.   suae  et     T.   Aretio  Proculo 
spurio  Modestae  |  lib.  fil.,    v.  f.,    h.  1.  s.  h.  n.  s. 


(7.  /.  L.  V.  2523.    Found  at  Montagnana,  now  in  museum  at  Ateste  (Este). 
T.  Aretius  Proculus  is  spurius  filius  of  Modesta. 

19.  menti  bonae  |  d.  d.  |  Surus  Tettieni  s.,  |  Philonic1  Marciae  s.,  | 

Nicomac.  Albi.  M.  s. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  1168.     Found  near  Celanos,  in  territory  of  the  Marsi.     For  form 
of  epitaph  see  page  236.     l  Philonic(us) . 

20.  Sex.  Aemilio  Paullo  patri,  |  Aemiliae  Q.  f.  Eegillae  matri,    Sex. 

Aemil.  Paullino  fratri,  |  T.  Aemil.  Burro  fratri,     C.  Aemil. 
Vastus  |  suis. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  537.    Engraved  on  a  cippus  found  at  Aquae  Sextiae  (Aix), 
now  in  the  museum  of  Aix.     It  belongs,  probably,  to  2d  century  A.D. 


21.   Antoniae  M.  f.  |  Tertullae  |  Valeriae    Asiniae  |  Sabinianae. 
(7.  /.  L.  X.  6704.    On  a  marble  altar  found  at  Antium,  Latium. 


THE   ROMAN  NAME  107 

22.  [Fa?]eriae  Mar|[ciae]  Hostiliae    Crispinae  |  Moeciae  |  Corneliae  | 

C.  Brutti  Prajesentis  projcos.  uxori,     1.  d.  d.  d. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  110.  Engraved  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Capsa  (Gafsa), 
Africa.  Valeria  and  Bruttius  are  the  parents  of  Bruttia  Crispina,  wife 
of  Commodus.  C.  Bruttius  Praesens  was  consul  in  153  and  180  A.D. 

23.  Secunda  Bullatia    P.  f .  filia, 
Paulla  Bullatia    P.  f.  mater. 

Mater  de  sua  pecunia  sibi  et  filiae  fecit. 
C.  L  L.  VI.  13661.    Found  at  Kome,  now  in  Villa  Albani. 

24.  M.  Briti[>]  Spun  f.  miles  |  de  I.1  VII  p.,2  o.  li.  s.  s.  | 

C.  L  L.  X.  3881.  Found  at  Capua.  ll(egione).  2The  name  of  legion 
is  unknown. 

25.  Sextiae  |  T.  fil.  |  Asiniae  Pollae     M.  Noni  Arri  |  Muciani,1  Col- 

leg,    iuvenum  Brixian.  |  ob  merita. 

C.  I.  L.  V.  4355.  Found  at  Brixia  (Brescia)  in  the  forum,  where  it  still 
exists.  l  Consul  201  A.D.  Sc.  uxori. 

26.  L.  Catellia    Dionysia    sibi  et  suis. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  2710.     Found  at  Aesernia,  Samnium. 

27.  a)  Curiatia  obit  a.  d.  eid(?)  Ap. 
&)  Fouria    a.  d.  Ill  k.  De. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  8253.  8265.  On  cinerary  ollae,  from  the  vineyard  near  the 
church  of  San  Cesareo,  Rome. 

28.  d.  m.  |  Gaiae  luliae  |  C.  luli  Celeris    filiae,  vixit     annos  XVI 

dies  II,  |  C.  lulius  Flaccus  |  coniugi  pientissimae     ac  de  se 
bene  meren|ti  item  C.  lulius  Ce|ler  pater  filiae  pi|entissimae 
fecejrunt. 
C.  L  L.  VIII.  3664.    From  Lambaesis,  Africa. 

29.  d.  m.     Ostoriae  Spu|ri  filiae  Quar|tae,  Calpurnia  |  Ostoria  pia 

ma|tri  piissimae  be|ne  merenti  fecit. 
C.  L  L.  X.  5947.     Found  at  Anagnia,  in  Marsian  territory. 


108  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

80.   d.  m.  s.,    Fulvia  C.  f.  Boni|fatia  |  p.1  v.  a.    XLV,  |  h.  s.  e. 

G.  I.  L.  VIII.  1595.    Found  at  Mustis  (Hr.  Ain.  Gaeliaen)  in  Africa.    J  j)  (*'«)• 

31  .    Maxima  Nasia  Cn.  f.  Apoline  dat. 

G.  I.  L.  IX.  5803.  On  the  upper  surface  of  a  cylindrical  block  of  tufa,  18 
inches  in  circumference  and  diameter,  4  inches  high,  provided  with  a 
cavity  which  indicates  that  it  served  as  a  receptacle  for  money.  Found 
at  Cluentum  (Civitanuova)  in  Picenum.  Note  the  dative  in  e. 

32.  a)  Curtia  Kosci  1  ;    6)  [jV]umtoriai  |  M.  Opi  Albi  1  ;    c)  Geminia 

C.  f  .  Cn.  Vatroni  uxor  ;  d)  Luscia  M.  uxor. 

G.  L  L.  XIV.  3115,  6)  3178,  c)  3143,  d)  3156.  Sepulchral  inscriptions  of 
Praeneste.  l  Sc.  uxori. 

33.  L.  Cocceius  L.  |  C.  Postuini  1.    Auctus  arcitect. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  1614.  Inscribed  on  the  wall  of  an  ancient  temple  at  Puteoli. 
A  freedman  of  L.  Cocceius  and  C.  Postumius. 

34.  d)  Fannia  L.  f  .     b)  Lavilia  M.  f  . 

C.  L  L.  XI.  3653,  3663.     Sepulchral  inscriptions  from  Caere. 

35.  L.  Caesius  L.  f.  |  Cam1  Bassus    domo  Pisauri    vet.  leg.  VII  C. 

p.  f.2    an.  LIII  stip.  XXXIII     h.  s.  e.,  t.  f.  i.,  h.  p.,3     in.  f.  p. 
VI,  in  a.  p.  X. 

G.  /.  L.  III.  2014.  Found  at  Salonae  in  Dalmatia.  l  Cam(ilia)  (tribu}. 
2  C(laudiae)  p(iae.}  f(idelis).  3  h(ic)  s(itus)  e(st),  t(itulum}  f(ieri) 
i(ussit),  h(eres)  p(osuif). 

36.  d.  m.  ;     Fabia  Sperata,     Sallustis     Acathocles  ]  o  cae  Rodios  | 

atois  epoesan.1 

C.  L  L.  X.   11.     Found  at  Regium  Julium  (Reggio  di  Calabria),  Bruttium. 
16  Kal  'P65tos  afoot? 


37.   mur.1     Columbus     Sereniahus  XXV  2    nat.  Aediis  3    hie  adqui- 
escit,     Sperata  coniux. 

(7.  I.  L.  XII.  3325.  Inscribed  on  a  column  found  at  Nemausus  (Nismes), 
now  in  the  museum  in  the  same  city.  lmur(millo).  2  (pugnaruiri) 
XXV.  3  nat(ione)  Aedu(u)s.  Note  the  apex.  This  is  an  instance  of  a 
slave  possessed  of  two  names. 


•       THE   ROMAN   NAME  109 

38.  M.  Maecio     M.  f.  Oceano;  |  Numisiae   H.1  1.   [P]rivatae;   C. 

Maecio  Ingenuo     equiti  leg.  X.  Gem. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  43(54.  Inscribed  on  a  large  stone  serving  as  a  support  for 
cinerary  urns,  found  near  Narbonne,  where  it  still  exists.  x  m(ulieris'). 

39.  a)  Camelia;  b)  Opia;  c)  Eoscia. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3083,  3197,  3227.     Sepulchral  inscriptions  of  Praeneste. 

40.  Mercuric     Aug.1  sacrum,  |  L.  Cordius  C.  f.  Pap.  |  Thevestinus 

v.  s.  1.  a.2 

C.  7.  L.  VIII.  10644.  Found  at  Theveste  in  Africa.  1  Aug(iisto) .  2  v(otum} 
s(olvit)  l(ibens)  a(nimo}. 

41.  Tatilius      Priscianus   |  Rufinus  |  matri      piissimae  et   |  unici 

exempli. 

C.  L  L.  XII.  2464.  On  a  tablet  found  at  Gr<§sy-sur-Aix,  Gallia  Narbonensis. 
The  letters  are  of  the  first  century  A.D.  For  names  ending  in  -anus,  see 
page  99. 

42.  C.  Suestidius  M.  f.  |  Ani.1  Frege.,2  |  Pola  Suestidia  sor[or]  |  sep. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3453.  From  Treba  Augusta  (Trevi  nel  Lazio),  Latium. 
1  Ani(ensi  tribu).  2  Perhaps  Fregenae  in  Etruria  is  referred  to. 

43.  bono    eventui,     leg.  I.  Ital.  |  M.  Maesius  |  Geminus     Bononia 

p.  p.    d.  d.2  M[am]  3  et  Rufo.4 

C.  I.  L.  III.  6223.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  of  uncertain  origin,  assigned  to 
Moesia  Inferior.  1p(rimus~)  p(ilus}.  2d(onum^  d(edit}.  3  M[am(ertino}~\. 
4  182  A.D.  Note  abl.  case  of  noun  denoting  the  domus. 

44.  d.  m.  s.,  |  T.  Aelius  Aug.  lib.    Libycus  adiut.    tabul.  ab  men.1  | 

Thisiduensi 2  vix.  |  ann.  LXX VIII,  h.  s.  e. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  13188.  Found  at  Carthage.  *  The  officer  is  adiutor  tdbulan 
ab  mensa  Thisiduensi.  2  Of  Thisiduo,  a  town  in  Africa. 

45.  d.  m.,     M.  Naevio  Pri|migenio  dojmo  Naristo1     ann  LXXV; 

fili|a  Creusa  pa|renti  pientissimo    et  Naevia  conjiunx  posuer|unt 
et  ceteri  sui. 

C.  I.  L.  II  f.  4500.  Found  near  Carnuntum,  Pannonia  Superior.  *  ex 
Naristis,  cf.  Dio,  LXXI.  21. 


HO  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

46.  M.  Holconio  M.  f.  Rufo,  N.  Curtio  Yibio  Salasso  quinq.1 

C.  I.  L.  IV.  1886.  One  of  the  graffiti  of  Pompeii.  1  qmnq(nennalibus). 
Rufus  was  quinqiiennalis  in  752/2.  Note  the  second  nomen,  due  prob- 
ably to  adoption. 

47.  d.  m.  s.,  |  L.  Rufinius  Primus  |  Italicus     d.1  Reginensis  |  ann. 

XXXX,  |  Fabia  Campana  |  uxor  |  m.  m.  f.,2  |  h.  s.  e.,  s.  t.  t.  1. 
C.  L  L.  II.  1038.     Assigned  to  Regina  (Reyna)  Baetica,  Spain,  existing  in 
a  copy.     1  d(omo).     '2  m(arito}  m(pnumentum}  f(ecit). 

48.  Festo  Serviai 1  \  Eutactiano,  |  amicus    merenti. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  4134.  Found  near  Capua,  now  in  museum  at  Naples.  1  Sc. 
servo.  For  slave  names  in  -anus  see  page  99. 

49.  L.  Valerius  M.  f.  Ouf.  Giddo,1    L.  Calpurnius  M.  1.  Menophil.  | 

Valerianus,2  |  Valeria  L.  1.  Truphera. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  28021.  Found  at  Rome  on  the  Via  Appia,  near  the  Porta 
Capena,  where  it  still  exists.  The  letters  belong  to  the  period  of  Augustus. 
1  Name  of  patronus.  2  Freedman  of  father  of  the  patronus,  named  by 
him  from  some  L.  Calpurnius. 

50.  dis  manibus  sac.,  j  Calamus  |  Ti.  Claudii  Caesaris  |  Augusti  Ger- 

manici l    Pamphilianus  |  vilicus  ex  horreis  |  Lollianis    ex.  d.  d., 
d.  s.  d.  d. 

C.  /.  L  VI.  4226.  Found  at  Rome  in  the  Columbaria  of  Livia,  now  in 
the  Capitoline  Museum.  *  Sc.  servus. 

51.  L.  Ampudius  |  L.  et  0.  1.  |  Philomusus  |  modi.1 

C.  /.  L.  VI.  115U5.  From  Rome,  existing  in  copy.  ]  modi(us},  or  modi- 
(arms),  regarded  as  a  signum. 

52.  d.  m.     L.  Taurini  Aureli  |  civi  |  Eleusensi1  |  annor  XXIII, 

parentes. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  3361.  Inscribed  in  letters  of  the  second  century  A.D.,  on  a 
cippus  found  at  Nemausus  (Nismes),  where  it  still  exists.  l  cm'(s) 
Eleusensi(s) . 

53.  Q.  Publicio  Tergest1  |  1.  Felici,  Septu]mia  Sp.  f.  Sexta    Q.  Pub- 

licius  Feli|cis  1.  Ingenuus  |  v.  f. 
C.  L  L.  V.  628.    Found  at  Trieste,  existing  now  in  a  copy.    *  Tergest  (tnorunf). 


THE   ROMAN   NAME  HI 

54.  C.  Petronius  C.  f.  |  harispex  |  Crispinia  natus.1 

C.  L  L.  I.  1351.     On  an  urn  of  travertine,  now  in  the  Museum  at  Florence. 
!This  form  is  found  where  Etruscan  influence  prevailed,  see  p.  97. 

55.  d.  m.     Tertii  Pompei     Materni  |  civis  Rei.,1  j  lulia  Articill.2  | 

marito    optimo    et  sibi  viva  |  posuit. 

C.  L  L.  XII.  3360.     Found  at   Nemausus  (Nismes),  existing   in   copy. 
i- Rei(ensis).     2  Articill(a). 

56.  d.  m.,  |  Terentia  |  Lucidae  |  nepos  |  Iucundu|la  v.  a.  XXVI  |  h.  s. 

e.,    C.  lulius  Mar|tialis  coniu. 

C.  /.  L.  VIII.  7804.     Found  at  Cirta,  later  Constantina,  in  the  Province  of 
Numidia,  Africa,  where  it  still  exists  in  the  museum. 

57.  Q.  Fabius  Q.  f.  Quirina  |  Fabianus  Ilurconen|sis  idem  Patrici- 

en[sis  ann.  XXXXIII  pius  |  in  suis  h.  s.  e.,  s.  t.  t.  1. 

C.  L  L.  II.  1200.    Found  at  Sevilla  (Hispalis),  Spain,  where  it  still  exists  in 
the  museum. 

58.  Sex.  Venafrani  |  col.  1.  Primogeni  |  sib:     t  suis,  |  Q.  Venafranio 

col.  1.    Felici  sibi  et  suis  |  in  fron.  p.  XII,    in  agro  p.  XII.1 
C.  I.  L.  X.  5012.     Found  at  Venafrum,  where  it  still  exists. 

59.  Luciae  |  Yitelliae  |  q.1  et  Senecill.  |  L.  Vitelli  Materni  |  V  2  leg. 

X  Gemmae  fil,  |  [$]empronius  Stella,  [7  l]eg.  X  Gemmae,    con- 
iugi  piissimae  et  castissimae. 
C.  I.  L.  V.  950.    Found  at  Aquileia,  now  at  Verona.    l  quae.    2  centurionis. 

60.  d.  m.    Pupi  Paterni  |  fil.,1    Paternus  pater. 

C.L  L.  XII.  1659.    From  Lucus  Augusti  (Luc-en-Diois),  Gallia  Narbonensis, 
existing  in  copy.     lJH(ii). 

61.  d.  m.,  |  Aurelio  Fe|lici  Aug.  lib     qui  vixit  annis  V      diebus 

XXXIII     horis  VIIII,  M.  Aur.  |  Caricus  Aug.  lib.  fili|o  dul- 
cissimo  bene  |  merenti  fecit. 

C.  7.  L.  VI  7778.    On  a  marble  cippus  from  the  Vinea  Randaninia  on  the 

Via  Api 


112  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

62.   Nicomacus  Saf.1  L.  s.,     Paapia  Atiedi  L.  s.,  |  Dorot.2  Tettien. 
\_T.']  s.,    menti  bonae  |  basim  don.  dant. 

(7.  /.  L.  IX.  3910.    Found  near  Alba  Fucens,  near  Lake  Fucinus,  in  terri- 
tory of  Marsi.     l  Unknown  nomen,  perhaps  Saf(ini}.     2  Dorotheus. 


63.  Q.  Caesius    Q.  P.  1.  Setus,  |  Bacis    Caesiai.1 

(7.  /.  L.  IX.  4251.  Found  at  Amiternum,  in  the  Sabine  territory.  l  Bac(ch}is 
Caesiai  (liberta  ?). 

64.  d.   m.  |  Aeliae   luliae     Celsae,  |  Aelius   Felijcianus   et  Va[ria 

Emerita  |  filia[e]  fecer. 

C.  L  L.  XII.  191.    Found  at  Antipolis,  Gallia  Narbonensis,  existing  in  copy. 

65.  Valeriae  Atticae  [  signo  Amantiae,    L  Tertinius  Sextus  |  coniugi 

et  s.  a.  d.1 

C.  L  L.  XII.  2021.  Inscribed  in  letters  of  the  first  or  second  century  A.IX 
upon  a  sarcophagus  found  at  Vienna  (Vienne),  where  it  exists  to-day 
in  the  museum,  d.  m.  are  also  engraved,  one  on  each  side  of  the 
inscription.  l  sub  ascia  dedicavit,  see  inscription  no.  285,  p.  22. 

66.  Nicenis  Pupae,  |  P.  Alfi  P.  1.  Dionysi  |  Duiliae  L.  1.  Apiclae 

delicium  vixit  annos  I  sexs. 

C.  /.  L.  X.  5500.  From  a  sepulchral  urn  of  Aquinum  preserved  only  in  a 
copy. 

67.  d.  m.  s.,  |  Stabir|ia  Mon|nica  qu|i  et  Gus|ura  vix.    annis  |  XXV 

me.  |  V.  d.  IV. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  4406.  Inscribed  on  an  altar  found  at  Seriana,  in  the  province 
of  Numidia,  where  it  still  exists. 

68.  Fl.  Anthus  Maximia|ims  in  fas.1  dulcisjsimus  vix  |  annis  XVI 

mens.  Ill  |  dieb.  XVIIII. 

C.  L  L.  X.  2420.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  urn  found  near  Puteoli,  .existing 
in  copy.  linfa(n}s. 


THE   ROMAN  NAME  113 

69.  Martialis  C.  6li  Priini,1  |  M.'  Salarius  Crocus    Primigenius  C. 

6li.  Primi  |  min.  Fortunae  Aug.,2  iussu  |  Q.  Postumi  Modesti 
C.  Vibi  Secundi  d.  v.  i.  d.,3  C.  Memmi  luniani  Q.  Brutti 
Balbi  aedil.,  [£.  D]uvio  P.  Clodid  cos.4 

C.  L  L.  X.  826.  Found  at  Pompeii,  now  in  Museum  at  Naples.  l  Sc. 
servus.  2  min(istri) Fortunae  Augitstae.  3  d(uo}v(irorum)i(ure) 
d(icundo).  *  A.D.  56.  Note  the  apex. 

70.  d.  m.  |  Aeliae  Priscianae,  |  vix.  ann.1  V  mens.  II  d.  II,  |  P.  Aelius 

Priscus  et    Manila  Cleopatra    filiae  dulcissimae. 

O.  L  L.  VI.  10957.     From  Rome.     l  ann(os)  or  ann(is}. 

71.  M.  Pinari  P.  1.  |  Marpor. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  1076.  Found  at  Rome  on  the  Via  Latina.  Note  Marpor  from 
Hard  puer. 

72.  d.  m.  s.,  |  T.  lulio  Mauro  sive  Ruzerati,1  |  v.  a.  XVIII,    h.  s., 

lulius  Bassus  7    leg.  XXII  Prim.2  liberto  optimo. 

C.  /.  L.  VIII.  2888.  Found  at  Lambaesis,  in  Numidia.  l  Muzeratis  is 
a  signum.  2  Prim(igeuiae). 

73.  d.  m.,     Pomponis  l  \  Crescent!,  |  Rheno,  Danuvio  |  nepotibus    et 

Euphrate  patri  |  eorum,  filio  homini  |  simplicissimo,  Pomp.  | 
Rhenus  pater  fecit  |  qui  me  non  merentem  |  procupaverunt.2 

C.  L  L.  X.  2872.  Found  at  Naples,  existing  now  only  in  copy.  l  Pom- 
ponius  Crescens,  Pomponius  RheMus,  Pomponius  Danuvius  are  the 
grandsons.  2  For  praeoccupaverunt. 

74.  regem  Ti.    lul.   Sau|romaten  ami|cum  imp.   popu|li  q.  R.  prae- 

stan|tissimum,  C.  I.  F.  S.,1  [e]x  d.  d. 

C.  L  L.  III.  783.  Inscribed  on  a  column  upon  which  a  bust  formerly  stood, 
found  in  the  town  of  Kertsch  (Panticapaeum),  Moesia  Inferior,  preserved 
to-day  at  Odessa.  ]  C(olonia)  I(ulia)  F(elix}  S(inope}  ;  cf.  C.  I.  Gr. 
2123  £ct<rt\<?a  /3a<ri\eW  ptyav  TO[V  TTOJI/TOS  poviropov  Tiptpiov  >Ioi^Xto[i' 
Saupo/u]ciT77J',  vlbv  /Saa-iX^ws  'P7j<rico«;7ropi[5os].  He  reigned  from  92  to 
124  A.D. 

LAT.  INSCRIP. 8 


CHAPTER   V 

NAMES   AND    TITLES   OF   THE    EMPERORS 

THE  names  of  the  emperors,  as  they  occur  in  the  inscriptions, 
deserve  special  and  individual  mention,  for  although  in  general  plan 
they  are  similar  to  the  ordinary  Eoman  name,  yet  they  differ  in 
certain  marked  respects,  mainly  in  the  use  of  titles  as  additional 
elements,  and  in  the  adoption  of  some  of  these  titles  as  fixed1  parts 
of  the  imperial  name. 

The  following  names  of  emperors  taken  from  inscriptions  will 
illustrate  the  various  forms  which  they  assume : 

Augustus.    'C.  I.  L.  III.  6070.  749/5. 

IMPerator  •  CAESAR  •  DIVI  •  Filius  .  AVGustus  •  COnSul  •  XlT  •  TRibunicia  • 
POTestate  •  Mil  •  PONTIFEX  •  MAXIM VS  . 

Tiberius.     C.  I.  L.  III.  2972,  A.D.  17. 

Tiberius  •  CAESAR  •  DIVI  f  AVGVSTI  •  Filius  •  AVGVSTVS  |  PONTifex  .  MAXimus  . 
l-MPerator  •  TRIB|unicia  •  POTESTate  •  XVIII  •  COnSul  -  DESIGnatus  •  TERTium  | 

Claudius.     C.  L  L.  III.  6024,  A.D.  47-8. 

Tiberius  •  CLAVDIVS  •  CAESAR  |  AVGustus  •  GERMANICus  •  PONT|  ifex  MAXIMVS  • 
TRIBunicia  •  POTESTate  •  VII  |  COnSul  •  W  •  IMPerator  •  XV  •  Pater  •  Patriae  • 
CENSOR. 

Domitian.     C.  L  L.  III.  Diploma  XIII,  A.D.  86. 

IMP    CAESAR    DIVI    VESPASIANI     F    DOMITIANVS  | 
AVGVSTVS     GERMANICUS    PONTIFEX     MA| 
XIMVS  TRIBVNIC  POTESTAT  •  V  •  IMP  XT  CENSOR  | 
PERPETVVS  •  COS  .  XlT  .  P  .  P  . 
114 


NAMES  AND   TITLES   OF   TMi    EMPERORS  115 

Hadrian.     C.  L  L.  III.  5733,  A.D.  13^ 

IMP  •  CAESAR  •  DIVI  •  |  TRAIANI  •  PARTHCI  •  F  •  | 
DIVI  •  NERVAE  .  NEPOS  •  |  TRAIANVS  •  HADRIANVS  | 

AVG  •  PONtF  •  MAX  •  TRB  -  |  POT  •  XVI  •  COS  •  III  •  P  •  P  •  PROCOS  • 

/  ) 

We  will  now  consider  each  of  the  elements  found  in  these  names. 

I.  Imperator.     IMP  (avTOKpdrwp). 

A  distinction  must  carefully  be  made  between  the  use  of  this  word 
as  a  praenomen  and  as  a  title  of  honor.  It  regularly  appears  in 
both  uses  in  the  same  inscription. 

The  original  title  imperator  of  republican  days  was  conferred  by 
acclamation  upon  a  victorious  general.  This  the  Dictator  Caesar 
assumed  continually  during  the  latter  part  of  his  life,  and  it  became 
virtually  a  cognomen  of  his  name.1  In  714/40  Octavius  rejected 
his  former  praenomen  Gaius  and  substituted  IMPerator.  Neverthe- 
less the  use  of  the  word  as  an  honorary  title  was  still  continued, 
and  hence  it  appears  again  in  the  latter  part  of  the  name.  Tiberius, 
Gaius,  and  Claudius  did  not  use  the  word  as  a  praenomen,  but  Nero 
renewed  the  custom,  employing  it  at  times,  while  his  successors  used 
it  regularly.  In  some  instances,  especially  among  later  emperors, 
the  word  imperator  (IMP)  occurs  in  company  with  the  ordinary 
praenomen. 

Imp.  T.  Caesar  Vespasianus  Aiigustus. 

In  the  names  of  Vitellius  the  word  imperator  frequently  occurs 
among  the  cognomina. 

II.  Nomen. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  in  the  names  of  the  early  emperors,  with 
the  exception  of  Claudius,  Nero,  and  Vitellius,  the  nomen  is  omitted. 
This  custom  continues  in  use  until  after  the  time  of  Hadrian,  when 
the  ordinary  form  is  resumed. 

Imp.  T.  Aelius  Caesar  Hadrianus  Antoninus  Augustus  Pius. 

a  /.  L.  III.  300T. 
1  Momii)  >•/•.  II.  767,  note  1. 


116  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

III.  Caesar,  C,  CAES  (Kawrap). 

This  word  was  the  inherited  cognomen  of  the  Julian  family,  and 
indicated  its  patrician  origin.  It  belonged,  by  inheritance,  to  all 
the  agnati  of  Caesar,  but,  at  the  death  of  Gaius  Caligula,  was  trans- 
ferred 1  to  the  Claudian  family,  and  became  the  distinguishing  mark 
of  the  reigning  house,  being  used,  not  only  by  the  emperor,  but  by 
the  sons  and  grandsons.  From  the  time  of  Hadrian  the  name  was 
restricted  to  the  emperor  and  his  designated  successor.  It  was 
placed  immediately  after  the  praenomen  or  nomen,  if  the  latter  were 
given,  a  position,  however,  which  was  not  steadily  maintained,  as  at 
a  later  period  Caesar  is  found  even  at  the  end  of  the  name.2 

IV.  The  next  element  is  that.  which  indicates  descent.     If  the 
father  were"a^o!elned  emperor,  his  name  was  marked  by  the  addition 
of  the  adjective  divus.     The  name  of  Augustus  contains  the  formula 
dim  f(ilius)  inasmuch  as  Caesar  was  the  first  to  receive  apotheosis. 

V.  Cognomina. 

The  names  of  the  Flavian  emperors,  as  well  as  of  those  succeed- 
ing them,  show  the  insertion  after  the  designation  of  ancestry,  or 
after  the  word  Caesar,  if  the  former  is  omitted,  of  certain  personal 
names,  cognomina,  such  as  Vespasianus,  Domitianus,  Nerva,  Traianus, 
Verus,  Severus,  Pertinax. 


VI.   Augustus,  A,  AV,  AVG 

The  last  word  in  the  name  of  the  emperor,  strictly  speaking,  is 
the  honorary  title  Augustus.  It  was  conferred  upon  Octavianus  by 
the  Senate,  Jan.  16,  727/27. 

Being  really  honorary,  and  implying  that  a  person  was  sacred  and 
deserving  of  reverence,  it  was  not  legally  an  heirloom.3  Neverthe- 
less it  was  adopted  by  the  successors  4  of  Augustus  after  it  had  been 

1  The  last  descendant  of  Augustus  on  the  throne  was  Nero,  but  he  belonged 
to  the  cognati,  not  to  Augustus'  own  family.     Momm.  Staatsr.  II.  770. 

2  Index  C.  I.  L.,  vol.  III. 

8  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  II.  p.  773,  note  3. 

4  Vitellius  at  first  refused  the  title.     Tac.  Hist.  II.  90. 


NAMES   AND   TITLES  OF   THE   EMPERORS 

decreed  by  the  Senate,  and  became  a  name  associated  strictly  with 
the  principate,  for  it  was  held  by  no  one  but  the  reigning  emperor 
until  the  middle  of  the  second  century,  when  it  appears  as  a  cognomen 
with  the  united  names  of  Marcus  Aurelius  and  L.  Verus,  indicating 
that  both  had  a  share  in  the  imperial  power.  After  this  time  the 
title  was  conferred  upon  other  members  of  the  imperial  family,  and  a 
participation  in  the  powers  of  the  emperor  was  thus  implied.  The 
abbreviation  AVGG  indicated  two  Augusti,  AVGGG,  three. 

From  the  latter  part  of  the  second  century  the  word  Augustus  is 
preceded  by  additional  honorary  surnames,  such  as  Pius  Felix,1  Pius 
Felix  Invictus,2  while,  from  the  beginning  of  the  fourth  century,  it  is 
strengthened  by  the  use  of  perpetuus,  semper,  victor  ac  triumphator 
semper.  Thus,  also,  the  title  optimus  was  conferred  upon  Trajan.3 

The  word  Augustus  really  completed  the  name  of  the  emperor, 
nevertheless  there  were  added  in  certain  instances  cognomina,  .such 
as  cognomina  ex  virtute,  either  inherited,  as  in  the  case  of  4Gaius, 
Claudius,  and  Nero,  who  obtained  the  title  Germanicus  from  Drusus, 
or  received,  because  of  some  victory,  as  in  the  use  of  the  same  word 
Germanicus  in  the  names  of  Vitellius,  Nerva,  and  Trajan.  Other 
cognomina  of  this  kind  are:  Dacicus,  Partliicus  as  belonging  to 
Trajan,  Armeniacus,  Medicus,  Sarmaticus  as  belonging  to  Marcus 
Aurelius.  These  surnames  are  of  great  importance  in  determining 
the  date  of  an  inscription.4 

TITLES  OF  EMPERORS 

These  are  given  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  generally  found. 
I.    Pontifex  Maximus.     P  •  M  or  PONT-  MAX  (apx^p^  pcyurros)* 

This  title  indicated  that  the  emperor,  as  the  president  of  the 
collegium  of  pontiffs,  was  supreme  in  all  matters  of  religion.  It  was 
assumed  by  Augustus  after  the  death  of  Lepidus,  and  was  thereafter 
held  by  the  emperor,  who  was  always  chief  pontiff.  It  regularly 
occupied  the  first  place. 

1  From  the  time  of  Commodus. 

2  From  time  of  Septimius  Severus  on  coins,  from  Caracalla  in  inscriptions. 

3  O.  L  L.  IT.  2054.  *  See  page  123. 


118  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

II.    Tribunida  Potestate,  or  Tribuniciae  Potestatis,  TRIB  •  P,  POT, 
PT  (numeral)  (S^/ua/ox^s  e£ov<rtas). 


This  formula,  derived  from  the  early  tribunus,  represented  the 
supreme  civil  control,  and  formed  the  distinctive  title  of  the  princi- 
pate.  Augustus,  in  731/23,  laid  aside  the  consulate  and  added  its 
character  as  an  annual  office  to  the  tribunician  power  which  had 
already  been  conferred  upon  him  for  life.  Tribunida  Potestate,  fol- 
lowed by  the  numeral  of  iteration,  indicated  both,  a  perpetual  and  an 
annual  magistracy,  for  it  was  conferred,  without  limit,  and  yet 
served  to  indicate  the  length  of  the  emperor's  reign  by  measuring  it 
off  in  tribunician  years.1 

'The  form  is  regularly  the  ablative  case  followed  by  a  numeral 
used  adverbially,  indicating  years  of  tenure.  At  times  the  genitive 
case  is  found,  perhaps  from  Greek  influence. 

The  position  of  this  title,  in  time  of  Augustus,  is,  without  excep- 
tion, after  the  consulate,  and  generally  after  the  title  imperator. 
From  Tiberius  the  tribunicia  potestate  assumes  the  position  after 
the  PON  -  MAX. 

III.   Imperator,  IM,  IMP,  IMPER  (numeral)  (avroKparotp). 

This  is  the  acdamatio  imperatoria,  and  must  be  distinguished  from 
the  praenomen  imperator  referred  to  above. 

Under  the  Empire  this  title  was  conferred  upon  the  princeps, 
either  because  of  a  victory  won  by  himself  or  under  his  auspices. 
The  number  of  the  imperial  salutation  was  increased  by  one  on  the 
occasion  of  each  victory. 

Upon  the  first  victory  the  title  was  imperator  II.,  not  imperator 
primum,  for  the  first  salutation  was  given  at  the  time  of  the 
assumption  of  power.  The  position,2  in  the  time  of  Augustus  and 
Tiberius,  is  generally  after  the  consulate,  so  COS  •  IMP  •  TR  •  P, 
and  where  the  tribunicia  potestate  stands  directly  after  the  consulate, 
imperator  follows  that  also,  so  COS  •  TR  •  P  •  IMP.  In  the  inscrip- 

1  This  difficult  subject  of  the  tribunician  year  is  treated  by  Mommsen,  Staatsr. 
II3.  p.  796,  and  Stobbe,  PMlologus,  XXXII.  (1873),  p.  1-91.    See  also,  pp.  123  ff. 

2  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  II.  ,  p.  784. 


NAMES   AND   TITLES   OF   THE    EMPERORS  119 

tions  of  the  City  relating  to  Augustus,  however,  it  stands,  as  a 
rule,  at  the  head  of  the  titular  list,  so  IMP  •  COS  •  TR  •  P. 
From  the  time  of  Claudius,  imperator  comes  after  tribunicia  potestate 
and  before  the  consulate.  Caracalla  is  the  last  emperor  whose  monu- 
ments regularly  give  the  imperial  salutations.  They  appear  after 
this  time  only  in  the  inscriptions  of  certain  emperors,  as  Gordian, 
Gallien,  Diocletian. 


IV.    Consul,  COS  (numeral) 

As  a  result  of  the  treatment  of  the  consuls 
Augustus,  it  became  a  matter  entirely  within 
emperor  whether  he  himself  should  be  consul  or 
go  to  some  other  of  senatorial  rank.  Thus  a: 
repeatedly  elected  to  the  consulship,  and  this 


lip  by  Caesar  and 
the  control  of  the 
permit  the  office  to 
emperor  could  be 
s  indicated  by  the 


numeral  of  iteration  placed  after  the  title.  The\  office  was  held  by 
the  emperor  at  pleasure,  and  so  might  be  laid  aside,  after  a  month  or 
two,  in  favor  of  consules  suffecti.  The  election  of  the  emperor  to  the 
consulship  took  place  at  various  times  in  the  year  preceding  the 
year  of  office.  The  emperor,  as  consul  elect,  was  designated  by  the 
title  GOS  •  DESIGN  (viraros  aTro&rSay/xeVos)  followed  by  a  numeral 
one  greater  than  that  of  his  last  consulship.  The  position  of  this 
title,  consul  or  consul  designatus,  was  at  first  before  the  tribunicia 
potestate,  where  it  vied  with  imperator  for  first  place.  In  time  of 
Tiberius  it  gave  way  to  the  tribunicia  potestate,,  and  from  the  time  of 
Claudius  it  gave  way  to  imperator,  and  took  generally  the  fourth  place. 


V.    Censor,   CEN,   CENS,   CES   (rt/u^r?/?, 

This  title  was  held  only  by  Claudius,  Vespasian,  Titus,  and  Domitian. 
The  last  named  received  the  title  censor  perpetuus.1  Its  position 
varied,  since  it  stood  at  times  before,  and  again  after  the  consulate. 


VI.    Pater  Patriae,  P  •  P 

This  title  had  been  conferred  by  acclamation  upon  Cicero  and 
Julius  Caesar,  and  was  accepted  by  Augustus  at  the  request  of  all 
the  senate,  knights,  and  people  (Mon.  Ancyr.  VI.  35). 

i  C.  I.  L.  II.  4721. 


120  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

A  similar  honor  was  conferred  upon  other  emperors  some  time 
after  their  assumption  of  power,  but  was  in  several  instances 
declined,1  as  in  the  case  of  Tiberius,2  Nero,  Vespasian,  and  Hadrian. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  this  is  simply  an  honorary  title,  indi- 
cating no  official  power.  Pertinax  was  the  first  emperor  to  receive 
it  upon  entrance  to  office. 

Its  position  in  the  time  of  Augustus  is  either  at  the  beginning  or 
at  the  end  of  the  list  of  titles.  From  Augustus  to  Titus  it  stood,  as 
a  rule,  before  the  consulate,  but  from  Domitian  it  followed  the  con- 
sulate, and  might  conclude  the  list. 

VII.    Proconsul,  PROCOS  or  PROC  (di/flvrraros). 

Although  the  proconsulare  imperium  was  as  important  as  the 
tribunicia  potestas,  yet  it  was  not  represented  by  its  own  title  until 
the  close  of  the  first  century.  In  all  probability  the  word  imperator, 
which  had  become  a  part  of  the  name,  supplied  its  place,  and  hence 
an  additional  title  was  not  given  in  the  official  list.  In  the  time  of 
Trajan,  proconsul  is  assumed  as  a  title  when  the  emperor  is  out  of 
Italy,  and  it  appears  with  this  restriction  until  the  third  century. 

In  the  diploma  of  Trajan  (A.D.  116)£where  it  first  appears,  it  is 
placed  before  the  consulate.  In  the  time  of  Hadrian  it  ends  the 
titular  list,  and  regularly  occupies  this  position  from  that  time  on. 

TITLES  OF  MEMBERS  OF  THE  IMPERIAL  FAMILY 

Among  the  titles  that  were  borne  by  members  of  the  imperial 
family,  the  following  are  of  most  importance : 

Caesar. 

After  the  adoption  of  M.  Annius  Verus  (Marcus  Aurelius)  by  the 
Emperor  Hadrian,  this  title,  which  had  been  borne  by  members  of 
the  families  of  Julius  Caesar  and  Augustus,  and  afterwards  by  the 
reigning  emperors  and  their  sons  and  grandsons,  came  to  designate 

1  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  II.,  p.  779,  notes. 

2  Tacitus,  Ann.  I.  72;  II.  87. 


NAMES   AND   TITLES  OF   THE   EMPERORS 


CM, 


the  heir  to  the  throne,  and  so  was  conferred  upon  the  monarch  and 
his  successor  as  well. 

From  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Geta  (209-212  A.D.)  the  word 
Caesar  was  accompanied  by  nobilissimus,  and  later,  as  in  the  name 
of  Galerius  Maximianus,  by  perpetuus  nobilissimus,  and,  as  in  the 
name  of  Constantius,  by  nobilissimus  ac  Jlorentissimus  or  beatissimus 
ac  felix. 

Princeps  luventutis,  PR  •  IV,  I  WEN  (Tr/oo/cptro?  T^S  veor^ros). 

At  the  instance  of  Augustus,  this  title  was  conferred  by  the 
knights1  upon  his  grandsons  Gaius  Caesar  and  Lucius  Caesar, 
whom  he  had  adopted.  It  indicated  the  entrance  of  the  young  men 
to  the  equestrian  order. 

Although  it  was  afterward  conferred  upon  other  princes  of  the 
reigning  house  who  did  not  sit  in  the  senate,  it  belonged,  naturally 
and  originally,  to  the  heir  to  the  throne.^ 

Augusta. 

This  title  was  first  conferred  upon  Livia  by  the  will  of  Augustus, 
and  probably  implied  a  share  in  the  governing  power,  though,  any 
purpose  of  this  kind  was  thwarted  by  Tiberius.  It  was  next  offered 
as  an  honorary  title  to  Antonia,  the  grandmother  of  Gaius,  but  was 
refused.  Agrippina,  the  last  wife  of  Claudius,  accepted  it,  probably 
with  the  purpose  of  sharing  in  political  power.2  After  the  political 
meaning  was  lost,  it  became  merely  the  most  exalted  title  for  females 
of  the  imperial  household.  After  Domitian  it  became  customary 
to  confer  this  name  upon  the  wife  of  the  reigning  prince. 

Nevertheless,  it  was  conferred  as  a  title  of  honor  upon  other  rela- 
tives of  the  emperor,  as  upon  the  mother,  Julia  Soaemias,  and 
grandmother,  Julia  Maesa,  of  Elagabalus,  and  upon  Claudia,  the 

1  Mon.  Ancyr.  III.  5,  eqitites  Romani  universi  principem  iuventutis  ntrumque 
eorum  (Gaius  and  Lucius)  parmis  et  hastis  aryenteis  donatum  appellaverunt. 
Cf.  Tacitus,  Ann.  I.  3,  2. 

2  Tacitus,  Ann.  XII.  26. 


r 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

daughter  of  Nero,  and  upon  Marciana,  the  sister  of  Trajan.  It  was 
at  first  conferred  by  the  senate  at  the  suggestion  of  the  emperor,  but 
afterwards  the  senate  took  the  initiative. 

Tacitus  (Ann.  I.  14)  tells  us  that  an  attempt  was  made  to  confer 
upon  Livia  the  title  par  ens  or  mater  patriae,  but  the  proposition 
came  to  naught  through  the  opposition  of  Tiberius.  Nevertheless, 
coins  of  African  and  Spanish  colonies  are  in  existence,  giving  to 
Augusta  the  title  mater  patriae  and  genetrix  orbis.1 

In  like  manner  the  wife  of  Marcus  Aurelius,  the  younger  Faustina, 
is  called  mater  castrorum.  From  this  time  similar  titles  were  not 
rarely  given  to  women,  so  the  wife  of  Severus,  the  mother  of  Cara- 
calla,  Julia  Domna,  was  given  the  title  mater  castrorum  et  senatus  et 
patriae,  so  Julia  Mammaea  is  styled  mater  castrorum  et  senatus  et 
patriae  et  universi  generis  humani,  C.  I.  L.  II.  3413. 

Erasures  and  Substitutions. 

In  many  inscriptions  it  is  evident  that  names  of  certain  persons 
have  been  erased,  while  in  others  the  names  of  other  persons,  or 
substitutions  of  a  varied  character,  have  taken  the  place  of  what  has 
been  obliterated.  The  erasures  are  due  to  a  decree  of  the  senate 
abolishing  the  memory  of  the  emperor  or  member  of  jjie  imperial 
family.  The  names  of  Caligula,  Nero,  Domitian,  Commodus, 
Albinus,  Geta,  Macrinus,  Elagabalus,  Severus  Alexander,  Maximus, 
etc.,  are  thus  erased;  also  of  Valeria  Messalina  wife  of  Claudius, 
Julia  Agrippina  mother  of  Nero,  Fulvia  Plautilla  wife  of  Cara- 
calla,  P.  Fulvius  Plautianus  father  of  Fulvia  Plautilla,  Julia 
Soaemias  mother  of  Elagabalus,  and  others.2 

1  Eckhel.  Doct.  Num.  VI.  154-156  ;  VII.  196. 

2  See  page  411. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     123 

CHRONOLOGICAL   LIST   OF   THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS 
THE  DATING  OF  IMPERIAL  INSCRIPTIONS 

While  the  official  method  of  recording  dates  in  Rome  was  always 
by  the  names  of  the  eponymous  consuls  of  the  year,  another  method 
grew  up  under  the  changes  brought  about  by  the  assumption  of 
imperial  power  by  Augustus  and  his  successors.  Its  basis  was  the 
tribunicia  potestas.  In  inscriptions  in  which  the  name  and  titles  of 
the  emperor  occur  the  indication  by  a  numeral  of  the  annual  renewal 
of  the  tribunician  power  affords  a  means  of  determining  the  date, 
and,  with  the  aid  of  certain  other  elements  of  the  name,  it  is  often 
possible  to  decide,  not  only  upon  the  year,  but  upon  the  month,  or 
part  of  the  month,  as  well. 

The  principal  elements  by  which  the  date  may  be  determined  are : 
(a)  the  tribunician  (  renewal/  (6)  the  imperial  salutations,  (c)  the 
number  of  the  consulate,  and  (d)  the  assumption  of  such  titles, 
or  cognomina,  as  P(ater)  P(atriae),  P(ontifex)  M(aximus),  CENS(or), 
PERTINAX,  OPTIMVS,  GERMANICVS,  SARMATICVS,  etc.  The 
method  to  be  employed,  in  connection  with  the  table  below,  may 
be  illustrated  by  examples : 

a) 

C.  /.  L.  II.  4721. 

IMPERATOR  •  CAESAR  .  |  DIVl  •  VESPASIANI   F  •  |  DOMITIANVS  •  AVG  | 
GERMANICVS  •  PONTIFEX  |  MAXSVMVS  •  TRIBVNICIAE  |  POTESTATIS 
VTm  •  IMP  •  XXI  |  COS  •  XV  CENSOR  |  PERPETVVS  |  P  •  P,  etc. 

(a)  TRIBVNICIAE  POTESTATIS  VlTT.  By  reference  to  the  table,  p.  130,  this 
is  found  to  be  September  13,  90. 

(6)    IMP.  XXI,  received,  as  the  table  shows,  during  89. 

(c)  COS.  XV,  January  1,  90-91. 

(d)  GERMANICVS  in  84;   CENSOR  PERPETVVS  in  85. 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


By  the  examination  of  these  dates,  we  find  that  the  inscription 
was_set  up  between  January  1  (COS.  XV)  and  September  13  (TR  - 
P  -  VTTTI),  in  the  year  A.D.  90. 

(2) 
C.  I.  L.  XIV.  106 :  A  fragmentary  inscription  of  Lucius  Verus. 


I.  aurel 

10   •   VERO   -   AV 

g.  armen. 

parthi 

CO  .  MAX  •  ME 

dico 

imp.  i 

V  -  COS  •  II  •  DES 

iii  procos 

(a)  TR.  P.  (wanting). 

(6)  [IMP.  I]V  supplied  from  the  data  given. 

(c)  COS.  IT.  DES.  [JTTj.     A.D.  166  (for  Verus  was  COS. 

(d)  PARTHICO  MAX.  165;    MEDICO  166. 

Hence  the  inscription  dates  A.D.  166. 


in  167. 


AUGUSTUS  (B.C.  23-A.D.  14) 

C.  Octavius  ;  after  his  adoption,  C.  lulius  Caesar  Octavianus.     He  is  designated 

on  the  monuments,  IMP  •  CAESAR  .  DIVI  •  F  •  AVG. 
Augur,  in  717/37  at  the  latest. 

XV  Vir  Sacris  Faciundis,  between  717/37  and  720/34. 
Augustus,  on  January  16,  727/27. 
VII  Vir  Epulonum,  before  738/16. 

Augustus  received  the  Tribunician  Power  on  June  27,  731/23,  and  renewed 
it  each  year  in  the  same  month  and  day.  Therefore  his  Tribunician  dates 
extend  from  TRIB.  POT.,  commencing  June  27,  731/23,  to  TRIB.  POT.  XXXVII, 
commencing  June  27,  A.D.  14. 

He  was  invested  with  the  consulship  ten  times,  and  was  saluted  imperator 
eight  times,  before  his  accession.  The  subsequent  consular  and  imperial  dates 
are  as  follows : 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     125 


731/23 

734/20 

739/15 

741/13 

742/12 

743/11 

745/9 

746/8 

747/7 

748/6 

749/5 

752/2 


January  1. 


January  1, 


January  1. 


January  1. 
January  1, 


A.D.  2       

"     6       

"     9 

"11       

"14       

"  14  August  19. 


COS  •  XI 

IMP  .  vim 

IMP  •  X 

Tiberius  COS 

IMP  •  XTP(ater)  P(a«riae) 

IMP  •  XlT 

IMP  •  XTTT  Tiberius  IMP 

IMP  •  XlTTT  Tiberius  IMP  •  IT 

Tiberius  COS  •  IT 

Tiberius  TR  •  P 

COS- XM 

XlTT  PONT  •  MAX 
XV 

Tiberius  IMP  •  HI,  (Till) 
Tiberius  IMP 
Tiberius  IMP 


COS 
IMP 
IMP 
IMP 
IMP 
IMP 


XVII,   (XVIII) 

XVlTTT 

XX 

XXI 


Tiberius  IMP 


V 
VT 
VI] 


Death  of  Augustus. 


TIBERIUS  (14-37) 

Ti.  Claudius  Nero  ;  after  his  adoption :  Ti.  lulius  Caesar  ;  designated  in  inscrip- 
tions :  TI  •  CAESAR  •  AVG. 

He  received  the  Tribunician  Power  on  June  27,  748/6,  during  the  reign  of 
Augustus,  and  renewed  it  always  on  that  month  and  day  ;    but  whereas  his 
TRIB  •  POT  •  V  fell  on  June  27,  752/2,  he  did  not  receive  his  TRIB  •  POT  •  VI 
until  June  27,  A.i>H4.     In  reckoning  his  Tribunician  dates,  therefore,  one" must 
remember  that  TRIB  •  POT  •  V  covers  the  years  from  June  27,  752/2,  to  June  27, 
A.D.  4  ;   and  for  any  higher  number,  deduct  two  from  the  Tribunician  date, 
which  will  give  the  date  Anno  Domini.     Thus,  TRIB  -  POT  •  XXX  =  A.D.  28-29. 
A.D.  14    August  19.     Princeps. 
"     15    March  10.       PONT  •  MAX 
"     18    January  1.      COS  •  TIT 
IMP  •  VlTT 


21  January  1. 
3JL  January  1. 
37  March  16. 


COS  -  Mil 

COS  •  V 

Death'bf  Tiberius. 


126  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

CALIGULA  (37-41) 

C.  lulius  Caesar;    designated  on  the  monuments:    C  •  CAESAR  •  GERMANICVS 

(Caligula  is  a  nickname.) 

He  received  the  TRIB  •  POT  at  his  accession,  March  18,  37,  and  renewed  it  on 
the  same  month  and  day  of  38,  39,  and  40. 

A.D.  37  March  18.  IMP  .  PONT  •  MAX 

"  37  July  1.  COS  Claudius  COS 

"  38  January.  P(ater)  •  P(afr-iae) 

"  39  January  1.  COS  •  IT 

"  40  January  1.  COS  •  [JT 

"  41  January  1.  COS  .  Mil 

**  41  January  24.     Death  of  Caligula. 


CLAUDIUS  I.  (41-54) 

Ti.  Claudius  Nero  Drusus  Germanicus  ;   designated  on  tK      nonuments :   Tl  • 

CLAVDIVS  •  CAESAR  .  AVG  •  GERMANICVS 

Claudius  received  the  TRIB  •  POT  on  January  25,  41,  and  renewed  it  regularly 
on  that  date ;  so  that  at  his  death,  October  13,  54,  he  was  in  the  course  of  his 
TRIB  •  POT  •  XlTiT 

He  took  the  name  Britannicus  after  his  victories  in  Britain,  but  the  title 
seldom  appears  on  the  monuments. 

A.D.  41    January  25.  IMP  •  PONT  •  MAX 

IMP  •  II 
"    42    January  1.  COS  •  M 

January  5.  P(ater)  •  ?(atnae) 

IMP  .  TIT 
"    43    January!.  COS-FlT 

IMP  -  IV,  V 

"    44     IMP-VIM" 

"    45    before  January  25.    COS  •  DESIG  •  FTiT1 
IMP  -  VTJTi,  X,  XT 

1  Although  Claudius  did  not  enter  upon  his  COS  •  TUT  until  47,  he  is  called 
COS  •  DESIG  •  Illl  on  inscriptions  of  45,  and  already  before  January  25,  of  this 
year.  (Cf.  C.  L  L.  V.  3326,  Verona :  TRIB  •  POTEST  •  TlTT,  COS  -  TIT,  DESIGNATO 
Illl ;  and  see  Momms.  Staatsr.  I.,  p.  587.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     127 

A.D.  46     IMP  •  XM 

"    47    January  1.  COS  •  HIT 

CENSOR  •  (DESIGNATES), i  IMP  .  XTTTT,  XV 
"     48  .    CENSOR,  IMP  •  XVI 


49     IMP- XVII,  XVIII 

50     IMP- XXI  Nero  adopted. 

51  January  1.  COS  .  V 

IMP  •  xxn,  xxmT 


•     52     IMP- XXVII 

•*    54    October  13.  Death  of  Claudius. 


NERO  (54-69) 

L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus  ;  after  his  adoption  :  Ti.  Claudius  Drusus  Germanicus 
Caesar;  designated  on  the  monuments,  at  first:  NERO  •  CLAVDIVS  •  CAESAR 
AVGVSTVS  •  GERMANICVS,  and  afterwards  (65)  :  IMP  •  NERO  •  CLAVDIVS 
CAESAR  •  AV(  GERMANICVS 

The  tribunician  dates  of  Nero  are  very  difficult  to  determine,  for  the  inscrip- 
tions show  seeming  contradictions.  The  whole  matter  may  best  be  simplified  as 
follows2  :  Nero  ascended  the  throne  October  13,  54,  and  his  TR  •  P  was  renewed 
on  that  date  each  year  until  59,  when  he  appears  to  have  adopted  a  new  system. 
It  is  supposed  that  he  shortened  his  TR  •  P  •  VI,  and  thereafter  counted  the  years 
of  his  tribunician  power  from  December  10  (the  old  date  under  the  Republic), 
or  December  4  (on  which  the  comitia  tribuniciae  potestatis  were  held).  It  is 
impossible  to  decide  which,  for  the  inscriptions  suit  both.  His  TR  •  P  •  VI  began, 
under  the  old  system,  on  October  13, 59,  coinciding  with  COS  •  HT,  DES  •  J7TT,  I M  P  •  VI ; 
but  on  December  10  (or  4)  of  the  same  year  59,  he  took  TR  •  P  •  VJT,  and  renewed 
the  tribunician  dates  regularly  on^hat  day  ;  so  that  at  his  death,  June  9,  68,  he 
was  in  the  course  of  his  TR  •  P  •  XV 

1  Cf.  O_L  L.  IX.  5959  :  TR  •  P  •  VlT,  CENSOR  .  DESIGNAT,  and  C.  L  L.  V.  8002  : 
TR  •  P  .  VI  •  CENSOR 

2  This  is  the  theory  of  Mommsen  (Staatsr.  II.,  p.  798,  note).    The  difficulty  is 
that  it  conflicts  with  certain  coins  (Eckhel  VI.  264,  Cohen  No.  29,  30,  Argelati 
p.  93),  which  have  TR  •  P  •  VJ,  COS  •  TTTl,  and  that  it  makes  necessary  the 
assumption  of  a  TR  •  P  •  XV,  of  which  there  is  apparently  no  evidence.     Stobbe's 
theory  (Philologus,  XXXII.,  1873,  pp.  23  sq.),  that  the  tribunician  dates  of  Nero 
begin  always  on  Dec.J,  similarly conflicts_with  C.  I.  L.  III.,  p.  845,  and  VI.  2042, 
which  have  TR  •  P  .  VII,  IMP  .  VJT,  COS  .  ITIT 


128  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

A.D.  54  October  13.  IMP  •  PONT  •  MAX 

"  55  January  1.  COS 

"  55  (late  in  the  year)  P(ater)  P(atriae). 

"  57  January  1.  COS  •  M 

"  57 IMP  •  Ml,  UTT,  V 

"  58  January  1.  COS  •  flT 

"  58  IMP-VI 

"  60  January  1.  COS  •  TUT 

"  60  IMP-VM 

"  6i  IMP- vm,  vim 

"  65  IW.XT 

"  66  IMP.XlT 

"  68  (in  course  of  year)  COS  •  V 

"  68  June  9.  Death  of  Nero. 


GALBA  (June  9,  68-January  15,  69) 

Ser.  Sulpicius  Galba;  designated  on  the  monuments:  SER  •  GALBA  •  IMPERATOi 
CAESAR,  or  IMP  -  SER  .  SVLPICIVS  •  GALBA  •  CAESAR  •  AVG 


OTHO  (January  15- April  17  (?),  69) 
M.  Salvius  Otho  ;  designated  on  the  monuments :   IMP  •  M  •  OTHO  •  CAESAR  •  AVG 


VITELLIUS  (January  2-December  20  (?),  69) 

A.  Vitellius;   designated  on  the  monuments:    IMP  •  A  •  VITELLIVS  •  CAESAR,  or 
A  .  VITELLIVS  .  IMPERATOR  .  GERMANICVS,  or  VITELLIVS  .  GERM  •  IMP 

A.D.  68  June  9.  Galba,  IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  P  •  M  -  TR  •  P 

"    69  January  1.  Galba,  COS  •  M 

"69  "        2.  Vitellius  declared  IMP  by  the  army  in  Germany. 

"    69  "      15.  Death  of  Galba;  Otho,  IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  TR  •  P 

"69  "      30.  Otho,  COS 

"    69  March  9.  Otho,  PONT  •  MAX 

"    69  April  17.  Death  of  Otho. 

"    69  "     19.  Vitellius,  IMP  •  CAES  -  GERM  •  COS  •  PERP 

"    69  July  1.  Vespasian  declared  IMP  by  the  soldiers  at  Alexandria. 

"    69  December  20.    Death  of  Vitellius. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     129 


VESPASIAN  (69-79) 
.  Flavius  Vespasianus  ;  designated  on  the  monuments :   IMP  •  CAESAR  •  VESPASI- 

ANVS  .  AVG,  or  IMP  •  VESPASIANVS  •  CAESAR  .  AVG 

Although  not  legally  emperor  until  December  20,  69,  Vespasian  counted  the 
years  of  his  reign  from  July  1,  69,  when  he  was  proclaimed  emperor  by  the 
soldiers.  His  TR  •  P  was  renewed  each  year  on  this  day.  On  July  1,  71,  Titus 
was  made  his  associate  in  the  empire,  and  their  tribunician  dates  run  parallel, 
Titus  being  always  two  years  behind  his  father.  Vespasian,  at  his  death,  was  in 
the  course  of  his  TR  •  P  •  X,  and  Titus  in  the  course  of  his  TR  •  P  •  VIM 


VESPASIAN. 

TITUS. 

DOMITIAN. 

.D. 

39     Dec.  20 

IMP-CAES-AVG-PONT-MAX-P-P 
IMP  •  IT 
COS  .  IT 

COS 

70    Jan.  1 



IMP  •  V 

71     Jan.  1 

COS-  IN 



IMP  •  VT 

COS 

July  1 

IMP  •  WT 

IMP-  CAES.  PONT-  TR.P 

72    Jan.  1 

cos-  TTTT 

COS-  TT 



IMP  •  WIT,  X 

IMP  •  TTT,  MM,  V 

73    Jan.  1 

COS    •    II 

July  1 

CENSOR 

CENSOR 

74    Jan.  1 

COS  •  V 

IMP  •  xT,  xTT,  XJTT,  xTm 
cos-  vT 

cos.  m 

COS-  INI 

75    Jan.  1 



IMP  -X 

76     Jan.  1 

cos-  vn 

COS-  V 

cos  .  v 

IMP  •  XVII,  XVIII 

cos-  vm 

IMP  •  XI 
COS-  VT 

77     Jan.  1 

IMP  .  XVIIII 

78       

IMP.  XX 

IMP  •  xm 

79    Jan.  1 

cos  •  WTT 

cos  .  W 



IMP  •  xTm,  xv 

June  23 

Death  of  Vespasian. 

LAX.    INSCRIP.  9 


130 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


TITUS  (79-81) 

T.  Flavius  Vespasianus;    designated  on  the  monuments:    IMP  •  TITVS  •  (or  T) 
CAESAR- VESPASIANVS- AVG, and  IMP-TITVS- (or T)  VESPASIANVS. CAESAR- AVG 
For  the  tribimician  years  of  Titus,  see  above,  under  Vespasian. 
A.D.  79    July  23.  Sole  Emperor,  AVG  •  PONT  •  MAX 

"    80    January  1.          COS  •  VTH  Domitian,  COS  •  VFl 

IMP  .  xvi,  xvn 

"    81     September  13.     Death  of  Titus. 


DOMITIAN  (81-96) 

T.  Flavius  Domitianus  ;  designated  on  the  monuments:  IMP  •  CAESAR  •  DOMITI- 

ANVS  .  AVG  ;  more  rarely  IMP  -  DOMITIANVS  .  CAESAR  .  AVG 
The  tribunician  dates  of  Domitian  are  regular,  from  the  day  of  his  accession, 
September  13,  81  (TR  •  P),  to  his  death  on  September  18,  96. 


A.D 
K 

.81 

82 

September  13. 
January  1. 

IMP-  AVG  .  PONT-  MAX.  P.  P 

cos.  vm 



IMP'-  II  -Iff 

14 

83 

January 

1. 

cos-  vim 



IMP  -  V 

u 

84 

January 

1. 

COS-  X 

GERMANICVS  •  IMP  •  VlT 

II 

85 

January 

I. 

COS-  XI 



IMP  •  vm,  ix 

(After  September  5). 

CENSOR  PERPETVVS  -IMP 

•  XI 

u 

86 

January 

1. 

cos-xn 



IMP  •  xli,  xm,  xim 

K 

87 

January 

1. 

cos.xm 

(i 

88 

January 

1. 

cos.  xTm 



IMP-  XV,  XVI 

u 

89 



IMP-  XVII,  XVIII,  XVI  III,  XX, 

xxr 

u 

90 

January 

1. 

COS-  XV 

u 

92 

January 

1. 

COS-  XVI 

1  M  P  .  XXII 

II 

95 

January 

1. 

cos.  xvfi 

11 

96 

September  18. 

Death  of  Domitian. 

CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     131 

NERVA  (96-98) 

M.  Cocceius  Nerva  ;  designated  on  the  monuments  :  IMP  •  NERVA  •  CAESAR  •  AVG, 
or  IMP  •  CAESAR  •  NERVA  •  AVG 

The  dates  of  the  monuments  of  Nerva's  short  reign  are  not  always  in  accord. 
His  TR  •  P  extends  from  September  18,  96,  to  September  18,  97,  when  he 
received  TR  •  P  •  II.  From  a  few  inscriptions  it  seems  that  a  TR  •  P  •  ITT  was 
reckoned  from  December  10  of  the  same  year,  97.  The  majority  of  inscriptions 
fail  to  compute  this  TR  •  P  •  Ml",  and  carry  his  TR  •  P  .  JT  down  to  his  death, 
joining_it  with  COS  •  III!  (98).  Those  in  which  TR  •  P  .  1TT  figures  unite  it  with 
COS  •  III  (97),  or  COS  -Mil  (98).  For  convenience  the  tribunician  dates  are 
here  included  in  the  table. 

A.D.  96    September  18.     IMP-  CAES-  AVG-  PONT-  MAX- TR  •  P-  ?(ater)  -  P(atriae) 
"    97    January  1.  COS  •  TIT 

IMP  •  IT 

September  18.     TR  •  P  •  M 
October  27.  Trajan,  CAES  •  IMP  •  TR  •  P 

GERMANICVS  "        GERMANICVS 

(December  10.    TR  •  P  •  HI) 

«    98    January  1.          COS  •  Mil  "       COS  •  M    ' 

January  25.         Death  of  Nerva. 


TRAJAN   (98-117) 

M.  Ulpius  Traianus  ;  designated  on  the  monuments  :  IMP- CAESAR •  NERVA •  TRA- 
IANVS-AVGVSTVS 

With  Trajan  the  custom  of  computing  the  tribunician  years  from  December 
10  becomes  general.  Invested  with  the  tribunician  power  by  Nerva  on  October 
27,  97,  he  counted  his  TR  •  P  •  M  from  December  10,  97,  or  September  18,  98  1 ; 
and  his  TR  •  P  •  III  on  December  10,  98,  after  which  the  tribunician  year  began 
regularly  on  this  day. 

A.D.    98    January  25.  AVG  •  PONT  •  MAX 

P(ater)  •  P(atriae) 

"      100    January  1.  COS  •  HI 

"     101    January  1.  COS  •  Mil 

IMP  •  M,-ITT,  HIT 

1  The  former  the  date  of  the  comitia  tribuniciae  potestatis  ;  the  latter  the 
date  f  hich  Nerva  counted  his  tribunician  years.  Probably  the  latter. 


132 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


102  (late  in  the  year) 

103  January  1. 
104 

105 

112    January  1. 

114 

115 

116  (between  April  and  August) 

117  August  11  (?) 


D AC  I  CVS 

COS- V 

(IMP- V) 

IMP-  VI 

COS-  VI 

OPTIMVS  (as  cognomen)  .  IMP  •  VM 

IMP  .  vm,  vrni 

IMP  .  X,  XJ 
PARTHICVS 
IMP  •  Xil,  XlTi 
Death  of  Trajan. 


HADRIAN  (117-138) 

P.  Aelius  Hadrianus  ;  designated  on  the  monuments  :  IMP  .  CAESAR  •  TRAIANVS 
HADRIANVS  •  AVG 

Hadrian  received  the  TR  •  P  at  the  death  of  Trajan.  He  counted  his  TR  •  P  •  II 
from  December  10,  117,  and  the  renewal  occurred  each  year  on  that  day. 

In  136  he  adopted  L.  Ceionius  Commodus  Verus  as  his  successor,  under  the 
name  L.  AELIVS  •  VERVS  .  CAESAR ;  but  Aelius  died  in  138. 

A.D.  117    August  11  (?).  IMP- CAES -AVG- PONT- MAX -TR.P-[P(ater).P(a£nae)] 

OPTIMVS,  GERMANICVS,  DACICVS 
"     118    January  1.        COS  •  TT 
"     119    January  1.        COS  •  III 


122 


(IMP- VI)1 


128    April  21  (?)     P(oter)  •  P(atriae). 
IMP -IT 


135    

136  January  1. 

137  January  1. 

138  January  1. 
February  25. 
July  10. 


Aelius,         COS 

CAES  •  TR  •  P  •  PONT 
"  COS • H 

Death  of  Aelius. 
Antoninus,  CAES  •  TR  •  P  •  IMP 


Death  of  Hadrian. 
1  Found  on  C.  I.  L.  II.  2014  (Baetica),  but  certainly  a  mistake. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     133 

ANTONINUS  Pius  (138-161) 

T.  Aurelius  Fulvus  Boionius  Arrius  Antoninus;  after  his  adoption:  T.  Aelius 
Hadrianus  Antoninus  Pius  ;  designated  on  the  monuments:  IMP  •  CAESAR 
T  •  AELIVS  .  HADRIANVS  •  ANTONINVS  •  AVG  •  PIVS 

He  received  the  TR  •  P  on  February  25,  138,  renewed  it  (TR  •  P  •  Tl)  on 
December  10  of  the  same  year,  and  thereafter  regularly  on  that  day.  He  died 
in  the  course  of  his  TR  •  P  •  XXIIII. 

On  February  25,  147,  he  adopted  as  his  successor  M.  Annius  Verus  Catilius 
Severus,  under  the  name  M  -  AELIVS  •  AVRELIVS  •  VERVS.  M.  Aurelius  received 
the  TR  •  P,  which  he  renewed  regularly  on  December  10,  so  that,  at  the  death  of 
Pius,  Aurelius  was  in  the  course  of  his  TR  •  P  •  XV. 


ANTONINUS  Pius. 

M.  AURELIUS. 

L.  VERUS. 

A.D.  138    February  25 

IMP  •  CAES  .  AVG  •  TR  •  P 

1 

July  10 

PONT  •  MAX 

"     139    January  1 

COS  •  11 



(IMP  'IT  !)  ?(ater}>?(atriae) 

CAES 

"     140    January  1 

COS.  IN 

COS 

"     141 

IMP  •  IT2 

"     14j>    January  1 

cos.  m 

COS  •  M, 

"     147     February  25 

PONT  •  TR  •  P 

CAES 

u     154    January  1 

COS 

"     161     January  1 

COS-  III 

COS  .  IT 

March  7 

Death  of  Antoninus  Pius. 

MARCUS  AURELIUS  (161-180).  — Lucius  VERUS  (161-169) 

For  the  names  of  M.  Aurelius  before  his  accession,  and  for  his  tribunician  dates, 
see  under  Antoninus  Pius.  He  is  styled  on  the  monuments  :  IMP  •  CAESAR 
M  •  AVRELIVS  •  ANTONINVS  •  AVG 

Marcus  Aurelius  and  Lucius  Verus  reigned  jointly.  The  latter  was  L.  Ceionius 
Commodus,  son  of  L.  Aelius  Caesar  (see  p.  132),  known  after  136,  when  his 
father  was  adopted  by  Hadrian,  as  L.  Ceionius  Aelius  Aurelius  Commodus,  and 


1  According  to  the  coins. 


2  According  to  inscriptions. 


134 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


after  147,  when  he  was  adopted  by  Antoninus  Pius,  as  L.  Aelius  Aurelius  Corn- 
modus.  After  he  was  given  a  share  in  the  imperium  by  his  brother  Marcus 
Aurelius,  he  received  the  cognomen  Verus.  He  is  styled  on  the  monuments : 
IMP  •  CAESAR^  L  •  AVRELIVS  .  VERVS.  He  received  theJR  •  P  on  March  7,  161 ; 
his  TR  •  P  •  II  began  December  10,  161,  his  TR  •  P  •  iTT  a  year  from  that  day, 
and  so  on  regularly. 

For  the  names  and  tribunician  dates  of  Coinmodus,  see  below. 


M.  AURELIUS. 

.     L.  VERUS. 

COMMODUS. 

A.D. 

161    March  7 

IMP  -  AVG  •  P  •  M 

IMP.AVG-P-M-TR.P 

1AQ 

IMP  •  M 

ARMENIACVS.IMP.fi 

1UG               

164         —at 

ARMENIACVS 

165 

IMP  .  TIT 

PARTH.  MAX  L  IMP.  Til 

Ififi 

I  ivl  r    *    III 

PARTH-MAX'-MEDICVS 

i    Mf\  1  fi  "  IV1MA      *  1  Ivl  r   •  III 

MEDICVS-  IMP-  mT 

CAES 

J.UU 

IMP-  fill 

1 

167   Jan.  1 

P(ater)  -  P(atriae)  l 

COS  .  Ill 



?(ater}  -  ?(atriae}  l 

1«Q 

IMP      \7 

IMP      \7 

J.UO 

169   Middle  of 

1  m  r    •    V 

1  Ivl  r    >   V 

Death  of  Verus 

winter 

IMP  •  vT 

172 

GERMANICVS1 

GERMANICVS 

174        — 

IMP  .  VTT 

17C 

SARMATICVS.  IMP  •  Vffl 

SARMATICVS 

J.  i  O 

176   Nov.  27 

IMP  •  TR  •  P 

177   Jan.  1 

COS 

IMP  .  vTTTT 

i  M  P  .  Fl  .  AVG  •  P  •  P 

178         — 

I  ivl  r    •    v  1  1  1  1 

1  IVI  r   *  1  1      M  V  \J»      r      I 

IMP  •  TiT 

179   Jan.  1 

cos-TT 



IMP-X 

180        

IMP  .  ml 

March  17 

Death  of  M.  Aurelius 

1 A  title  formally  bestowed  this  year,  but  found  on  earlier  inscriptions  and  coins. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     135 

COMMODUS  (176-192) 

L.  Aurelius  Commodus ;  variously  designated  on  the  monuments :  L  •  AELIVS 
AVRELIVS  •  COMMODVS  at  the  beginning  of  his  reign;  then  L  •  AVRELIVS 
COMMODVS  until  late  in  180  ;  then,  as  sole  emperor,  M  •  AVRELIVS  •  COMMO- 
DVS. ANTON  I NVS  until  191;  and  lastly  again  L-AELIVS- AVRELIVS  •  COMMODVS 
His  TR  •  P  extends  from  November  27  to  December  10,  176 ;  and  yearly 

thereafter.     See  under  Marcus  Aurelius. 

A.D.  180    March  17.  Sole  Emperor. 

"     181    January!.          COS  •  TlT 
"     182  IMP  •  V 

"     183    January  1.          COS  •  Till 

IMP-  VI  •  PIVS-  PONT-  MAX 
«     184  IMP-  YD  •  BRITANNICVS 

"     185  FELIX 

"    186    January  1.         'COS  •  V 

IMP  •  VTU 

"     190    January  1.          COS  •  VI 

"     192    January  1.          COS  .  VM  Pertinax,  COS  -  II 

December  31.     Death  of  Commodus. 


PERTINAX  (193) 

P.  Helvius  Pertinax;   designated  on  the  monuments:  IMP  •  CAES  .  P  .  HELVIVS 
PERTINAX  •  AVG 

A.D.  193    January  1.     IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  -  PONT  •  MAX  •  TR  .  P  •  P  •  P 
March  28.      Death  of  Pertinax. 


DIDIUS  'JuLiANUS  (193) 

(Designated,  on  coins  only:  IMP  •  CAES  .  M  -  DIDIVS  .  SEVERVS  .  IVLIANVS  .  AVG 
He  reigned  from  March  28  to  June  1,  193). 


SEPTIMIUS   SEVERUS  l  (193-211).-— CARAC  ALL  A  (198-217).  —  GET  A 

(209-212) 

L.  Septimius  Severus  ;  styled  on  the  monuments  :  IMP  •  CAESAR  •  L  •  SEPTIMIVS 
SEVERVS  •  AVG 

1  Usurpers  like  Clodius  Albinus  and  Pescennius  Niger  are  omitted,  as  being 
of  no  epigraphical  importance. 


136 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


TR  •  P,  June  1  to  December  10,  193 ;  TR  -  P  •  II,  December  10,  193-194,  etc. 
On  June  2, 198,  Septimius  Bassianus  (Caracalla)  was  made  joint  emperor,  under 
the  name  IMP  •  CAESAR  •  M  •  AVRELIVS1  -  (SEVERVS)  •  ANTONJNVS  .  AVG.  His 
TR  •  P  extends  from  June  2  to  December  10,  198;  TR  •  P  •  II,  December  10, 
198-199,  etc. 

In  209  (day  uncertain)  P.  Septimius  Geta  also  received  the  TR  •  P.  He  is  styled 
on  the  monuments  :  IMP  •  CAESAR  •  P  .  SEPTIMIVS  •  GETA  •  AVG.  His  TR  •  P  .  TT 
extends  from  December  10,  209-210,  and  is  renewed  regularly. 


SEVERUS. 

CARACALLA. 

GETA. 

A.D. 

193  June  1 

IMP  •  CAES  .  AVG  •  PONT  •  MAX 

« 

PERTINAX  .  P(ater)  •  P(atriae) 



IMP  -TT 

194  Jan.  1 

COS  .  TT 



IMP  •  NT  •  TTTT  •  ?(ater)  -  P(atriae) 

195    - 

PIVS  -  (PARTHICVS),  ARABICVS 

(PARTHICVS)  .  ADIABENICVS 

IMP  •  V,  VT,  VM 

190    - 
197 

IMP-  VlTT 

IMP  .  vTTiT,  x 

PARTHICVS.  MAXIMVS  .  IMP-XI  .  (XH) 

CAES 

PONTIFEX 
IMP.AVG.-TR-P 

CAES 

198    - 

201    - 

PIVS-FELIX-PAR- 

202  Jan.  1 

cos  •  m" 

THICVS-MAXIMVS 
COS 

205  Jan.  1 

COS-  M 

COS 

207    

IMP  •  TT 

208  Jan.  1 

• 

cos  .  TTT 

COS-TT 



IMP  •  XN 

?(ater}-?(atnae} 

209    

BRITANNICVS.  IMP-  XT 

AVG  •  TR  •  P 

1 

PIVS 

210    - 

BRITANNICVS  •  MAXIMVS 

BRITANNICVS 

BRITANNICVS 

211  Feb.  14 

Death  of  Severus 

1  The  name  is  often  spelt  AVRELLIVS  in  inscriptions. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     137 


CARACALLA  (198-217).  —  GETA  (209-212) 

For  the  names  and  tribunician  dates  of  Caracalla  and  Geta,  see  above,  under 
Septimius  Severus. 


CARACALLA. 


GETA. 


A.D.  211  Feb.  14 
"  212  Feb.  27 
"  213  Jan. 1 


214       

217     April  8 


PONT  •  MAX  .  BRITANNICVS  .  MAXIMVS 

cos-Tm 

GERMANICVS  •  (MAXIMVS) 
IMP  •  TIT  •  INVICTVS 
IMP  •  HIT 
Death  of  Caracalla 


Death  of  Geta 


MACKIXUS  (217-218) 

M.  Opellius  Macrinus;   styled  on  the  monuments:    IMP  •  CAES  •  M  •  OPELLIVS 

SEVERVS-  MACRINVS-  P  .  F  .  AVG 
M.  Opellius  Diadumenianus,  his  son  ;  styled  on  the  monuments  :  M  •  OPELLIVS 

ANTONINVS.  DIADVMENIANVS-  NOBILISSIMVS-CAES  .  TR  .  P,  April  11,  217,  to 

early  January,  218  (?)  ;  TR  •  P  •  II  to  June  8,  218. 

A.D.  217    April  11.        IMP  .  CAES  •  AVG  •  PONT  •  MAX  .  P(ater)  -  ?(atriae} 

(Diadumenianus,  CAES) 
"    218    January  1*    COS 

(Diadumenianus,  (IMP)  •  AVG) 


June  8. 


Death  of  Macrinus  and  Diadumenianus. 


ELAGABALUS  (218-222) 

Varius  Avitus  Bassianus  *  ;  styled  on  the  monuments :  IMP  •  CAES  •  M  •  AVRELIVS 
ANTONINVS  -P.P.  (INVICTVS)  -  AVG 

%    TR  .  P  .  218  ;  TR  •  P  .  IT,  219  ;  TR  •  P  .  Ml,  220  ;  TR  •  P  •  IJ7T,  221  ;  TR  •  P  •  V,  222.2 

1  Elagabalus,  a  nickname  given  to  him  as  priest  of  the  Syrian  sun-god  El 
Gabal. 

2  The  exact  date  of  renewal  is  uncertain. 


138  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

A.D.  218  May  16.  IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  PONT  •  MAX  •  COS  •  P(ater)  .  P(a«riae) 

"    219  January  1.  COS  •  IT 

"     220  January  1.  COS  •  HI 

"    221  Severus  Alexander,  CAES  •  PONT  IF 

"     222  January  1.  COS  •  JTTT  Severus  Alexander,  COS 

March  11.  Death  of  Elagabalus. 


SEVERUS  ALEXANDER  (222-235) 

Alexianus  Bassianus  ;  designated  on  the  monuments  :  IMP  •  CAES  •  M  •  AVRELIVS 
SEVERVS  •  ALEXANDER  -  P  •  F  •  AVG 

His  TR  •  P  beginning  March  11,  222,  seems  to  have  been  renewed  each  year 
early  in  January. 

A.D.  222  March  11.      IMP  -  AVG  •  PONT  -  MAX  •  TR  •  P  •  P(ater)  -  P(atriae) 

"    226  January  1.     COS  •  IT 

"    229  January  1.     COS  •  TIT 

"    235  January,  February,  or  March,  Death  of  Severus  Alexander. 


MAXIMINUS  (235-238) 

Styled  on  the  monuments:    IMP  •  CAES  •  C  •  IVLIVS  •  VERVS  •  MAXIMINVS  •  P  •  F 
(INVICTVS)  -  AVG 

The  tribunician  dates  of  Maximinus  are  for  convenience  included  in  the  table. 
His  son,  as  Caesar,  appears  on  the  monuments  as  C  •  IVLIVS  •  VERVS  •  MAXIMVS 
NOBILISSIMVS  .  CAESAR 

Maximinus  being  declared  an  outlaw  by  the  senate  in  238,  the  following 
emperors  ruled,  and  fell  in  rapid  succession  : 

!  Gordianus  I:  IMP-CAES- M -ANTONIVS-GORDIANVS-AFRICANVS-AVG 

IGordianus  II:  IMP-  CAES  •  M  -ANTONIVS-GORDIANVS-AFRICANVS-  AVG 

J  Balbinus:  IMP  •  CAES-  D  •  CAELIVS-CALVINVS-  BALBINVS-  P  •  F-AVG 

IPupienius1  Maximus  :  IMP  •  CAES.M-CLODIVS.PVPIENIVS.MAXIMVS-P.F.  AVG 

1  Spelled  PVPIENVS  on  coins. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     139 


A.D.  235    Jan.,  Feb., or  March.     Maximinus,  IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  P  •  M  •  TR  •  P  •  P-P 

Maximus,  CAES 
"     236    January  1.  "          COS 

January  16  (?)  "          TR  •  P  •  II 

(  GERM-  MAX, 
j  SARM  •  MAX, 
I  DAC  .  MAX 
IMP  .  Mi,  UFi 
TR  .  P  •  Hi 

IMP  •  V,  VI     Maximus,  GERM  .  MAX, 
SARM  .  MAX, 
DAC  .  MAX 
TR  •  P  •  HIT 

IMP  •  vn 

IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  P  •  M  .  TR  •  P  .  P  •  P 
IMP  .  CAES  .  AVG  .  TR  •  P  •  PONT 


237     January  16  (?) 


238    January  16  (?) 
238    February. 


March. 


Gordianus  I., 
Gordianus  II., 

Death  of  Gordianus  I  and  II. 
Balbinus,     IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  P  •  M  Gordianus  III.,  CAES 

TR- P- P- P 
Pupienius,  IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  P  •  M  "      AVG 

TR.P-P.P  TR-P 

Middle  of  May.     Death  of  Maximinus  and  Maximus. 
June.  Death  of  Balbinus  and  Pupienius. 


GORDIANUS  III.  (238-244) 

Designated  on  the  monuments  :   IMP  •  CAES  •  M  -  ANTON  I VS  .  GORDIANVS  .  P  •  F 
(INVICTVS)  .  AVG 

He  seems  to  have  renewed  the  TR  •  P  early  in  January  ;  the  date  is  uncertain. 

A.D.  238  Middle  of  June  (?)  IMP  •  PONT  .  MAX  •  ?(ater)  -  ?(atriae) 

44     239  January  1.  COS 

44     240  IMP-  M,  Til 

44     241  January  1.  COS  •  IT 

44     242  IMP  •  VI 

44     244  February  or  March.  Death  of  Gordianus  III. 


140 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


PHILIPPUS  (244-249) 

The  elder  Philippus  appears  on  the  monuments  as  IMP  •  CAES  •  M  •  IVLIVS 
PHILIPPVS  -P.P.  (INVICTVS)  AVG.  His  son  is  called  IMP  -  CAES  .  M  .  IVLIVS 
(SEVERVS)  .  PHILIPPVS  •  P  .  F  •  AVG  (FILIVS).  The  elder  Philippus  received  the 
TR  •  P  in  March,  244,  and  renewed  it  early  in  January  (?)  each  year.  For  his 
son  there  are  two  methods  of  counting  the  TR  •  P :  (1)  as  coinciding  with  that 
of  his  father,  (2)  as  commencing  in  247,  when  he  became  joint  emperor.  Both 
methods  are  employed  in  the  inscriptions. 


PHILIP  THE  ELDER. 


PHILIP  THE  YOUNGER. 


A.D. 

244  March  (?) 


245  January  1 

246  August  (?) 

247  January  1 


248  January  1 


249   Sept.  or  Oct. 


IMP- CAES.  AVG.  PONT-  MAX 

P(ater)  •  P(atriae) 
PARTHICVS  .  MAXIM  VS,*PERSI- 

CVS  .  MAXIMVS 
COS 

COS- IT 


COS.  Ill 
GERMANICVS.MAXIMVS,CARPI- 

CVS- MAXIMVS 
Death  of  Philippus  and  his  son 


NOBILISSIMVS  •  CAES 


AVG 
COS 
IMP- CAES.  AVG.  PONT- MAX 

P(ater)  •  P(atriae) 
COS  •  IT 
GERMANICVS  •  CARPICVS 


DECIUS  (249-251) 
IMP  •  CAES .  C  •  MESSIVS  •  QVINTVS .  TRAIANVS  •  DECIVS  •  P  •  F.  (INVICTVS)  •  AVG 

f  Q .  HERENN IVS  •  ETRVSCVS  .  M ESSIVS  •  DECIVS  •  NOBI LISSI MVS  •  CAES 
His  sons  -{ 

tC-VALENS-HOSTILIANVS- MESSIVS.  QVINTVS.  NOBILISSIMVS. CAES 

There  are  two  methods  of  counting  the  tribunician  dates  of  Decius  :  (1)  from 
248,  when  he  was  saluted  emperor  by  the  troops,  (2)  from  the  death  of  Philippus, 
September  or  October,  249.  Both  methods  are  found  in  inscriptions.  The  sons 
received  the  TR  •  P  in  250.  The  date  of  renewal  for  this  reign  was  January  1. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     141 


DECIUS. 

HERENNIUS  ETRUSCUS. 

IIOSTILIANUS. 

A.D. 

249   Oct.  (?) 

IMP-CAES-AVG-P-M-P.P 

250  Jan.  1 

COS  •  II 



CAES 

CAES 

251   Jan.  1 

cos-  m 

COS 



DACICVS  MAXIMVS 

AVG 

Nov. 

Death  of  Decius 

Death  of  Herennius 

AVG 

Dec. 

De#th  of  Hosti- 
lianus 

TREBONIANUS  GALLTJS  (251-253) 

Styled  on  the  monuments  :   IMP  •  CAES  •  C  •  VIBIVS  •  TREBONIANVS  •  GALLVS  •  P  • 
F- AVG 

His  son  is  styled  :    IMP  •  CAES  •  C  -  VIBIVS  •  AFINIVS  .  GALLVS  .  VELDVMNIANVS 
VOLVSIANVS  •  P  .  F  •  AVG 

The  tribunician  dates  of  Gallus  and  Volusianus  are  uncertain.  TR  •  P  is 
probably  November-December,  251 ;  TR  -  P  •  fl  is  252  ;  and  TR  •  P  •  HIT  (instead 
of  TR  •  P  •  HT)  is  253. 


GALLUS. 

VOLUSIANUS. 

A.D.  251     November  (?) 

IMP-  CAES-  AVG.  P.M.  P-  P 

CAES 

December  (?) 

IMP-  AVG  .  P.  M-P-P 

"     252    January  1 

COS  •  II 

COS 

"    253    January  1 

COS-  II 

September  (?) 

Death  of  Gallus 

Death  of  Volusianus 

AEMILIANUS  (Summer  of  253) 
IMP  •  CAES  -  M  •  AEMILIVS  •  AEMiUANVS  •  P  •  F  •  INVICTVS  •  AVG 


142 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


VALERIANUS  (253-259).  —  GALLIENUS  (253-268) 

IMP  •  CAES  •  P  .  LICINIVS  •  VALERIANVS  .  P  .  F  •  (INVICTVS)  .  AVG 

His  son  Gallienus,  who  shared  the  empire,  is  styled  IMP  •  CAES  •  P  .  LICINIVS 
(EGNATIVS)  •  GALLIENVS  •  P  •  F  •  (INVICTVS)  -  AVG 

The  tribunician  dates  are  the  same  for  both ;  TR  •  P,  September  to  December 
10  (?),  253  ;  TR  •  P  •  H,  December  10  (?),  253-254  ;  TR  •  P  •  Ml,  December  10  (?), 
254-255,  etc. 


V7ALERIANUS. 


GALLIENUS. 


A.D. 

253  Sept.  (?) 

254  Jan.  1 

255  Jan.  1 

256      


257   Jan.  1 
259      


IMP-  CAES-  AVG-  PONT-  MAX 

P.P 
CDS  •  II 

IMP  •  VM 

cos  •  m 

GERMANICVS.  MAXIMVS 


COS- MM 

Capture  of  Valerianus  by  Sapor 


IMP  .  CAES  .  AVG  •  PONT  •  MAX 

P  •  P 
COS 

COS  •  M 

GERMANICVS.  MAXIMVS,DACICVS 

MAXIMVS 
IMP  •  IM 
COS.  Ml 


GALLIENUS  (253-268).  —  POSTUMUS,  Emperor. in  Gaul  (258-267) 

For  the  name  and  tribunician  dates  of  Gallienus,  who  died  in  the  middle  oi 
March,  268,  see  under  Valerianus.  Postumus  was  never  recognized  as  emperor 
at  Rome,  but  reigned  in  Gaul,  where  he  formed  a  senate  and  government  of  hn 
own,  and  assumed  the  consulship  at  pleasure.  He  is  styled  on  the  monuments  : 
IMP  •  CAES  .  M  •  CASSIANIVS  •  LATIN  I VS  .  POSTVMVS  •  P  .  F  •  (INVICTVS)  •  AVG 
We  know  nothing  of  the  tribunician  dates  of  Postumus,  which  can  be  assigned 
only  to  years  as  follows  :  TR  •  P  =  258,  TR  •  P  •  M  =  259,  TR  •  P  •  FIT  =  260  ;  and 
so  on  until  TR  •  P  •  X  =  267. 

Victorinus,  who  reigned  with  Postumus  in  Gaul  (265-267),  is  called  IMP  •  CAES 
M  •  PIAVONIVS  •  VICTORINVS  .  P .  F  •  (INVICTVS)  •  AVG 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     143 


GALLIENUS. 


POSTUMUS. 


A.D. 

258 

259 
260 
261  January  1 


362    January  1 

264    January  1 

265 

266    January  1 

267 


Sole  emperor  (at  Rome) 


COS  •  Ilil 
IMP  -X 
COS- V 
COS- VI 

COS  •  VJT 


IMP-  CAES- AVG.P-M.TR.P 

COS • P • P 
COS- IT 
COS  •  I1T 


GERMANICVS  .  MAXIMVS 

COS -ml     Victorinus,TR.P 

Victorinus,  TR  •  P  •  IT 
COS-V      Victorinus, TR.  P- Til 


CLAUDIUS  II  (268-270).  — TETRIO us,  Emperor  in  Gaul  (268-273) 

Gallienus  at  Rome  was  succeeded  by  Claudius,  who  is  styled  on  the  monu- 
ments :  IMP  •  CAES  •  M  •  AVRELIVS  .  CLAVDIVS  •  P  •  F  •  (INVICTVS)  •  AVG 

In  Gaul,   Tetricus  and  his  son  succeeded  Postumus  ;   both  appear  on  the 

monuments  as  IMP  .  CAES  •  C  .  PIVS  •  ESVVIVS  •  TETRICVS  •  P  •  F  .  INVICTVS  •  AVG 

The  tribunician  dates  can  be  classified  only  by  years ;  for  Claudius,  TR  •  P 

=  268,  TR  •  P  •  IT  =  269,  TR  •  P  •  fiT  =  270.     (He  died  before  Aug.  20,  270.)    For 

Tetricus,  TR  •  P  =  268,  TR  •  P  •  M  =  269,  etc.,  until  TR  •  P  ^|  =  273. 


CLAUDIUS. 

TETBICTJS. 

A.D. 

268  January 

IMP-  CAES-  AVG  -P.  M 

COS  •  P  •  P 

Middle  of  March 

IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  P  •  M  •  P  •  P 

269  January  1 

COS* 



GERMANICVS  .  MAXIMVS 

270 

GOTHICVS-MAXIMVS,PARTHICVS 

MAXIMVS 

1  Cos  II  in  some  inscriptions  of  Spain  and  Africa  is  due  to  ignorance. 


144  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

QUINTILLUS  (August,  270) 

IMP  •  CAES  .  M  •  AVRELIVS  •  CLAVDIVS  .  QVINTILLVS  •  INVICTVS  -P  .  F  •  AVG,  son  of 
Claudius  II.,  reigned  less  than  a  month. 


AURELIAN  (270-275) 
IMP  •  CAES  •  L  •  DOMITIVS  -  AVRELIANVS  •  P  •  F  •  (INVICTVS)  .  AVG 

The  chronology  of  this  reign  is  most  uncertain  ;  inscriptions  and  coins  alike 
show  the  greatest  irregularities,  especially  in  the  consulates,  and  are  not  reliable. 
Each  inscription  must  be  dated  approximately  on  its  own  merits,  and  a  table  of 
dates  is  useless.  It  is  supposed  that  Aurelian  became  emperor  in  August,  270. 
The  tribunician  dates  are  usually  roughly  assigned  as  follows :  TR  •  P,  270  ; 
TR  •  P  •  FT,  271,  etc.,  to  TR  •  P  •  VT,  275  ;  but  this  is  complicated  by  the  appear- 
ance of  a  TR  •  P  •  VII,  which  is  absolutely  inexplicable.  According  to  the  Fasti, 
Aurelian  was  COS  in  271,  COS  •  M  in  274,  COS  •  Ml  in  275.  The  inscriptions 
show  the  following  titles  : 

GERMANICVS  .  MAXIMVS  (270  or  271). 
GOTHICVS  •  MAXIMVS  (272?). 
PARTHICVS  .  MAXIMVS  (271  or  272). 
ARABICVS  •  MAXIMVS  (271  or  272). 
CARPICVS  •  MAXIMVS  (271  or  272). 
PALMYRENICVS  .  MAXIMVS  (272  or  273). 
Aurelian  died  in  275,  perhaps  in  March. 


TACITUS  (275-276) 
IMP  •  CAES  .  M  •  CLAVDIVS  -  TACITVS  •  P  -  F  •  AVG 

A.D.  275    September  25.     IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  P  •  M  •  TR  •  P  •  COS  •  DES  •  Tl  .  P  •  P 
"     276    January  1.          COS  •  IT 

TR  •  P  •  IT  •  GOTHICVS  .  MAXIMVS 
April  (?)  Death  of  Tacitus. 


FLORIANUS  (276) 

IMP  .  CAES  •  M  .  ANNIVS  •  FLORIANVS  •  P  •  F  •  INVICTVS  •  AVG 
Florianus  reigned  a  few  months. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     145 

PROBUS  (276-282) 
IMP  •  CAES  •  M  .  AVRELIVS  .  PROBVS  •  P  .  F  .  (INVICTVS)  .  AVG 

The  day  on  which  the  TR  •  P  was  renewed  is  uncertain  ;  but  it  was  not  Janu- 
ary 1.     We  may  approximately  call  TR  •  P  276,  TR  •  P  •  IT  277,  etc. 

A.D.  276  April.  IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG  •  P  •  M  •  P  •  P  •  GOTHICVS 

"     277  January  1.  COS  •  GERMANICVS  (?) 

"     278  "         "  COS  .  IT 

"     279  "         "  COS  •  ITT 

"     281  "         "  COS  .  TTTl 

"     282  "         »  COS  •  V 

September.  Death  of  Probus. 


CARUS  AND  HIS  SONS  (282-285) 

IMP  •  CAES  .  M  •  AVRELIVS  -  CARVS  •  INVICTVS  •  P  -  F  •  AVG 

IMP  •  CAES  •  M  .  AVRELIVS  .  CARINVS  .  INVICTVS  •  P  •  F  -  AVG 

IMP  •  CAES  •  M  •  AVRELIVS  •  NVMERIVS  •  NVMERIANVS  •  P  •  F  •  INVICTVS  •  AVG 


CARUS. 

CABIN  rs. 

NUMERIANUS. 

A.T). 

282  Sept.  (?) 

IMP.  CAES.  AVG-  P-  M 

CAES  (?) 

CAES    (?) 

TR.P-P.P 

283  Jan.  1 

cos.  IT 

COS 

* 

PERSICVS-  MAX-  GER- 

AVG  •  TR  «  P 

AVG  -  TR  •  P 

MANICVS-MAX 

Dec. 

Death  of  Cams 

IMP-  P-  M  .P-P 

IMP  •  P  .  P 

GERM  -MAX 

284  Jan.  1 

COS-TI 

COS 

Sept. 

Death  of  Numerianus 

285  Jan.  or  Feb. 

Death  of  Carinus 

LAT.    1NSCKIP.  10 


146 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


DIOCLETIAN  AND  MAXIMIAN  (284-305) 

IMP  -  CAES  •  C  •  AVRELIVS  -  VALERIVS  •  DIOCLETIANVS  •  P  .  F  •  INVICTVS  .  AVG 
IMP  -  CAES  •  M  •  AVRELIVS  •  VALERIVS  •  MAXIMIANVS  •  P  •  F  •  INVICTVS  -  AVG 
FLAVIVS  -  VALERIVS  .  CONSTANTIVS  •  NOBILISSIMVS  .  CAES 
GALERIVS  -  VALERIVS  •  MAXIMIANVS  -  NOBILISSIMVS  •  CAES 

Diocletian  received  the  TR  •  P  on  September  17,  284,  and  renewed  it  regularly 
each  year  (March  1  ?  ?)  ;  at  his  abdication,  May  1,  305,  he  was  in  the  course  of 
his  TR  •  P  •  XXII.  Maximian  counted  his  TR  •  P  from  285,  so  that  the  renewal 
number  was -always  one  less  than  that  of  Diocletian.1  The  tribunician  dates  of 
the  two  Caesars  are  in  doubt. 


DIOCLETIAN. 

MAXIMIAN. 

CONSTANTIUS. 

GALKKIUS. 

A.D. 

284  Sept.17 

IMP  •  CAES  •  AVG, 

etc. 

285  Jan.  1 

COS-TT 



BRIT-  MAX,  GERM 

CAES.  BRIT-MAX, 

MAX 

GERM.  MAX 

280  April  1 

(GERM-  MAX-  IT?) 

IMP  .  AVG,  etc. 

287  Jan.  1 

COS  •  III 

COS 

288  Jan.  1 

COS-  IT 

PERS-MAX-GERM 

PERS-  MAX-  GERM 

MAX-iTT,  ITU 

MAX  -"Mi,  MM 

289  

SARM  •  MAX 

SARM  .  MAX 

290  Jan.  1 

cos.  rm 

COS  •  Ml 

291  - 

SARM  -  MAX  •  IT 

SARM  •  MAX  •  IT 

292  Jan.  1 

COS 

COS 

Mch.  1 

CAES.TR-P(?) 

CAES-TR.P(?) 

293  Jan.  1 

COS-  V 

COS-  MM" 



SARM.  MAX.  IM(?) 

SARM-  MAX  TTT(?) 

SARM  •  MAX 

SARM  •  MAX 

1  The  TR  •  P  of  Maximian  is  counted  sometimes  from  285,  when  he  became 
CAES  ;  sometimes  from  286,  when  he  was  made  AVG.  (See  Dessau,  No.  617, 
note  2.) 


CHRONOLOGICAL  LIST  OF  THE  ROMAN  EMPERORS     147 


DIOCLETIAN. 

M.\  XI.  Ml  AN. 

CONSTANTIUS. 

GALEEIUS. 

A.D. 

294  - 

GERM    •   MAX  .  V 

GERM  •  MAX  .  V 

GERM  .  MAX 

GERM  •  MAX 

IMP  .  X 

IMP  •  Vim 

295  

CARP  •  MAX 

CARP  •  MAX 

CARP  •  MAX 

CARP  •  MAX 

296  Jan.  1 

COS  -  VI 

COS-  M 



BRIT  •  MAX 

BRIT  •  MAX 

297  Jan.  1 

COS-  V 

cos.  IT 



MED-MAX-ADIAB 

MED-MAX-ADIAB 

MED-MAX-ADIAB 

MED-MAX-ADIAB 

MAX 

MAX 

MAX 

MAX 



PERS   •   MAX   •   M 

PERS  •  MAX  •   M 

PERS  .  MAX  •  IT 

PERS  •  MAX  •  IT 

GERM-  MAX-  VI 

GERM-  MAX-  VI 

299  Jan.  1 

COS  •  VI] 

COS-  V| 

SARM  •  MAX  •  TOT 

SARM  -  MAX  •  TUT 

GFRM       MAX  .  IT 

HFRM      MAX  .  71 

VJ  C  r\  IV!     "     IVI  MA    •     1  1 

SARM  •  MAX-Tl 

vJL_r\IVI    •    IVI  MA  *    If 

SARM  -MAX-  II 

300  Jan.  1 

cos-  m 

cos.  In 

301  - 

IMP  •  XVIII 

IMP  -  XVII 

302  Jan.  1 

cos  ."mi 

cos.  ml 

303  Jan.  1 

cos  .  vm 

COS-  Wl 

304  Jan.  1 

cos  .  vmT 

COS-  VlTT 

305  Jan.  1 

cos.  v 

COS-  V 

Mayl 

Abdication 

Abdication 

IMP  .  AVG,  etc. 

IMP  .  AVG,  etc. 

148  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

INSCRIPTIONS   OF   THE   EMPERORS   AND   THEIR   FAMILIES 

1.  [O.  IuT\\Q  Caesari  im[_p].,  dictat.  iteru[m,    p<w£]ufici  max[^mo,  | 

Aug.,  c]os.,  patrono  mu[nictjptQ,    d.  c. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  620 ;  IX.  2563.  From  Bovianum  in  Samnhmi.  Caesar  was 
made  dictator  iterum  in  the  autumn  of  706/48,  and  entered  upon  his 
third  dictatorship  on  the  kalends  of  Jan.  709/45.  These  dates  form  the 
limits  in  the  age  of  the  inscription. 

2.  C.  lulio  C.  f.  Caesari    imp.,  triumviro  r.  p.  c.,  |  patrono,  |  d.  d. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  2142.  From  the  town  of  S.  Agata  de'  Goti  (Saticula)  in  Sam- 
nium.  Caesar  (Augustus)  was  made  triumvir  rei  publicae  constituendae 
by  the  Lex  Titia,  Nov.  27,  711/43.  He  was  called  imp.  Caesar  in  714/40. 

3.  imp.  Caesar  divi  f.  |  Augustus  cos.1  XI,  trib.  |  potestate  2  dedit,  | 

M.  Appuleius  Sex.  f.  leg.  |  iussu  eius  fac.  curavit. 

C.  I.  L.  V.  5027.  Found  at  Tridentum,  where  it  exists  to-day  in  the  church 
of  S.  Apollinaris.  l  Determine  the  date  from  those  of  Cos.  XI  and  Cos. 
XII  given  in  table,  page  125.  2  Tribunicia  potestate  was  first  counted, 
as  some  (Eckhel)  believe,  June  27,  according  to  Hirschfeld,  June  25, 
731/23,  according  to  Mommsen,  on  the  kalends  of  July,  the  day  on 
which  he  resigned  his  eleventh  consulship,  731/23.  The  number  of 
the  tribunicia  potestate  may  have  been  omitted,  although  this  is  rare. 

4.  imp.   Caesar  divi  f.  |  Augustus  |  pontifex  maximus,  |  imp.  XII, 

cos.  XI,  trib.  pot.1  XIV,  Aegupto  in  potestatem  |  populi  Ro- 
mani  redacta,  |  Soli  ddiium  dedit. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  701.  At  Rome  on  an  obelisk  in  Piazza  del  Popolo.  A  similar 
inscription  (VI.  702)  appears  on  another  obelisk  standing  in  Piazza  di 
Monte  Citorio.  These  were  erected  by  Augustus  in  the  Campus  Martius, 
and  are  described  by  Pliny,  H.  N.  XXXVI.  71.  Determine  date  from 
table,  page  125. 

5.  imp.  Caesfa?']  divi  f.  August.  |  pontif.  maximus,  cos.  XI,  |  tribu- 

nicia potest.  XIIII,  |  ex  stipe,  quam  populus  Komanus  k. 
lanuariis  apsenti  ei  contulit,1  |  lullo  Antonio 2  Africano  Fabio 
cos.,3  |  Mercuric  sacrum. 

Bull.  Com.  1888,  p.  228.  On  an  altar  found  among  the  remains  of  a  chapel 
on  the  Esquiline.  l  Cf.  Suet.  Aug.  57.  Kal.  Jan.  strenam  in  Capitolio, 
etiam  abscnti,  ex  qua  summa  pretiosissima  deorum  simulacra  mercatus, 
vicatim  dedicabat.  2The  son  of  the  Triumvir.  3  744/10. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  EMPERORS  AND  THEIR  FAMILIES     149 


6.    imp.  Caesari  Augusto  divi  f.  j  pontufici  max.,  trib.  potest.  XIIX,  ; 
cos.  XI,  patri  patriae,  d.  d. 

C.  L  L.  II.  2107.  On  a  stone  which  supports  the  arch  of  an  Arabian  cistern 
in  Arjona  (Urgavo),  in  Baetica,  Spain.  This  inscription  is  one  of  those 
in  which  Augustus  was  termed  pater  patriae  before  the  year  752/2,  when 
the  title  was  formally  conferred  upon  him  a  senatu  populoque  Romano. 
Cf.  C.  L  L.  I.  p.  386. 


7.   imp.  Caesari 
divi  f.  Augusto 
pontific.  maximo 

patri.  Patriae,  Aug.,  XV  vir  s.  f.,  VII  vir.  epulon 
cos.  XIII,  imp.  XVII,  tribunic.  potest.  XXX  l 


Livia[e] 
Drusi  f. 
uxori  Caesaris  Aug. 


Ti.  Caesari 

Augusti  f  . 

divi  nepot.,  pont. 

cos.  [i]ter.,2  imp.  ter,  augurique  3 

tribuniciae  pot.  VIII  [/]  • 

3 

Germanico 
lulio  [Z7]!.  f. 
Augusti  nepot. 
divi  pron.  Caesari  6 


V[ruso  luh'o  TV]  f. 
Augusti  nepoti 
divi  pron.  Caesari 
pontifici 7 

1 

Neroni  lulio 
Germanic!  [/] 
Aug.  pronepot. 
Caesari 


[O.]  Caesari 
Augusti  f. 
divi  nepot. 
pontific.,  cos. 
imperatori 4 

8 

\_L.~\  Caesari 
Augusti  f. 
divi  nepot. 
auguri.  cos.  design.5 
principi  inventutis 

9 

Druso  lulio 
Gennanici  f. 
Aug.  pronepot. 
Germanico. 

10 

Ti  Claudio 
Drusi  Gennanici  f. 
Neroni  Germanico 


150  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  I.  L.  V.  6416  ;  VI.  p.  XV.  These  inscriptions  of  Augustus  and  his  family 
were  placed  beneath  their  statues,  which  adorned  the  triumphal  arch  at 
Ticinum  (Pavia).  They  exist  in  the  MS.  of  the  tenth  century,  known  as 
Anonymus  Kinsiecllensis  of  the  Abbey  of  Einsiedeln,  and  are  from  a  copy 
made  between  750-850  A.D.,  by  the  compiler  of  the  original  of  the  MS. 

There  appear  here  inscriptions  of  Augustus  (5),  his  wife  (6),  his  grandsons, 
recently  adopted,  C.  and  L.  Caesar  (7  and  8),  of  Tiberius  (4),  adopted 
son  of  Augustus,  together  with  the  former's  sons  (3  and  2)  and  grand- 
sons (1  and  9).  Claudius,  the  brother  of  Germanicus,  is  also  named 
(10).  Julia  and  Agrippa  Postumus  do  not  appear,  since  at  the  time 
when  the  arch  was  completed  they  were  in  banishment.  l  760-1  (7-8 
A.D.).  2  Ti.  Nero  was  adopted  by  Augustus,  June  26,  757  (4  A.D.),  and 
was  called  Ti.  Caesar,  and  was  made  the  associate  of  his  adoptive  father 
in  the  tribunicia  potestate  at  the  same  time,  a  title  which  he  had  held, 
however,  for  five  years.  His  tribunicia  potestate  should  therefore  be 
numbered  VIIII,  and  his  title  of  consul  should  also  be  numbered  iterum, 
not  ter.  3The  que  may  be  due  to  error  in  copying  for  qu[indecemmro 
s.  /.].  4C.  Caesar  was  styled  imperator  756  (3  A.D.)  at  capture  of 
Artagiri.  He  probably  laid  aside  his  equestrian  title  princeps  inventutis 
when  he  became  consul.  5  L.  Caesar  died  755  (2  A.D.)  as  consul  designa- 
tus.  6  Germanicus  had  not  held  any  office  save  the  quaestorship.  He 
was  adopted  by  Tiberius  4  A.D.  7  Drusus  had  not  held  any  office  when  the 
inscription  was  set  up.  The  date  of  the  completion  of  the  arch  is  deter- 
mined from  the  tribunicia  potestate  XXX  of  Augustus,  7-8  A.D.,  June 
27.  Tiberius  is  here  shown  by  the  imperium  and  tribunicia  potestate  to 
be  the  successor  of  Augustus,  and  the  other  inscriptions,  save  that  of 
Claudius,  are  of  those  connected  with  him  regularly  or  by  adoption. 

8.  lunoni  Liviae  August!  sacrum,  |  L.  Passieno  Eufo l  imperatore 

Africam  obtinente,  |  Cn.  Cornelius  Cn.  f.  Cor.  Eufus    et  Maria 
C.  f.  Galla  Cn.2    conservati  |  vota  L  m.  solvont. 
Ephem.  Ep.  V.  640.     On  a  stone  set  in  the  wall  of  a  building  at  El-Lehs,  in 
the  province  of  Africa.     l  Consul  750/4,  proconsul  of  Africa  756  (3  A.D.). 
2Gn(aei)  (uxor.}. 

9.  Cereri  luliae  Augustae     divi  Augusti,  matri  |  Ti.  Caesaris  Au- 

gusti,  |  Lutatia  C.  f .  sacerdos  Augustae  |  (imp.  perp< 
M.  Lvvi  M.     f.  Qui.  Optati  flaminis  G[a]ul.     luli 
(imp.  perpet.),1  cum  V 2  |  liberis  s.  p.  consacravit.  f 
C.  L  L.  X.  7501.     Found  in  Insula  Gaulus  (Gozzo),  now  Ma 
may  still  be  seen.     1  These  words,  imp(eratoris')  perpet (ui 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  EMPERORS  AND  THEIR  FAMILIES     151 

inserted  in  place  of  others  erased.  2  cum  quinque  liberis  or  cum  v[iro  et] 
liberis.  Livia  is  called  Ceres,  according  to  Greek  custom. 

10.  Ti.  Claudius  Ti.  f.  Nero  pont,,  cos.  II,  [imp  J]I,  trib.  potest.  V,  | 

Nero  Claudius  Ti.  f.  Drusus  Germ[amcws]  augur,  c[o«],  imp. 
.  .  .  inuruni  portas  turris  d.  \_s.  p.~\  f.  c. 

C.  I.  L.  IX.  2443.  Found  in  fragments  at  Saepinum  (Altilia,  near  Sepino), 
in  Samnium,  where  it  still  exists.  In  4  A.D.  Tiberius  was  adopted  by 
Augustus,  and  ceased  to  be  called  Claudius  Nero.  Determine  the  date 
from  table,  page  125. 

11.  pleps  urbana  quinque  et  |  triginta  tribuum  |  Druso  Caesari  Ti. 

Aug.  f.  |  divi  Augusti  n.  |  divi  lulii  pronepoti  |  pontifici, 
auguri,  sodal.  Augustal./  |  cos.  iterum,  tribunic.  potest.  iter.,2 1 
aere  conlato. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  910.  One  of  two  marble  tablets  of  same  size  found  at  Rome, 
near  the  Tiber,  still  in  existence.  1  Cf.  Tac.  Ann.  I.  54.  2  Drusus  was 
consul  iterum  21  A.D.,  received  tnbunicia  potestate  in  22  (Tac.  Ann.  III. 
56).  This  inscription  was  set  up  in  23  A.D.,  just  before  or  just  after  the 
death  of  Drusus. 

12.  ossa  |  Agrippinae  M.  Agrippae  [/]  divi  Aug.  neptis,  uxoris  | 

Germanici  Caesaris,  |  matris  C.  Caesaris  Aug.  |  Germanici 
principis. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  886.  On  a  large  marble  urn  now  in  the  Palazzo  dei  Conser- 
vator! at  Rome.  When  Caligula,  son  of  Agrippina,  became  emperor, 
37  A.D.,  he  brought  the  ashes  of  his  mother  from  the  island  of  Panda- 
teria,  and  placed  them  in  the  mausoleum  of  Augustus  (Suet.  Cal.  15). 

13.  Neroni  Caesari    Germanici  Caesaris  f.  |  Ti.  Caesaris  Augusti  n.  | 

divi  Augusti  pron.  |  flainini  Augustali,  |  sodali  Augustali,  | 
sodali  Titio,  fratri  Arvali,  fetiali,  quaestori,  |  ex  s.  c. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  913.  Engraved  in  large  letters  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at 
Rome,  near  the  amphitheatre  of  Flavius,  now  in  Capitoline  Museum.  The 
date  of  the  inscription  lies  between  his  quaestorship,  27  A/D.  (Tac.  Ann. 
III.  29^  and  the  decree  of  banishment,  29  A.D.  (Tac.  Ann.  V.  3). 
Although  Tac.  (Ann.  III.  29)  says  that  he  was  made  pontifex  maximus 
in  20  A.D.,  there  is  no  evidence  of  this  in  the  inscriptions. 


152  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

14.  C.  Caesar  Germa|nicus  Germanic!  |  Caesaris  f.  Ti.  Aug.  n.     divi 

Aug.  pron.  divi  |  luli  abn.  Aug.  pat.  patr.,1  |  cos.  II,2  imp., 
trib.  potentate  II,2  pontif.  max.,    a  Baete  et  Jano  Augusto 
ad  Oceanum     

C.  I.  L.  II.  4716.  On  a  milestone  found  at  Cordova  (Corduba),  Spain,  still 
in  existence.  lpat.  pair,  is  in  somewhat  larger  letters,  and  was  probably 
a  later  addition  (Hiibner) .  According  to  Eckhel,  Doct.  Num.  VI.  223, 
Caligula  seems  to  have  taken  this  title  in  the  early  months  of  38  A.I>. 
Dio  LIX.  12  relates  that  he  assumed  all  the  honores  of  former  emperors 
except  this  one,  which  he  received  somewhat  later.  2  Determine  these 
dates  from  page  126. 

15.  [Ti.   (TJlaudio  Drusi  f.  Caesari  Augu[sto  |  6r]ermanico  pontif. 

maximo,  tribu[n/c]  [  potest.1  Ill,  cos.  Ill,  imp.  V,  patri 
patri[ae,  |  socu]  publici  XX  libertatis  et  XXV  venal[nm]. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  915.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  only  in  copy.  J  See  table, 
page  120.  The  inscription  was  set  up  by  the  farmers  of  the  two  taxes, 
mcesima  libertatis  (5%  of  the  value  of  a  manumitted  slave)  and  quinta 
et  vicesima  venalium  mancipiorum. 

16.  pro  salute    Ti.  Claudi  Caesaris  Aug.  Germanici  pont.  max.,  trib. 

pot.  VII,1  cos.  IIII,  imp.  XV,  p.  p.,  censoris  /  /  /  /  /  /  /  /  /  / 
/  /  /  /  /  /  / 2  liberorumque  /  /  /  /  / 2 1  ex  voto  suscepto  C.  lulius 
Sex.  f.  Cor.  Postunius,  praef.  Aeg(-pti  |  Ti.  Claudi  Caesaris 
Aug.  Germanici,  ex  auri  p.  XVI. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  918.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome.  l  See  page 
126.  2  Probably  the  words  et  Valerias  Messalinae  Aug.  and  eorum  have 
been  erased.  According  to  Tacitus  (Ann.  XI.  38)  the  name  of  Messalina 
was  erased  from  public  and  private  monuments. 

17.  Nero  Claudius  |  divi  Claudi  f.     Germarmanici  (?)  Cae[s].  |  n. 

Ti.  Caesaris  Aug.  pro  nep.  divi  Aus:.  abnepos  Caesar  Aug.  | 
Germanicus  pontif.  |  max.,  tr.  pot.  IIII,1  imp.  IIII,  cos.  |  III, 
p.  p.  restituit. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  5471.  Inscribed  on  a  milestone  of  the  road  leading  from 
Forum  luli  to  Aquae  Sextiae,  in  Narbonensis.  See  page  127. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  EMPERORS  AND  THEIR  FAMILIES     153 

18.  Nero  Claudius  |  Caesar  Aug.  G-ermanicus  j  imp.,  pout,  max.,  trib. 

pot.  XI,1 1  cos.  IIII,  imp.  VIIII,  pat.  p.,  |  Cn.  Domitio  Corbu- 
lone  -  leg.  Aug.  pro.  pr.,  |  T.  Aurelio  Fulvo  3  leg.  Aug.,  |  leg. 
HI  Gal.4 

C.  L  L.  III.  Suppl.  6741.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Ziata  (Charput), 
Armenia  Maior,  with  two  others  similar  to  it.  J  See  page  127.  2  For  the 
account  of  Corbulo's  occupation  of  Armenia,  see  Tacitus,  Ann.  X\r.  25-26. 
3Aurelius  Fulvus,  grandfather  of  Antoninus  Pius  (Tac.  Hist.  I.  79). 
4  legione  tertia  Gallica,  or  perhaps  gen.  or  nom.  forms.  The  name  of 
the  emperor  is  in  the  nom.  case,  subject  of  fecit,  to  be  supplied.  Impe- 
rator  after  the  cognomina  is  extraordinary,  and  probably  an  error. 

19.  a)  imp.  Neroni  Claudio  divi  Claudi  f.  Germ.     Caesaris  n.  Ti. 

Caesaris  Aug.  pro  n.  divi  Aug.  ab  n.  |  Caesari  Aug.  Germ.  p.  m., 
tr.  pot.  Xm,1  imp.  XI,  cos.  im,  |  L.  Titinius  L.  f.  Gal. 
Glaucus  Lucretianus  flam.  Romae  et  Aug.,  II  vir 2  |  IIII,  p.  c., 
sevir  eq.  R.,  curio,  praef.  fabr.  cos.,3  tr.  mil.  leg.  XXII  Primig., 
praef.  pro  legato  |  insular.  Baliarum,  tr.  mil.  l[e]g.  VI  Vic- 
tricis,  ex  votd  suscepto  pro  salute  imp.  |  Neronis  quod  Baliari- 
bus  voverat  anno  A.  Licinio  Nerva  cos.,4  II  viris  L.  Saufe[?']o  | 
Vegeto  et  Q.  Aburio  Nepote,  ub[£]  velle[£]  poneret,  voto  com- 
pos, posit  lovi  Iuno[wi]  |  Minervae  Felicitati  Eomae  divo 
Augusto. 

b)  divae  Poppaeae  Augustae  |  imp.  Neronis  Caesaris  August., 
L.  Titinius  L.  f.  Gal.  Glaucus  Lucretianus  |  (for  the  remainder 
see  a). 

C.  I.  L.  XI.  1331.  This  inscription  is  on  a  marble  tablet  found  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Luna,  now  at  Rome,  in  Capitoline  Museum.  *  See  page 
127.  2duovir  quartttm,  p(atronus)  c(oloniae')  (Lunensis}.  spraefectus 
fabr  urn  consitlaris.  4  65  A.  D.  The  colleague  of  Licinius  Nerva,  M.  Vestinus 
Atticus,  is  not  mentioned,  because  he  was  killed  by  command  of  the  empe- 
ror during  his  consulship.  Tacitus,  Ann.  XV.  68, 69.  Sueton.  Nero  35. 

20.  Sergio  |  Sulpicio    Galbae  |  imp.  Caesar. 

Ephem.  Ep.  II.  522.  From  a  portion  of  a  cippus  found  at  Spalato,  near 
Salonae,  in  Dalmatia,  where  it  exists  in  the  museum,  dating  68-69  A.D. 
The  diplomata  given  to  veterans  of  the  legio  prima  Adintrix  show  that 
the  emperor  preferred  the  form  Ser.  Galba  imp.  Caesar  Augustus.  Note 
Sergius  for  tiervius,  probably  the  earliest  instance  of  this  spelling. 


154  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

21.  A.  Vitellius  L.  f.    imperator,    cos.  perp. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  929.  The  only  known  inscription  relating  to  Vitellius  from 
the  city  of  Rome,  now  existing  in  a  copy.  It  was  originally  engraved  on 
a  pedestal  which  was  afterwards  hollowed  out  so  as  to  serve  as  a  sepul- 
chral urn.  Cf.  Suet.  Vitellius,  11,  (Vitellius)  comitia  in  decem  annos 
ordinamt  seque  perpetuum  consulem. 

22.  imp.  Caesari  |  Vespasiano  Aug.  |  pont.  max.,  tr.  pot.  Hi,1  |  imp. 

IIX,  p.  p.,  cos.  HI,  des.  IIII,  |  s.  c.,2  quod  vias  urbis  |  negle- 
gentia  |  superior,  tempor.  |  corruptas  in|pensa  sua  restituit. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  931.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  now  in  copy.  l  Determine  date 
from  table,  page  129.  2  s(enatus)  c(onsulto). 

23.  imp.  Caesar  Vespasia|nus  Aug.  ponti[/]  max.,  trib.  pot.  |  VIIII,1 

imp.  XIIX,  p.  p.,  cos.  IIX,  design.  Vim ;  imp.3  T.  Caesar 
Aug.  f.  cos.  VI,  desig.  V[II],  Domitianus  Caesar  Aug.  f.  |  cos. 
V,  desig.  VI,4  vias  a  novo  munierunt  |  per  L.  Antonium 
Nasonem  proc.2  eorum. 

C.  L  L.  III.  Suppl.  6993.  Found  at  Prusa  (Brussa),  Bithynia.  *  See  page 
129.  2  A  coin  with  the  head  of  Vespasian  gives  the  name  of  the  same 
procurator  (Eckhel,  II.,  p.  404).  3  Note  the  praenomen  imp(erator} 
possessed  by  Titus  before  having  the  name  Augustus  (Mommsen,  Wiener 
Numism.  Zeitschr.  III.,  p.  458  ff.,  1871.  T.  imp.  Caes.  Aug.  f.  appears  in 
another  inscription  (Arch.  Ep.  Mitth.  V.,  p.  216)  and  on  some  coins.  4  The 
date  of  the  sixth  consulship  of  Domitian  is  uncertain.  The  coincidence 
of  three  coss.  designati  is  remarkable. 

24.  senatus  populusq.  Romanus  |  imp.  Tito  Caesari  divi  Vespasiani 

f.  Vespasian[o]  Augusto  pontif.  max.,  trib.  pot.  X,1  imp. 
XVII,  [c]os.  VIII,1  p.  p.  principi  suo,  |  quod  praeceptis  patr[?'s] 
consiliisq.  et  auspiciis  gentem  ludaeorum  domuit  et  urbem 
Hierusolymam,  omnibus  ante  se  ducibus  regibus  gentibus  aut 
frustra  petitam  aut  omnino  inteni[^>]tatem,  delevit. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  944.  From  an  arch  in  the  Circus  Maximus  at  Rome.  It  is 
preserved  in  a  copy,  the  original  of  which  was  made  before  the  ninth 
century,  and  is  given  in  the  Codex  Einsiedlensis.  l  See  page  129. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  EMPERORS  AND  THEIR  FAMILIES     155 

25.  imperator  Caesar    divi  Vespasian!  f.      Domitianus  Aug.     Ger- 

manicus,  pontifex  |  maxsumus,  tribuniciae  potestatis  VIIII, 
imp.  XXI,  cos.  XV,  censor  |  perpetuus,  p.  p.,  ab  arcu,  |  imde 
incipit  Baetica,  |  viam  Aug.2  [restitute]  

C.  I.  L.  II.  4721.  A  miliarium  now  at  Cordova  (Corduba),  in  Spain.  1  See 
page  130.  2  Augusta  via  as  made  by  Augustus. 

26.  Domitiae  Cn.  f.  |  Domitiani  Caesaris  j  d.  d. 

C.  L  L.  X.  1422.  Found  at  Herculaneum  in  the  theatre,  now  in  museum 
at  Naples.  Domitia  was  the  daughter  of  Cn.  Domitius  Corbulo,  and 
married  Doinitian  in  70  A.D.  The  inscription  dates  between  70  A.D.  and 
the  time  of  the  destruction  of  the  city,  79  A.D. 

27.  imp.  Caesar  |  Nerva  Aug.  Germ,    pontif.  max.,  trib.  |  potest.  Ill, 

cos.  IIII,  p.  p.,    viam  a  Tripontio  ad  |  Forum  Appi  ex  glarea 
silice  sternendam    sua  pecunia  incohavit ;  |  imp.  Caes.    Nerva 
divi  Nerv[ae /]     Trai[a]nus  Aug.     Germ.  p[ow£.  m]ax.,    trib. 
potest.,  cos.  Ill,  p.  [p.],  consummavit. 

C.  /.  L.  X.  6824.  A  miliarium  of  the  Via  Appia,  near  Forum  Appii, 
where  it  still  exists.  Determine  date  from  page  131. 

28.  senatus  populusque  Eomanus  |  imp.  Caesari  divi  Nervae  f.  ISTer- 

vae  |  Traiano  Aug.  Germ.  Dacico  pontif.  |  maximo,  trib.  pot. 
XVII,  imp.  VI,  cos.  VI,  p.  p.,  |  ad  declarandum  quantae  alti- 
tudinis  |  moiis  et  locus  tantjj's  opejribus l  sit  egestus. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  960.  On  the  pedestal  of  Trajan's  Column  in  the  Forum  of 
Trajan,  in  Rome,  still  in  existence.  1  Another  reading  is  tantis  viribus. 
Dio,  LXVIII.  16.  See  also  Jordan,  Topog.  I.  2,  p.  454.  Middleton's 
Remains  of  Ancient  Eome,  vol.  II.  30  ff . 

29.  s.  p.  q.  B.     imp.  Caesari  divi  Traiani  |  Parthici  f.  divi  Nervae 

nepoti  |  Traiano  Hadriano  Aug.  pont.  |  max.,  tr[^.]  pot.  II, 
cos.  II,  |  qui  primus  omnium  principum  et  |  solus  remittendo 
sestertium  novies  |  milies  centena  milia  n.  debitum  fiscis  |  non 
praesentes  tantum  cives  suos  sed  |  et  posteros  eorum  praestitit 
hac  [  liberalitate  securos. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  067.  From  the  Forum  of  Trajan  in  Rome.  The  letters  were 
once  formed  of  bronze  set  in  the  stone.  Only  a  small  portion  exists 


156  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

to-day,  the  remainder  being  obtained  from  a  copy  made  before  the 
ninth  century,  preserved  in  the  Codex  Einsiedlensis. 

30.  imp.   Caes.   divi   Traiani     Part.   f.    divi   Nervae   n.  |  Traianus 

Hadrianus  Aug.  |  pont.  max.,  trib.  pot.  XX,  cos.  Ill,  p.  p.,    I. 
S.  m.  r.1  statuam  ex  donis  aureis  |  et  arg.  vetustate  corruptis 
fieri  et  consecrari  iussit  |  ex  auri  p.  Ill  ~  2  et  arg.  p.  CCVI  ~ 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  2088.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Lanuvium,  now 
at  Rome,  in  the  Capitoline  Museum.  l  lUnoni  Sospiti  matri  reginae. 
2  ex  auri  pondo  (libris}  tribus  uncia  una. 

31.  Matidiae      divae   Marcianae      [J.]ug.1   nepti   divae  |  Matidiae 

Aug.2  f.  divae  |  Sabinae  Aug.  sorori  imp.  Antomni  Aug.  Pii  | 
materterae,3  bule  et  civitas  |  Efesidrum,  c.  a.4  Successd  lib.5 
proc. 

C.  /.  L.  III.  Suppl.  7123.  Found  at  Ephesus  among  the  ruins  of  the  temple 
of  Diana.  l  Sister  of  Trajan.  2  Mother-in-law  of  Hadrian.  3  Matidia  is 
called  the  aunt  of  Antoninus,  inasmuch  as  she  was  the  sister  of  his 
adoptive  father's  wife,  Sabina.  4  c(uram)  a(gente).  5  lib^erto}  pro- 
c(uratore). 

32.  imp.  Caesar  divi  Hadriani  fil.  divi  Traiani  Parthici  nep.  divi 

\_Nervae\  \  pronepos  T.  Aelius  Hadrianus  Antoninus  Aug.  Pius 
pontif.  max.,  trib.  potes[£.  II,  cos.  II,']1  \  thermas,  in  quarum 
exstructionem  divos  pater  suus  -HS  |XX]2  po\\i[citus  eraf], 
adiecta  pecunia,  quanta  amplius  desiderabatur,  item  marmori- 
bus  ad  omnem  o[rnatum  perfedf]. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  98.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Ostia,  now  in  the 
Vatican  Museum.  *  Mommsen  assigns  this  inscription  to  139  A.D.,  since 
there  is  no  room  for  imp.  II,  which  belongs  to  Antoninus  Pius  from  143 
A.D.,  nor  p.  p.,  the  use  of  which  dates  from  the  middle  of  139  A.D. 
2  Sestertium  vicies  (centena  milicf).  Cf.  Minucius  Felix,  Octavius  4. 

33.  M.  Aurelio  Vero  |  Caesari  imp.  Cae|saris  Titi  Aelii  Ha|driani 

Antoni|ni  Aug.  Pii  p.  p.  filio,  |  cos.  II,  scaphari  qui  Eomulae  | 
negotiantur  d.  s.  p.  d.  d. 

G.  /.  L.  II.  1169.  Found  at  Sevilla  (Hispalis),  Spain,  preserved  only  in  copy. 
It  was  probably  set  up  in  company  with  a  similar  inscription  of  Antoninus 
Pius,  II.  1168,  and  dates  with  that  in  tribunicia  potestate  VIIII,  146  A.D. 


UNIVERSIT 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  EMPERORS  AND  THEIR  FAMILIES     157 

34.  L.  Aelio   Aurelio   |  Commodo      imperatoris    Caesa|ris    T.    Aeli 

Hadri|ani  Antonini  |  Aug.  Pii  p.  p.  f.,  |  d.  d.  p.  p. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  50.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  El  Djem 
(Thysdrus),  in  Africa.  This  is  the  form  of  the  name  of  Lucius  Verus, 
afterwards  emperor,  after  his  adoption  by  Antoninus  Pius,  and  before 
his  brother  Marcus  Aurelius  had  conferred  upon  him  the  cognomen 
Verus  and  a  share  in  the  imperial  power. 

35.  imp.   Caes.    divi   An|toiiini   Pii   fil.   divi      Hadriani   iiep.    di|vi 

Traiani  Parthi|ci  pronep.  divi  Ner|vae  abnepoti     L.  Aurelio 
Vero  Aug.  |  Armeniaco  pont.    maximo,  trib.  pot.  Ill,  [imp.  II, 
c]os.  II,  d.  d. 
C.  I.  L.  X.  17.    Found  at  Locri  (Torre  di  Gerace),  Brutium,  where  it  still  exists. 

36.  Coiicordiae  |  Augustor.      imp.  Caes.  M.  Aureli  Anto|nini  Arme- 

iiiac.  Medic.  Par|thic.  inaximi  p.  p.1  et  imp.  Caes.  L.  Aureli 
Veri  Armeniaci  Medici  Parthici  maximi  p.  p.,1  L.  G-argilius 
Q.  til.  Pap.  Augustalis  aed.  |  statuam,  quam  ob  lionorem  |  aed.2 
super  legitim.3  ex  4+S  IIII  mil.  num.  pollicitus  est,  ampli- 
\_ata}  pec.4  anno  suo  posuit  dedicavitq. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  8800.  Found  at  Cuicul  in  Province  of  Numidia.  l  Marcus 
and  Verus  appear  to  have  been  termed  patres  patriae  in  166  A.  P.  after 
the  month  of  March.  2  aed(ilitatis).  3  legitim(am~).  4  pcc(unia}. 

37.  imp.  Caesar  M.  Aurelius  |  Antoninus  Aug.     Germanicus  Sarmat. 

et  |  imp.  Caesar  L.  Aurelius  |  Commodus  Aug.  Germanicus 
Sarmatic.  |  hos  lapides  constitui  iusserunt  propter  contro- 
versias  quae  |  inter  mercatores  et  mancipes  ortae  erant,  uti 
finem  demonstrarent  vectigali  foriculari1  et  ansarii  |  pro- 
mercalium  secundum  |  veterem  legem  semel  dumjtaxat  exi- 
gundo. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1016  a.  Found  at  Rome,  where  it  exists  to-day  in  Villa  Albani. 
A  similar  inscription,  somewhat  imperfect,  was  found  near  the  walls  of 
the  city,  back  of  the  Lateran  Basilica  (Ephem.  Ep.  IV.  787).  Two 
others  are  given  in  the  Einsiedlensis  MS.,  which  are  there  assigned,  the 
one  to  the  via  Salaria,  the  other  to  the  via  Flaminia,  so  that  it  is  prob- 
able that  other  stones  were  placed  on  other  roads  about  the  city.  These 
stones  were  set  up  between  177  A.U.  in  the  year  in  which  Commodus  was 


158  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

called  Augustus,  and  the  year  in  which  Marcus  Aurelius  died,  180  A.D. 
1  fonculari  for  foriculiari ;  nothing  is  known  as  to  the  character  of  this 
tax,  but  the  ansarium  is  mentioned  in  another  inscription,  VI.  8594, 
thus  :  quidquid  usuarium  (i.e.  intended  for  the  use  of  the  purchaser) 
invehitur,  ansarium  non  debet.  (Dessau.) 

38.  Faustin[a]e  Aug.  |  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aureli  |  Antoninfj]  Aug.  Ger- 

inanici  tr.  \_po~\i.  XXVII,1  cos.  ![//],  p.  p.,  C.  Laberiu[s 
Qjuartinus  cos.,  VII  [vi]r  epul. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  5824.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Ferentinum,  a  town 
of  the  Hernici,  where  it  exists  to-day  in  the  museum. 

39.  imp.  Caes.     M.  Aurelius  |  Commodus1  |  Antoninus  |  Aug.  Pius 

Sarm.  |  Germ,  maximus  |  Brittanicus  2  pont.  max.,  trib.  pot. 
VIIII,3  imp.  VI,  cos.  IIII,  p.  p.  pontem  Hippi  flumi|nis 
vetustate  cor|ruptum  restituit,  |  sumptum  et  operas  submini- 
strantibus  |  Novensibus  Delmi|nensibus  Biditis,  cu|rante  et 
dedicante  L.  lunio  Rufino  Procujliano  leg.  pr.  pr. 
G.  I.  L.  III.  3202.  Found  at  Trigl  in  Dalmatia,  now  in  the  museum  at  Spa- 
lato.  !  This  word  has  been  partially  erased,  but  is  still  legible.  2  Com- 
niodus  seems  to  have  been  called  Britannicus  in  184  A.D.  (Eckhel  VII.  1 12.) 

40.  imp.  Caes.   Lucio  Septimio  M.  fil.  Severo  Pio  Pertinaci  Aug. 

patri  patriae  Parthico  Arabico  et  |  Parthico  Adiabenico  ponti- 
fic.  maximo,  tribunic.  potest.  XI,  imp.  XI,  cos.  Ill,  procos.  et  | 
imp.  Caes.  M.  Aurelio  L.  fil.  Antonino  Aug.  Pio  Felici  tribunic. 
potest.  VI,  cos.  procos.,  (p.  p.,  |  optimis  fortissimisque  principi- 
bus),  ob  rein  publicam  restitutam  imperiumque  populi  Roman! 
propagatum  insignibus  virtutibus  eorum  domi  forisque,  s.  p. 
q.K. 

C.  /.  L.  VI.  1033.  Inscribed  on  both  sides  of  the  famous  arch  of  Severus 
in  the  Forum  Romanum,  in  large  letters,  which  were  originally  filled 
with  bronze.  When  Caracalla  had  murdered  his  brother  Geta,  he  ordered 
his  name  to  be  erased  from  all  inscriptions,  hence  the  words  in  angular 
brackets  have  been  cut  over  the  erased  name  P.  Septimio  L.  fil.  Getae 
nobiliss.  Caesari.  For  date  see  page  136.  It  is  curious  that  in  a  public 
inscription  the  pmenomen  is  written  in  full ;  also  that  Marcus  Aurelius 
is  not  termed  divus,  and  that  Parthici  maximi  does  not  appear  with  name 
of  Severus.  (Dessau. ) 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  EMPERORS  AND  THEIR  FAMILIES     159 

41.  imp.  Caes.  L.  Septimio  Severe  Pio  Pertinaci  Aug.  Arabic.  Adia- 

beiiic.  Parth.  max.  fortissimo  felicissimo  pontif.  max.,  trib. 
potest.  XII,  imp.  XI,  cos.  Ill,  patri  patriae,  et  |  imp.  Caes.  M. 
Aurelio  Antonino  Pio  Felici  Aug.  trib.  potest.  VII,  cos.  {Hi, 
p.  p.,  procos.  fortissimo  felicissiinoque  principi)  et  |  luliae 
Aug.  matri  Aug.  (n)  et  castrorum  et  (senatus  et  patriae  et) 
imp.  Caes.  M.  Aureli  Antonirii  Pii  Felicis  Aug.  (Parthici 
maximi  Brittannici  maximi),  |  argentari  et  negotiantes  boari 
huius  (loci  qui  invelient),1  devoti  numini  eorum. 
C.  L  L.  VI.  1035.  On  the  Arch  of  Severus  in  the  Forum  Boarium.  The 
bracketed  portions  are  substitutes  for  erasures,  probably  of  the  follow,- 
ing:  cos.  et  P.  Septimio  Getae  Caesari,  et  luliae  Aug.  matri  Augg.  et 
castrorum,  ct  Fulviae  Plautillae  Aug.  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aureli  Antonini 
Pii  Felicis  Aug.  uxori,  filiae  P.  Fulvii  Plautiani.  l  Substituted  for 
simply  loci. 

42.  Concordiae  |  Augg[#]  |  dominorum     nnfV]1  |  impp.  L.  Septimi 

Severi  et  M.  Au|reli  Antonini  (Pi(i)  Fel.  Aug.  Parth.  max.  | 
Brit.  max.  Ger.)2  AuggQ/]1  |  et  luliae  Aug.  |  L.  Liciuius  Opta- 
tia|nus  ob  honorem  fl.  pp.3  statuas,  quas  |  ex  -&S  XX  m.  n. 
cum  basib.  praeter  le|gitim.4  pollicitus  |  est,  ampliata  pec.  |  ex 


•&S  XXXV  m.  n.  posuit  easque  sportulis  decuri  datis  et 
epul.  curi|is,  et  ludis  scae  nicis  editis,  de|dicavit. 
Ephem.  Ep.  VII.  757.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Timghad  (Thamu- 
gadi),  in  Africa.  l  The  third  g  and  third  n  are  erased  as  referring  to 
Geta.  2  Substitution  for  name  of  Geta.  *flamonii  perpetui.  4  legitimam 
summam,  i.e.  the  amount  allowed  by  law  ob  honorem  flaminii. 

43.  M.  Aurelio  Antonino  Caesari  imperatori  destinato  l  imperatoris 
Caes.  |  L.  Septimi  Severi  Pii  Pertinacis  Aug.  Arabici  Adiabe- 
nici  vindicis  et  conditoris  Romanae  disciplinae  filio  divi  M. 
Antouiui  Pii  Ger.  Sarm.  nepoti  divi  Antonini  Pii  pronepoti 
divi  Hadriani  abnepoti  divi  Traiani  Parjthici  et  divi  Nervae 
adnepoti,  decreto  decurionum  pecunia  public.,  |  Q.  Anicius 
Faustus  leg.  Augustorum 2  pro  praetore  patr.  col.  dedicavit. 
Ephem.  Ep.  VII.  353.  Inscribed  on  a  tablet  found  at  Timghad  (Thamu- 
gadi),  in  Africa.  1 197  A.D.  2As  Caracalla  did  not  receive  the  title 
Augustus  until  198,  we  would  not  expect  Faustus  to  be  termed  legatus 
Augustorum  in  the  previous  year. 


160 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


44.  [P.  Septimio  Getae  noUlis\simo  Caesari  Aug.~\  \  imp.  Caes.  L. 

Septimi  Sever!  Pii  Pertinacis  Aug.  |  Arab.  Adiab.  Part.  max. 
fortissi|mi  felicissimi  pont.  max.,  |  trib.  potest.  VII,  imp.  XI, 
cos.  II,  p.  p.,  procos.  i\il.~\  \  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aureli  Antonini 
Aug.  |  trib.  potest.  II,  procos.  \_fratri\  \  divi  M.  Aiitonirii  Pii 
Ger.  Sarm.  [_nep~\.  divi  Antonini  Pii  pi^onep']  divi  Hadriani 
&[bnep.~\  divi  Traia|ni  Part,  et  divi  Nervae  a[efoiep],  col.  Aejlia 
Aurelia  Mactaris,  d.  d.  p.  p. 

Ephem.  Ep.  V.  1174.     Inscription  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Mactaris  in  Africa. 
The  name  of  Geta  and  words  referring  to  him  have  been  erased. 

45.  imp.  Caes.     M.  Opellius  Severus     Macrinus  Pius  Felix  |  Aug. 

pont.  max.,  trib.  p.  II,1  |  p.  p.,  cos.,  procos.  et  M.  |  Opellius 
Antoninus  |  Diaduminianus  nobiliss.  Caes.  princ.  inventut.,  | 
providentissimi  |  Augg.,  fecer.  ab  Ag.  m.  p.2  |  LVI. 
C.  L  L.  III.  5708.  A  miliarium  found  at  S.  Lorenzen  (Tyrol),  on  a  road 
leading  from  Aguontum  (Lienz)  into  Rhaetia.  l  See  page  137.  2  ab 
Aguonto  milia  pasuum. 

46.  [/ionjori  im|j9.  |  M.~\  AurelfTji1  Anto|[?i]ini  Pii  Felicis  Aug.,  | 

[sajcerd.  amp[7.]  invic|ti  Solis  Elagabaj[^',  p]ont.  max.,  trib. 
pot.  |  .  .  .  ,  cos.  HI,2  p.  p.,  I  [«.]  p.  q.  F.3 

G.  L  L.  X.  5827.     A  marble  tablet  found  at  Ferentinum,  existing  in  copy. 
1  Aurelii.    '2  See  page  137.     3  Senatus  populusque  Ferentinas. 

47.  pro   salute   domini     nostri   imperator.      Severi   Alexandri1  Pii 

Augusti  et  |  luliae  Maesae1  et   luliae  Avitae  Mameae1  sanctissi- 

marum  Augustarum,  |  Genio  sancto  castror.  peregrinorum  T. 
Fulvius  Domitianus  domo  Nicomedia,  quod  speculator  leg. 
Ill  Parth.  |  Severianae  vovit,  has|tatus  leg.  X  Fretensis  | 
princeps  peregrinorum  |  reddedit. 

Bull,  deir  1st.   1884,  p.  27.     Found   in  the  Atrium  of  Vesta  at  Rome. 
1  These  names  are  partially  erased,  but  are  still  legible. 

48.  imp.  Caes.  |  C.  lulius  |  Verus    Maxi[mmits  P.  F.~\  invictus  Aug.,  | 

Aquileiensium    restitutor  |  et  conditor,    viam  quoque  |  gemi- 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  EMPERORS  AND  THEIR  FAMILIES     161 


nam  |  a  porta  usque  |  ad  pontem1  |  per  tirones  |  iuventut. 
novae  |  Italicae  suae  dilectus  posterior.,  longi  temporis  |  labe 
corruptain,  munivit  ac  restituit. 

C.  L  L.  V.  7989.  Inscribed  on  stone  found  at  Aquileia,  Venetia,  where  it 
still  exists  in  Museum  of  Cassis.  :  Mommsen  considers  this  the  bridge 
over  the  Sontius,  distant  about  fifteen  miles  from  Aquileia,  which  is 
referred  to  by  authors  ;  cf.  Herodianus,  8.  4. 

49.  [im]p.  Caesari     \_M.  Ant^omo  Gordiand    \_Pio~\  Felici  invicto 

Augusto     poiitif.  max.,  trib.  pot.  II,      cos.,  procos.,  p.  p.; 
Numisius  Quintianus  v.  p.,1  |  ab  epistulis  Latinis,  |  devotus 
numini  [  maiestatique  eius. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1088.  Found  at  Home  in  the  baths  of  Caracalla,  existing  now 
in  copy.  l  v(ir)  p(erfectissimus)  . 

50.  Furiae   Sabiniae  |  Tranquillinae      sanctissimae   Aug.      coniugi 

domini  n.  |  imp.  Caes.  M.  Antoni  Gordiani  Pii  Felicis  invicti 
Aug.,  decuriales  geruli  l  et  h.  u.,2  devoti  numini  maiestatiq.  eor. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1096.  On  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Rome,  where  a  part  is 
still  to  be  seen  in  the  Vatican.  l  The  carriers  of  letters  and  documents 
who  belonged  to  the  Apparitores  of  Rome,  and  formed  a  decuria. 
2  li(pnore}  u(si). 

51.  Victoriae  reducis  dd.  nn.      [imp.  Caes.  M.  lulii  Philippi  *]  |  Pii 


Felicis  Aug.  et  \_0taci~\liae  Se[verae]  Aug.  [co»]jiugi  d.  n., 
milites  leg.  II  Parth.  \_Philippianae]  p.  f.  f.  |  aet.,2  q.  m.  c.3 
Oclatin[£]o  Ad|vento  cos.,4  quorum  nomi|na  cum  tribus5  et 
patri|is  inserta  sunt,  devo|ti  numini  maiestati|que  eorum  d.  X 
k.  Aug.  Pere|grino  et  Aemiliano,6  in  his  |  0  et  evok.7  Augg.  nn., 
cura  age|[w]te  Pompon.  luliano  R.8  leg.  eius. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  2258.  Found  at  Rome,  to  which  place  it  was  probably  brought 
from  the  camp  of  the  legion  at  Alba,  existing  in  copy.  *  The  name  of 
Philippus  and  his  wife  are  wanting,  probably  because  erased.  2  P(iae) 
f(idelis)  f(elicis)  aet(ernae).  sq(ui)  m(ilitare)  c(oeperunt).  4  218  A.D. 
5  Read  tribu(bu)s.  6  consulibus,  July  23,  244  A.D.  7  In  his  (centuriones) 
et  evok(atus)  Aug(ustorum)  n(ostrorum)  .  8  Not  understood. 

52.    imp.  Caes.  C.  Vibio  Treboniano  Gallo  Pio  Telici  A[wgr]    pontif. 
max.,  trib.  potest.  IIII,1  cos.  II,  p.  p.,  procos.,  [ef]    imp.  Caes. 

LAT.  INSCRIP.  —  11 


162  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  Vibio  Afinio  Gallo  Veldumniano  V[oZtm'cmo]  \  Pio  Felici 
Aug.  pontif.  max.,  trib.  potest.  IIII,1  cos.  II,  p.  p.,  p[rocos], 

tribus    Palatiiia    corp.    iuniorum    iuvenal.    hoii 2 

client.,  devoti  iiumini  maiestatique  eor[w>i],  homines  num. 
DCCCCLXVIII.3 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1104.  Cf.  p.  844.  Found  at  Rome.  1  253  A.D.  2  hnnorati  to 
which  clientes  is  opposed.  3  For  this  number  see  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  III. 
265  n.  3. 

53.  imp.  Caes.  P.  Licinius  |  Valerianus  Pius  Fel.  Aug.  pon.  |  max. 

Germ,  max.,  trib.  pot.  VII,1  cos.  IIII,  |  p.  p.,  procos.  et  imp. 
Caes.  P.  Licinius  Gallienus  Germ.  Pius  Pel.  Aug.  pont.  max., 
trib.  |  pot.  VII,  cos.  Ill,  p.  p.,  procos.  et  P.  Cornelius  Saloni- 
nus  |  Valerianus  nobiliss.  Caes.,  pont.  Secul.2  vi  ignis  consumpt. 
indulg.  |  sua  restitui  curaverunt. 

C.  /.  L.  XI.  826.  Inscribed  on  a  tablet  of  granite  found  near  Modena 
(Mutina),  now  in  the  museum  of  that  place.  1  See  page  142.  2pont(em} 
Secul(ae},  where  the  Via  Aemilia  crossed  the  river,  a  place  now  called 
Secchia. 

54.  Gallieno  clementissimo  principi,  cuius  invicta  virtus  sola  pietate 

superata  est,  et  Saloninae  sanctissimae  Aug.,  |  Aurelius  Victor 
v.  e.  dicatissimus  numini  maiestatique  eorum. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1106.  On  the  Arch  of  Gallienus,  which  stands  on  the  Esquiline 
near  the  church  of  S.  Vito,  Rome.  Cf.  Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  Ch.  X. 

55.  imp.  Caes.    L.  Domitio  Au|reliano  Pio  Fe.  |  invicto  Aug.    Ara- 

bico  max.  |  Gothico  max.  |  Carpico  max.,  |  trib.  p.  Ill,  cos.  Ill, 
procos.  Ill,  princi|pi  n.,  ordo  Bare,    numini  maiestatiq.  eius. 
(7.  J.  L.  II.  4506.     Found  at  Barcelona  (Barcino,  Tarraconensis),  Spain, 
existing  in  copy.     For  date  see  page  144. 

56.  providentissimo    principi,  rectori  |  orbis  ac  domino,    fundatori 

pacis  |  aeternae  Diocletiano  P.  F.  |  invicto  Aug.  pont.  |  max., 
Ger.  max.,  Pers.  max.,  trib.  pot.  VII,1  |  cos.  IIII,  patri  pat.,  | 
procos.,  Sept.  |  [  Fa?e]ntio  v.  p.,  p.  p.  R.,  |  d.  n.  m.  que  eius  d.2  d. 

O.  /.  L.  III.  5810.  Found  at  Augsburg  (Augusta  Vindelicorum),  where  it 
exists  to-day.  l  See  page  146.  2  vir  perfectissimus,  praeses  provincias 
Raetiae,  devotus  numini  maiestatique  eius  dedit  dedicavit. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  EMPERORS  AND  THEIR  FAMILIES     163 

57.  dd.  nn.  Diocletianus  et   Maximianus   invicti    seniores  Augg.,1 

patres  impp.  et  Caess.,  et  dd.  nn.  Constantius  et  Maximianus 
invicti  Augg.,  et  |  Severus  et  Maximinus  nobilissimi  Caesares 

tliermas  felices  [.ZKojcletianas,  quas  [ M ]  aximianus  Aug.  re- 
\diens]  ex  Africa  sub  [pr]  aesentia  maie  [stag's]  disposuit  ac 
[/]ieri  iussit  et  Diocletian!  Aug.  fratris  sui  |  nomini  consecra- 
vit,  coemptis  aedificiis  pro  tanti  operis  magnitudiiie  omni 
cultu  perfectas  Eomanis  suis  dedicaverunt. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1130.  Dessau  646.  Inscription  on  a  tablet  from  the  baths  of 
Diocletian  in  Rome.  It  was  seen  in  complete  form  by  the  author  of  the 
MS.  Anonyinus  Einsiedlensis,  while  authors  of  the  sixteenth  century 
described  two  pieces  of  the  same.  Portions  of  another  stone  with  simi- 
lar inscription  have  since  appeared  (  C.  /.  L.  VI.  p.  845 ;  Ephem.  Ep.  IV.  794 ; 
Notizie,  1890,  p.  185).  l  Diocletian  and  Maximian,  after  their  abdication 
on  the  kalends  of  May,  305,  were  termed  seniores  Augusti  before  the 
news  was  received  of  the  death  of  Constantius  at  Eboracum  a.  d.  VIII 
kal.  Aug.  306. 

58.  imp.  Caes.  Fl.  Constantino  maximo 
P.  F.  Augusto  s.  p.  q.  R., 

quod  instinctu  divinitatis,  mentis 

magnitudine,  cum  exercitu  suo 

tarn  de  tyranno ]  quam  de  omni  eius 

factione  uno  tempore  iustis 

rem  publicam  ultus  est  armis, 

arcum  triumphis  insignem  dicavit. 
2  3 

liberator!  urbis  (JfarcV)  («£«**.)  fundatori  quietis 

4  5 

sic.  X  sic.  XX    (°^f )  (0;«cf )  votis  X  votis  XX 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1139.  On  the  celebrated  Arch  of  Constantine,  Rome.  Some 
have  held  that  these  words  instinctu  divinitatis  were  insertions  in  place 
of  an  erasure  of  some  other  words  nutu  lovis  o.  m. ;  de  Ross,  Bull,  di 
Arch.  Crist.  1863,  p.  58,  refutes  this.  l  The  tyrant  Maxentius  was  con- 
quered in  312  A.D.  The  arch  probably  dates  315  A.D.,  as  is  indicated  by 
reference  to  the  ten  years  of  his  reign,  sic.  X  sic.  XX  apparently  means 
"  as  he  has  reigned  ten,  so  may  he  reign  twenty,"  while  votis  may  refer 
to  the  decennalia  or  vicennalia. 


CHAPTER   VI 

OFFICIAL  TITLES 
CURSUS   HONORUM 

CORRESPONDING  to  the  titles  given  with  the  names  of  the  emperors, 
there  appear  also  in  the  inscriptions,  after  the  names  of  those  who 
have  taken  part  in  public  life,  the  designations  of  official  positions 
which  have  been  held,  arranged  regularly  in  an  order  determined  by 
their  importance  and  grade.  This  collection  of  titles  sets  forth  what 
is  known  as  the  cursus  honorum,  which  may  be  denned  as  the  suc- 
cession of  official  stations  through  which  a  person  must  pass  in  order 
to  obtain  the  position  of  the  highest  rank. 

In  the  early  Roman  Republic  the  principle  of  official  promotion, 
whereby  eligibility  for  the  various  magistracies  depended  upon  the 
previous  tenure  of  those  of  lower  grade,  and  the  intervention  of  a 
certain  period  of  time,  was  held  in  an  informal  way  until  B.C.  180, 
when  a  certus  ordo  magistratuum  was  definitely  established  by  the  Lex 
Villia  Annalis.  This  consisted  of  the  quaestorship,  curule  aedileship, 
praetorship,  consulship,  with  a  preliminary  military  service  of  ten 
years,  and  an  interval  of  at  least  two  years  between  the  various 
magistracies.  The  time  of  Sulla  and  the  later  days  of  the  Republic 
witnessed  various  modifications  in  the  regulations  governing  this 
cursus  honorum.  Under  the  Empire,  however,  it  found  its  fullest 
development  and  most  important  application. 

Roman  society,  at  the  close  of  the  Republic,  may  be  classified  in 
three  divisions  :  the  senatorial  order,  the  equestrian  order,  the  plebs. 
This  classification  and  partition  of  citizens  on  the  basis  of  rank 
already  determined  under  the  Republic  was  employed  by  Augustus 
and  his  successors  in  establishing  and  developing  the  imperial 
government. 

164 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  165 

To  those  of  senatorial  rank  were  assigned  the  old  republican 
magistracies,  while  to  the  members  of  a  select  body  of  the  knights 
were  given  the  important  praefecturae,  such  as  that  of  Egypt,  and 
by  degrees  other  offices  of  administration  which  were  closely  related 
to  the  princeps. 

Subordinate  officers,  both  civil  and  military,  also  officials  of  the- 
various  collegia,  were  selected  from  the  plebs.  Thus  in  the  imperial 
period  there  were  in  existence  three  careers  of  official  service  (cursus 
honorum),  open  respectively  to  those  of  senatorial  and  equestrian 
rank  and  to  the  commonalty. 

The  cursus  honorum  appears  in  the  inscriptions  arranged  on  the 
generally  applied  principle  of  an  ascending  or  descending  series. 
In  the  ascending  series,  the  direct  order,  the  lowest  position  is  men- 
tioned first,  and  the  highest  last,  while  in  the  descending  series,  the 
inverse  order,  the  highest  is  mentioned  first  and  the  lowest  last.1 

This  principle  is  found  applied  in  various  ways,  as,  for  example, 
when  in  the  same  inscription  honores  ordinarii  are  given  in  descend- 
ing order,  while  others,  extra  ordinem,  appear  in  ascending  order.2 

SENATORIAL  CURSUS  HONORUM 

This  career  was  open  to  senators  and  all  of  senatorial  rank,  namely, 
those  who  possessed  the  requisite  property  of  one  million  sesterces, 
and  were  either  the  sons  of  senators  or  had  been  raised  to  the  sena- 
torial rank  by  the  emperor. 

Before  a  candidate  was  qualified  to  stand  for  the  quaestorship, 
which  was  the  key  to  the  senatorial  cursus,  two  preliminary  forms 
of  service  were  demanded  : 

1st.  The  holding  of  one  of  a  group  of  minor  offices  of  annual 
tenure,  known  as 

Vigintiviri.    XX  VIRI 

a]    Triumvir  capitalis,  III  V  •  CAP,   KAPIT.     Function,  —  Execution  of 
capital  sentences. 

1  Borghesi,  CEuvres,  IV.,  p.  103.     As  to  the  consulship  and  the  sacerdotium, 
see  page  168. 

2  See  inscriptions,  p.  170. 


166  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

6)  Triumvir  monetalis,  III  V-  MON,  —  auro  argento  aere  flando  feri- 
undo  —  ill  V  •  A  •  A  •  A  •  F  •  F.  Function,  —  Coinage  of  copper  money 
struck  by  the  senate. 

c)  Quattuorvir  viarum  curandarum,  III!  V  •  V,  VI  AR  -  CVR,  CVRANDAR. 

Function,  —  Supervision  of  city  streets  and  roads. 

d)  Decemvir  stlitibns  iudicandis,  XV  •  STL,  STLIT  •  IVD,  IVDIC.     Func- 
•  tion,  —  Member  of  court  having  cognizance  in  civil  cases. 

The  vigiiitivirate  disappeared  during  the  third  century. 
2d.     The  serving  at  least  a  year  as 


Tribunus  (xiXfopxos)  militum  laticlavius,1  TR,  TRIB  •  M,  MIL  •  L,  LAT, 
LATIC,  LATICL 

This  office  could  be  held  either  before  or  after  the  vigintivirate. 
After  the  Flavian  emperors,  however,  it  regularly  followed  the  pre- 
liminary magistracies.  In  the  time  of  the  Empire  the  tribunate  of 
the  soldiers  had  importance  mainly  as  a  tirocinium  for  young  nobles. 
and  as  introductory  to  the  quaestorship.  The  appointment  to  this 
position  came  from  the  emperor.  Only  in  rare  instances  was  this 
service  disregarded,  but  after  the  early  part  of  the  third  century  it 
was  no  longer  required. 

The  magistracies  which  followed  were  the  quaestorship,  tribunate 
of  the  plebs  or  aedileship,  praetorship,  consulship.  The  age  required 
for  the  quaestorship  was  twenty-five  years;  for  the  praetorship, 
thirty  years.  A  period  of  at  least  a  year  must  intervene  between 
the  first  three  of  these,  and  of  two  years  between  the  last  two. 

As  a  patrician  was  ineligible  to  the  tribunate  of  the  plebs  or  the 
plebeian  aedileship,  he  could  pass  directly  from  the  quaestorship  to 
the  praetorship.  Both  the  tribunate  of  the  plebs  and  the  aedileship 
disappeared  during  the  third  century. 

The  four  magistracies  were  nominally  of  annual  tenure,  although 
the  consulship  was  no  longer,  as  a  rule,  held  through  the  year. 
Consuls  were  either  ordinarii,  entering  upon  their  duties  on  the  first 

1  Augustus  at  times  made  prospective  senators  praefecti  alae,  as  well  as  tribuni 
militum,  although  later  on  the  former  position  was  held  almost  exclusively  by 
those  of  the  equestrian  order.  Suetonius,  Aug.  38.  Veil.  Pat.  XI.  104.  C.  1.  L. 
XIV.  2105. 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  167 

of 'January,  and  giving  their  names  to  the  year,1  or  suffecti,  from 
whose  number  were  selected  the  groups  of  two  who  should  hold 
office  for  portions  of  the  year. 

TABLE  OF  SENATORIAL  MAGISTRACIES 

(in  ascending  order). 

I.    Quaestor  (ra^as,  /cua^rwp) Q,  QVAE,  QVAES,  QVAESIT 

"        pro  praetore  —  provinciae     ...          -  PRO,  PR  •  PR 

"        urbanus -     -  VRB 

"        candidates •     -  K,  CAND,  KAN  DID 

"        Augusti,  Caesaris -     -  AVG,  CAES 

"        designatus -     -  DES 

II.    Aedilis  (dyopdvopos) AED,  AEDIL,  AID 

"        curulis  (KovpovXrjs') -     —  CVR 

"        plebis  (5T/,uoTt/c6s) -     -  PL 

"        cerealis       •     -  CER 

II.  Tribunus  plebis TR,  TRIB  •  PL 

candidates -     -  K,  CAND,  KANDID 

III.  Praetor  (O-T/HXT^S,  irpaLrup) PR 

candidates •     -  K,  CAND,  KANDID 

"        peregrinus       -     -  PER 

"        urbanus -  VRB 

"        tutelarius -      -  TVTEL 

"        aerarii  or  ad  aerarium      .     .     .     .       —  AER 

IV.  Consul  (<TTpa.T7)y6s  UTTCITOS) C,  COS,  CON,  CONS 

Adlectio. 

This  was  an  act  of  the  emperor  by  which  elevation  to  a  certain 
rank  might  be  granted  through  assignment  to  the  performance  of 
the  functions  of  one  of  the  senatorial  magistracies.  The  forms  com- 
monly found  are  adlectus  inter  tribunicios  and  inter  praetorios,  rarely 
inter  quaestorios.  After  the  third  century  adlectus  inter  consulares 
appears. 

1  Although  for  a  long  time  before  the  close  of  the  second  century  the  names 
of  consules  ordinarii  had  been  commonly  substituted  for  those  of  the  suffecti, 
yet  in  the  acta  publica  populi  Eomani  the  custom  prevailed  of  naming  the  con- 
suls actually  holding  office.  After  Caracalla  the  names  of  the  consules  ordinarii 
are  given.  Mommsen,  Ephem.  Ep.  I.,  p.  136.  Ordinarius  appears  first  in  an 
inscription  of  the  year  155  (C.  I.  L.  VI.  2120),  and  again  in  one  dating  214. 


168  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

Priesthoods  of  the  Senatorial  Order. 

Certain  religious  offices  which  were  held  by  those  of  senatorial 
rank  are  given  in  inscriptions  in  connection  with  the  cursus  honorum. 
The  ordinary  position  of  these  titles  is  either  at  the  very  beginning 
or  at  the  close  of  the  indications  of  office. 

The  consulship  is  regularly  placed  immediately  after  the  name,  so 
that  if  the  sacerdotium  and  consulship  are  both  given,  the  general 
order  is :  name,  consulship,  sacerdotium  ;  rarely  name,  sacerdotium, 
consulship. 

TABLE  OF  SENATORIAL  PRIESTHOODS.L 

Augur  (alryoup) AVG 

"      publicus  populi  Roman!  Quiritium  .     .          -  PVB  •  P  •  R  •  Q 

Fetialis  (07?TidAis)      . F 

Flamen  Dialis FL,  FLAM  -  DIAL 

"      QuirTnalis "        "        QVIR 

"       Augustalis "        "        AVG 

"      Claudialis "        "        CLAVD 

Frater  Arvalis FR  •  ARV 

Lupercus2 LVPERC 

Pontifex  (d/>x*epei/s) PONT,  PONTIF 

"      Maximus PONT,  P  •  M,  MAX 

Quindeciiuvir  sacris  faciundis XV  VI R  •  S  •  F 

Salius SAL 

Septemvir  epulo  or  epulonum VII  VI R  •  EPVL 

Sodalfe  Augustalis SOD  •  AVG,  AVG  VST 

"      Augustalis  Claudialis "          "      CL,  CLAVDIAL 

"      Hadrianalis 
u      Flavialis 
"      Titius 

Virgo  Vestalis V  •  V 

Titles  of  Honor. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  first 3  century,  titles  of  honor  were  given 
to  those  of  senatorial  rank.  These  are  found  in  the  inscriptions  in 

1  Cagnat,  Cours  d1  Epigraphie  Lat.,  p.  99.     Wil.  Index,  ii.,  p.  480.     C.  I.  L. 
Indices. 

2  Wil.  1193,  n.  1. 

3  From  time  of  Marcus  and  Verus,   161-180,  Momm.  Staatsr.    III.   1,  471. 
"  Im  Laufe  des  1.  Jahrhunderts  wurde  vir  clarissimus  allmahlich  ein  officielles 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  169 

abbreviated  form  immediately  after  the  personal  name.  They  are 
as  follows  : 

vir  clanssimus  (avrjp  Xa/i7rp6TaTos),  V  •  C  ;  clarissimae  memoriae  vir,  C  •  M  •  V ; 
clarissimus  puer,  C  •  P  ;  clanssimus  iuvenis,  C  •  I  ;  clarissima  puella,  C  •  P,  S  ; 
darissima  femina,  C  •  F 

In  addition  to  the  four  magistracies  which  form  the  senatorial 
cursus  honorum  the  inscriptions  also  show  the  official  functions  which 
were  performed  by  those  of  senatorial  rank.  These  functions,  vary- 
ing in  importance,  were  arranged  in  grades  corresponding  to  the 
several  magistracies,  and  hence  were  exercised,  according  to  their 
relative  value,  by  those  who  had  been  either  quaestors,  quaestoricii, 
praetors,  praetorii,  or  consuls,  consulares. 

The  following  table. contains  the  principal  senatorial  functions, 
and  the  rank  of  the  different  officials  by  whom  they  were  generally 
performed. 

Function. 
Censitor  =  legatus    August!    censibus  accipiendis,    LEG  •  AVG  •  CENS  •  ACC  ; 

assigned  to  consulares  or  praetorii. 
Comes  Augusti,  COM  •  AVG  ;  praetorii  (generally),  but  also  consulares,  aedilicii, 

quaestoricii. 

Corrector,  CORR  ;  consulares  or  praetorii. 
Curator  (eTrt/xeX^TTjs)  actorum  senatus  or  ab  actis  senatus,  C,  CVR,  CVRAT  •  AC- 

TORVM  •  SENATVS  ;  AB  •  ACT  •  SENAT  ;  quaestoricii. 
Curator  rei  publicae,  C,  CVR,  CVRAT  •  R  •  P  (see  logistae). 
Curator  alvei  Tiberis  et  riparum  et  cloacarum  urbis,  C,  CVR  •  ALV  •  TIB  •  RIPA- 

RVM  •  ET  •  CLOAC  •  VRB  ;  consulares. 

Curator  operum  publicorum, OPER  •  PVB,  PVBL  ;  consulares  or  praetorii. 

Curator  aquarum  et  Miniciae, AQV,   AQVAR    •    ET    •    MINI,  MIMIC,  or - 

Miniciae, MIN  ;  consulares. 

Curator  viarum,  CVR  •  VIAR  ;  praetorii  or  consulares. 

ludex  quaestionis  ;  aedilicii  or  quaestoricii. 

luridicus  per  Italian!  regionis  .  .  .,   IVR,  IVRID  ;  consulares. 

und  fest  stehendes  Pradicat  der  Manner  von  senatorischem  Stande."  —  "Im 
Zeitalter  der  Antonine  war  die  Anwendung  des  Titels  vir  clarissimus  offenbar 
allgemeiner  Gebrauch,  wie  man  aus  Gellius  sieht :  I.  2,  1  ;  I.  22,  6  ;  XVIII.  10,  1." 
Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte,  I.,  p.  398. 


170  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

luridicus  or  legatus  iuridicus  provinciae  .  .  .,  per  provinciam  .  .  .,  LEG  •  IVR, 
IVRID  :  consulares  or praetorii. 

Legatus  (7r/oe(r/3ei»r^s)  August!  pro  praetore  provinciae  .  .  .,  LEG  •  AVG  •  PR  •  PR  ; 
consulares  or  praetorii,  according  to  province. 

Legatus  legionis  1  (irpeffpevTris,  T^e/iwj/  \eyiuvos),  LEG  •  LEG  ;  praetoriL 

Legatus  pro  praetore  provinciae  (proconsulum),  LEG  •  PR  •  PR  •  PROV,  or 
legatus  proco'hsulis,  LEG  •  PROCOS ;  quaestoricii.2 

Logista,  or  curator  liberarum  civitatium ;  praetorii,  also  quaestoricii. 

Praefectus  (eTropxos)  aerarii  militaris,  PR,  PRAE,  PRAEF  •  AER  •  MIL  ;  praetorii. 

Praefectus  aerarii  Saturni, AER  •  SAT ;  praetorii. 

Praefectus  alimentorum  ;  praetorii  or  consulares. 

Praefectus  frumenti  dandi  ex  senatus  consulto,  PRAEF  •  F  •  D  •  EX  •  S  •  C  ; 
praetorii  or  aedilicii. 

Praefectus  urbi  (urbis),  VRB  ;  consulares. 

Proconsul  (or/oar^ds  vTraros),  PRO,  PROC,  PROCO,  PROCOS,  PROCOSS  ;  con- 
sulares (of  Asia  and  Africa),  praetorii  (of  other^senatorial  provinces). 

Quaesitor  iudex  ;  see  iudex  quaestionis. 

jEfc.No.  l.  L      .       N   E  R  A  T  I   0      •      C      •      F 

VOL  •  PROCVLO 
XVIR  .  STLITIBVS  -  IVDICAN 
TRIB  .  MILITVM  .  LEGION 
V  •  FT  •  GEMIN  •  FELIC  •  ET  •  LEG 
VIM  •  AVG  •  QVAEST  --AEDIL 
PLEB  .  CERIAL  .  PRAET  .  LEG 
LEG  .  XVI  •  FLAVIAE  VF  I  D  E  L 
ITEM  •  MISSO  .  AB  -  IMP  ' 
ANTONINO  .  AVG  •  PIO  •  AD  .  DEDVCEN 
dAS  .  VEXiLLATIONES  .  IN  •  SYRIAM  .  OB 
bELLVM  parTHICVM  •  PRAEF  •  AERARI 

MILITARIS 

COS 

MVNICIPES       SAEPINAT 

L.  Neratio  C.  f(ilio)  Volt(inia  tribii)  Proculo  (decem)  m'r(o)  stlitibus  iudi- 
can(dis},  trib(uno)  militum  legion(is}  (septimae)  Gemin(ae)  felic(is}  et 
leg(ionis)  (octavae)  Aug(ustae),  quaest(ori),  aedil(i)  pleb(is}  cereaZ(i), 

1  For  names  of  legions,  see  page  408. 

2  Also  those  of  higher  rank,  but  this  must  not  exceed  the  rank  of  the  pro- 
consul. 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  171 

praetor  (i),  leg(at<>)  1eg(ionis}  (sextae  decimae)  Flaviae  fidel(is)  item  misso 
ab  imp(eratore)  Antonino  Aug(usto)  Pio  ad  deduccndas  vexillationes  in 
Syriam  ob  bellum  Parthicum,  praef(ecto)  aerari(i)  militaris,  co(ii)s(uli}  / 
Municipes  Saepinat(es) . 

C.  L  L.  IX.  2457.     Found  at  Saepinum,  Italy. 

The  citrsns  honorum  is  in  the  ascending  order.  All  designations  between 
praetori  and  consitli  indicate  praetorian  functions. 

EX.  No.  2.  L     .      D  A  S  V  M   I  O     .      P     •     F 

STEL         •         TVLLIO 

rv^rn  roc:  COMITI 

v  b  L  u  c  u  b  AVGVST 

AVG VR I  •  SO  DA  L  -  H A  DR I  A 
MALI  .  SODALI .  ANTONI 
NIANO  •  CVRAT  •  OPERVM 

PVBLICORVM 
LEGATO  •  PR  •  PR  •  PROVINCIAR 
GERMANIAE  •  SVPERIOR 
ET  •  PANNONI AE  .  SVPERIOR 
PRAEFECTO  •  AER  .  SATVRNI 
PRAETORI  •  TRIBVN  •  PLEB 
LEG  •  PROVING  •  AFRICAE 
QVAEST  •  IMP  •  ANTONINI  .  AVG  •  Pll 
TRIB  •  MILIT  .  LEG  •  Nil  •  FLAVIAE 

TRIVMVIRO  .  A  •  A  •  A  •  F  •  F  • 

P    -    T  V  L  L  /  V  S    -    C  A  L  LI  ST  I  0 

P  0  S  V  I  T 

L.   Dasumio,   P.  f(ilio)   8tel(latina  tribii)    Tullio   Tusco  co(«)s(«iZi'),  comiti 

Auguxt(i). 

Priestly  functions  -.—auguri,  sodal(i)  Hadrianali,  sodal(i)  Antoniniano. 
Consular  functions:  —  curat(ori}  operum  publicorum,  legato  pr(o~)  pr(aetore) 

provinciar(um')  Germaniae  Superior  (is)  et  Pannoniae  Superior  (is). 
Praetorian  functions  :  — praefecto  aer(arii)  Saturni,  praetori,  tribun(o)  pleb(is'). 
Quaestorian  functions:  —  leg(ato)  provinc(iae~)  Africae,    quaest(ori)  imp(era- 

toris*)  Antonini  Aug(usti)  Pit. 
Preliminary  service:  —  trib(uno}  milit(um')  leg(ionis)  IIII  Ffaviae,  triumviro 

a(uro)  a(rgento*)  a(ere~)  f(lando)  f(eriundo). 

C.  L  L.  XI.  3365.     Found  at  Tarquinium. 


172  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

The  cursus  honorum  is  in  the  descending  order.  The  consulship  was  held 
between  the  tenure  of  the  praefecture  aerarii  Saturni  and  the  provincial  adminis- 
tration, but  is  placed  first  in  the  list  of  honores. 

When  the  word  indicating  the  nature  of  two  successive  functions  is  the  same 
for  both,  it  is  usual  to  find  it  repeated,  but  here  the  title  legato  p(ro)  p(raetore) 
serves  for  both,  being  omitted  with  the  second.  The  word  item  is  used,  as  a  rule, 
to  denote  a  succession  of  functions,  while  et  commonly  indicates  the  tenure  of 
two  functions  at  the  same  time.  This  rule  is  violated  here,  since  Dasumius 
governed  these  provinces  separately. 

EQUESTRIAN  CURSUS  HONORUM 

In  the  reorganization  of  the  equites  in  the  imperial  period,  the 
most  important  feature,  from  an  administrative  point  of  view,  was 
the  restoration  and  elevation  of  the  old  body  of  eighteen  centuries, 
known  as  the  equites  eq no  pubUco  (EQ  •  P,  PVBL).1  Admission  to 
this  corps  not  only  depended  upon  the  original  qualifications  of  free- 
birth,  and  the  possession  of  the  requisite  property  of  400,000  sesterces, 
but  also  upon  the  presentation  by  the  emperor  of  the  knight's  horse; 
which  was  in  reality  the  investiture  of  a  suitably  qualified  person 
with  membership  in  the  equestrian  troop.  It  was  to  this  body  that 
Augustus  and  his  successors  looked  for  officials  who  were  to  serve 
as  superintendents  (praefecti)  and  agents  (procuratores)  possessing 
authority  only  as  representatives  of  the  emperor. 

Consistently  with  the  early  theories  of  the  Eomans,  and  in  imitation 
of  the  senatorial  career,  the  equestrian  civil  service  was  preceded  by 
a  military  apprenticeship.  After  the  initial  military  service  the  can- 
didate for  the  equestrian  honores  was  eligible  for  one  of  ""the  procura- 
torships,  which  in  themselves  varied  in  dignity  and  importance ;  then 
followed  the  praefectur.es,  which  were  the  highest  offices  attainable. 

The  equestrian  cursus  honorum  may  be  considered  under  three 
divisions. 

I.    Preliminary  service, 
a)  military,    b)  civil. 

II.    Procuratores. 
III.    Praefecti. 

Romanus  =  linrevs  pupates,  ITTITU  8-qfj.offLi^  T 


OFFICIAL  TITLES  173 

I.    a)  Preliminary  military  service. 

Under  Augustus  no  set  form  of  military  service  appears  to  have 
been  assigned  to  the  knights,  and  it  was  not  until  the  time  of  Clau- 
dius that  the  militiae  equestres  were  in  any  way  clearly  defined. 

According  to  Suetonius,1  Claudius  determined  upon  three  forms  of 
service  :  1st,  praefectura  cohortis;  2d,  praefectura  alae;  3d,  tribunatus 
legionis.  The  inscriptions,  however,  testify  that  these  tres  militiae 
equestres  did  not  become  the  usual  course  of  preliminary  training 
until  the  beginning  of  the  second  century,  but  that  omissions,  such 
as  of  the  praefectura  alae  and  substitutions  of  one  or  more  tribunates 
in  the  army,  or  of  the  three  tribunates 2  in  the  city,  were  common.3 

In  inscriptions  dating  from  the  time  of  Septimius  Severus  the  old 
order  of  promotion  from  praefectura  cohortis  to  praefectura  alae  rarely 
appears,  and  other  military  positions  form  part  of  the  preliminary 
career.  This  now  in  reality  loses  its  preliminary  or  introductory 
nature,  and  becomes  the  main  service  for  which  the  procuratorship 
is  the  far-distant  reward.  The  centurionate 4  is  now  the  first  eques- 
trian military  office,5  and  the  primipilate  and  the  praefectura  legionis, 
the  old  praefectura  castrorum,  are  stepping  stones  to  the  procurator- 

1  Claudius,  25  "equestres  militias  ita  ordinavit  ut  post  cohortem  alam,  post 
alam  tribunatum  legionis  daret."     The  order  given  is  shown  by  the  inscriptions 
to  be  either  incorrect  or  of  short  duration,  for  in  the  inscriptions  the  praefectura 
alae  regularly  has  the  highest  rank.     Hirschfeld,  Eomischen  Verwaltungsge- 
schichte,  pp.  247  ff. 

2  tribunus  cohortis  vigilum,   tribunus  cohortis  urbanae,   tribunus  cohortis 
praetoriae. 

3  See  Hirschfeld's  Verwaltungsgeschichte,  p.  248,  note  2. 

4  The  expression  "  militiae  equestres  "  used  above  is  first  referred  to  by  Pliny 
the  Younger,  and  afterward  appears  in  inscriptions  of  the  third  century.     So 
omnibus  equestribus  militiis  perfunctus,  functus,  or  exornatus,  or  militiis  eques- 
tribiift  perfunctus;   again,  militia  prima,  secunda,  quarta ;  more  commonly,  a 
militiis  tribus,  or  tribus  militiis  perfunctus,  a  quattuor  militiis,  or  quattuor 
militiarnm.     The  expression  a  militiis  has  aroused  much  discussion.     Momm- 
•<en,  Stacitsr.  III.  540,  n.  2,  believes  there  is  an  ellipsis  of  tribus  or  quattuor. 
Hirschfeld  (p.  250)  explains  it  as  merely  an  honorary  title,  given  to  those  who 
have  not  actually  performed  military  service. 

5  Hirschfeld,  Verwaltungsgeschichte,  p.  249. 


174  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

ship,  while  the  higher  positions  filled  by  procuratores  fall  to  those 
who  have  held  the  three  city  tribunates.1 

6)  Preliminary  civil  service. 

Notwithstanding  the  gradually  increasing  importance  of  military 
affairs  and  of  service  in-  the  army  from  the  beginning  of  the  second 
century,  there  was,  nevertheless,  established  at  that  time  a  civil 
career  parallel  to  the  military  service  as  preliminary  to  the  position 
of  procurator.  This  was  accomplished  by  the  reforms  of  Hadrian, 
who  recognized  and  emphasized  legal  education  and  training  in  state 
affairs  as  equivalent  to  service  in  the  army.  Thus  those  who  had 
served  as  advocati  Jisci,  or  sexagenarii  a  consiliis  sacris?  or  consiliani 
Augustorumf  or  ab  commentariis praefecti  praetorio*  also  in  the  lower 
offices  of  administration,  such  as  of  alimentation,  of  the  roads,  of 
taxation,  were  eligible  for  the  procuratorship  and  praefectures  with- 
out military  service. 

II.   Procuratores  ('ETrir/ooTroi). 

This  title,  procurator,  was  applied  to  the  imperial  agents  who  per- 
formed the  lesser  administrative  duties  throughout  the  Empire.  It 
was  originally  used  in  connection  with  the  employees  of  the  empe- 
ror's household,  who  were  generally  freedmen,  but  spread  afterwards 
to  the  offices  of  government  closely  related  to  the  emperor,  which, 
becoming  of  great  importance,  were  finally  filled  entirely  from  mem- 
bers of  the  equestrian  order.  Thus  the  office  of  procurator  became 
the  patent  of  equestrian  nobility,  and  hence  was  not  conferred  upon 
men  of  senatorial  rank. 

Any  satisfactory  classification  of  the  various  offices  of  the  eques- 
trian career  is  difficult,  as  it  was  not  established  upon  such  strict 
lines  as  the  senatorial  cursus,  and  its  restrictions  were  often  violated 
because  of  the  nearness  to  the  emperor,  and  his  readiness  to  grant 

1  See  article  by  the  author,  "The  Preliminary  Military  Service  of  the  Eques- 
trian Cursus  Honorum,"   in   Classical  Studies  in  Honour  of  Henry  Drisler. 
New  York,  1894. 

2  C.  I.  L.  VI.  1704.     Mommsen,  Staatsr.  III.,  p.  561.     Hirschfeld,  Verwalt- 
ungsgeschichte,  p.  255,  notes. 

3  C.  /.  L.  VI.  1634.  4  C.  L  L.  VI.  1564. 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  175 

special  favors  in  promoting  from  low  positions  to  those  of  high 
degree.  From  the  time  of  Hadrian,  however,  it  is  possible  to  deter- 
mine the  rank  of  the  various  procuratorships  by  means  of  the  salary 
attached  to  each.  - 

Thus  there  are  four  classes : 

Trecenarii,  CCC  or  AD  •  H-S  CCC,  300000  sesterces. 

Ducenarii,      CC  or  AD  .  H-S  CC,  200000        " 

Centenarii,        C  or  AD  •  H-S  C,  100000        " 

Sexagenarii,               AD  .  H-S  LX,  60000        " 

The  following  may  be  classed  as 

TRECENARII.1 

Procurator  a  rationibus  or  rationalis,  P,  PRO,  PROC  •  A  •  RATION  IB,  RAT,  or 
Procurator  rationis  privatae, RAT  •  PR IV 

Procurator  a  censibus,  -  -  A  •  CENS,  -  -  a  cognitionibus,  —  -  ab  epistulis 

latinis, AB  •  EPISTVL  •  LATIN, a  libellis,  a  memoria, a 

studiis  ;  magister  summarum  rationum,  M,  MAG  1ST  •  SVM  •  RAT 

All  but  the  first  are  ducenarii  until  the  third  century,  at  which  period  the  title 
magister  takes  the  place  of  procurator. 

DUCENARII. 

Praeses  or  procurator  provinciae  (of  certain  provinces),  procurator  vice  prae- 

sidis,  procurator  stationis  hereditatium, summarum  rationum, ab 

epistulis  Graecis,  -    -  idiologus  ad  Aegyptum  ;  and  in  the  later  period, 
procurator  XX  hereditatium. 

CENTENARII. 

Among  those  of  the  third  class  may  be  mentioned  the  procuratores  alimentorum, 
-  aquarum,  -    -  bibliothecarum  (in  the  earlier  period),  -   -  hereditatium 

patrimonii  privati, ludi  magni,  monetae,  operum  pubiicorum, 

—  patrimonii, portus, summi  choragii  (later  logista  thymelae}  ;  the 

subpraefecti  annonae  and  mgilum,  praefcctus  vehiculorum,  consiliarius,  magister 

XX,  procurator  ferrariarum,  aurariarum,  procurator  rationis  privatae 

(regionis  privatae}  ;  procuratores  Aegypti  as iuridicus  Alexandreae,  pro- 
curator Pelusii,  -  —  Neaspoleos  et  Mausolaei ;  also  the  praefectus  classis  (in 
Italy)  in  the  first  two  centuries. 

1  Obtained  mainly  from  Hirschfeld's  Verwaltungsgeschichte,  pp.  259-265. 


176  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

SEXAGENARII. 

Among  those  in  the  last  class  may  be  mentioned  the  advocatus  fisci,  subprae- 
fectus  classis  (in  Italy),  subprocuratores  (in  the  provinces),  praefectus  vehtcu- 
lorum  (in  the  provinces),  procurator  ad  Miniciam,  adiutor  praefecti  annonae, 
procurator  ad  annonam  Ostiis,  adiutores  studiorum,  also  the  lower  offices  of  the 
ratio  privata,  such  as  procurator  ad  bona  damnatorum,  and  of  the  XX  heredi- 
tatium,  the  promagister  hereditatium  at  Rome,  and  in  the  second  century  the 
procurator  bibliothecarum. 

III.    Praefecti  fETrapxoi). 

The  history  of  this  title  is  similar  to  that  of  procurator  in  that 
it  originated  in  the  imperial  household,  and  then  extended  to  the 
important  officials  of  state  who  discharged  certain  functions  by 
the  delegation  of  the  emperor.  The  important  praefectures  were 
the  highest  official  positions  of  the  equestrian  career. 

These  in  ascending  order  are  : 

Praefectus  classis  (stationed  at  Ravenna  and  Misenum),  P,  PF,  PR,  PRAEF  • 

CL,  CLASS 

Praefectus  vigilum,  P,  PF  etc.  VIG,  VIGIL 
Praefectus  annonae,  P,  PF  etc.  ANN 
Praefectus  Aegypti,  P,  PF  etc.  AEG 
Praefectus  praetorio,  P,  PF  etc.  PR,  PRAET 

Priestly  Functions. 

The  inscriptions  give  also  the  priestly  functions  exercised  by 
members  of  the  equestrian  order. 

Haruspex,  HAR 

Lupercus,  LVPERC 

(Sacerdos)  Laurens  Lavinas,  L  .  L;  LAVR  •  LAV,  LAVIN 

Tubicen  sacrorum  populi  Bomani  Quiritium,  TVB  •  SAC  •  P  •  R  •  Q 

Titles  of  Honor. 

From  the  beginning  of  the  third  century  the  title  vir  egregius 
(avrjp  Kparto-ro?),  V  •  E,  which  had  earlier  been  in  general  use,  became 
the  official  designation  *  of  honor  of  the  procurator.  It  differed  from 
the  senatorial  clarissimus  in  that  it  was  given  only  in  exceptional 

1  Wil.  n.  667.     Hirschfeld,  Verwaltungsgeschichte,  pp.  272-273,  notes. 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  177 

instances  to  women  and  children.  Note  also  egregiae  memoriae  vir, 
E  •  M  •  V.  The  title  vir  perfect issim as  (avrjp  Stao-y^oTaTos),  V  •  P,  was 
also  officially  recognized  about  the  same  time,  as  the  title  of  the  pro- 
curatores  of  the  highest  grade,  also  of  the praefecti,  from  the praefectus 
classis  to  the  praefectus  annonae.  Vir  eminentissimus  (Sivrjp  e^o^wTaTos), 
V  •  EM,  was  limited  to  the  praefectus  praetorio.  The  title  splendi- 
una  eques  Romanus  which  appears  in  some  inscriptions  of  Italy 
seems  to  have  been  given  to  those  equites  who,  not  being  magistrates, 
could  not  receive  the  titles  mentioned  above.1 

EX. -SO.L  M     .     P   E  T   R   0    N    I   o     •     m    •    / 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1625 b.  QVIR  .  HONORATO 

PRAEF-  COM-  l-RAETor Mm 
TRIB  •  MIL  •  LEG  -  I  -  MINERinae 
P.p.  PRAEF  •  ALAE  •  AVG  •  P  •  F  •  thrac 
PROC  •  MONET  •  PROC  -  XX  -  hered 
PROC  •  PROV  •  BELG  -  ET  •  DVAR 
GERMANIAR  .  PROC  •  ARATIOrc 
AVG  •  PRAEF  •  ANNON  .  PRAEF 
AEGYPTI  .  PONTIF  •  MINOR  i 
NEGOTIATORES  -  OLEari 
EX  BAETICA  •  PATRONo 

CVRATORIBVS 

CASSIO     FAVSTO 

CAECILIO  •   UQnorato 

M.  Petroni[o  M.  /(i7i'o)]  Quir(ina  tribu)  Honorato. 

Preliminary  military  service: — praef(ecto^)  coh(ortis)   (primae)  Raet[orum~], 

trib(uno)  mil(Uum')  leg(ionis)  I  Miner[viae]  p(iae}  f(idelis),  praef(ecto) 

alae  Aug(ustae}  p(iae)  f(idelis)   [Thrac (iae)]. 
Procuratorship : — proc(iiratori)     monet(ae*),    proc(uratori)    XX    [hered(ita- 

tium)~\,  proc(uratori}  prov(inciae}  Belgi(cae)  etduar(urn)  Gfrmaniar(um), 

proc(uratori}  a  ration(ibus)  Aug(usti}. 
Praefectures  : — pmef(ecto)  annon(ae),  praef(ecto')  Aegypti. 
Priestly  function: — pontif(ici}  minor[i]. 

1  Mommsen,  Staatar.  III.,  p.  565.     C.  I.  L.  IX.  1006,  2232  ;  X.  22,  223. 

LAT.    IXSCRIP. 12 


178  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Elevation  of  Equites  to  the  Senatorial  Rank. 

By  an  act  of  the  emperor  (adlectio,  see  page  167)  procurators  of  a 
certain  grade  were  raised  to  the  senatorial  rank,  and  filled  vacancies 
in  .the  senate.  This  change  was  not  made,  as  a  rule,  after  the 
important  prefectures  had  been  reached,  for  these  were  as  high  in 
rank  as  the  curule  magistracies ;  also  adlectio  inter  praetorios  is  more 
common  in  the  inscriptions  than  adlectio  inter  tribunicios.1  There  is 
no  evidence  of  any  change  to  the  lower  order  on  the  part  of  those 
who  had  held  curule  offices.  The  title  equites  inlustres  was  applied  to 
those  who,  although  of  senatorial  census,  preferred  to  remain  within 
the  equestrian  order. 

JSfc.No.2.  T     I        -        C     L     A     V     D     I     0 

c.  I.  L.  v.  867.  T  I    .    F  I  L  •    PAL 

SECVNDINO 

L   .   STATIC   .    MACEDON' 

P  •  P  •  LEG  .  inl  •  F  •  F  .  TRIB  •  COM 
PRIM    •   VIG    •   TRIB   .   COM    •   XT 


VRBAN  •  TRIB  •  COM  •  VMM  •  PR 
P.P.  ITERVM  PRAEF  •  LEG  •  IT  •  TRA 
PROC  .  XX  .  HER  •  PROC  •  PROVN 


LVGDVNENS   .    ET   •   AQVITAN/icae 
ARATIONIB  •  AVG  •  PRAEF  •  AN /now 
L    •    SAVFEIVS    •    IVLIANV/s 
A  M  I  C  0     •     0  P  T  I  M_oJ 

Ti.  Claudia  Ti.fil(io)  Pal(antina)  (tribu}  Secundino  L.  Statio  Macedon[f]. 
Preliminary  military  service  :  — p(rimi)p(ilo}  leg(ionis)  IIII  F(lamae)  f (ends'), 

trib(uno')  coh(ortis) prim(ae)  vig(ilum},  trib(uno}  coh(ortis)  XI  urban  (ae)t 

trib(uno)  coh(ortis}  VIIII  pr(aetoriae),p(rimo')  p(ilo)  iterum,  praef(ecto) 

leg(ionis}  U  Tra(ianae)  [/(orffe)]. 
Procuratorships : — proc(uratori}     XX    her(editatium),     proc(uratori)    pro- 

mn[c,(iarum}~]  Lugdunensis  et  Aquitan[icae~\,  a  rationi(]bus)  Aug(itsti). 
Praefecture  : — praef^ecto)  em[wcw(ae)]. 

Mommsen  states  that  primipilatus  iteratus,  after  other  military  service  of  a 
higher  grade,  gave  certain  advantages  which  followed  immediately  upon  the 
primipilate. 

1  C.  L  L.  II.  4114.     In  this  inscription  two  cursus  honorum  are  combined. 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  179 

CURSUS    HONORUM    AFTER    CONSTANTINE 

The  elaborate  systems  described  above  were  not  maintained  after 
the  beginning  of  the  fourth  centnry.  Evidences  of  disintegration 
show  themselves  in  the  course  of  the  third  century  in  the  abandon- 
ment, after  Caracalla,  of  the  required  military  service  preliminary 
to  the  quaestorship,  in  the  disappearance  of  the  vigintivirate,  and 
from  the  time  of  Gallien  in  the  final  exclusion  of  members  of  the 
senatorial  order  from  the  army.  After  Constantine  the  equestrian 
career  disappeared  entirely,  and  many  of  the  former  restrictions 
of  the  senatorial  cursus  were  disregarded. 

The  cursus  honorum,  as  it  existed  after  the  early  part  of  the  fourth 
century,  was  confined  to  members  of  the  senatorial  order  known  as 
the  darissimi.  To  these  were  allotted  the  official  positions  and 
functions  which,  arranged  in  grades  according  to  their  importance, 
were  assigned  on  the  basis  of  a  threefold  classification  of  those 
eligible  for  office.  These  three  classes,  representing  grades  of  pro- 
motion, were: 


1.  Clarissimi,  C, 

2.  Clarissimi  et  spectabiles,  C  •  ET  •  S,  SP,  Tr 

3.  Clarissimi  et  inlustres,  C  •  ET  •  I,  IN,  I  ML, 

The  general  class  of  the  darissimi  consisted  of  those  who  were 
sons  of  senators,  and  so  held  their  rank  by  birth,  and  again  those 
who  were  admitted  to  the  senate  through  the  operation  of  adlectio. 

The  former  were  expected  to  begin  their  senatorial  career  by  serving 
as  quaestors  and  then  praetors,  but,  as  the  quaestorship  was  often 
disregarded,  the  praetorship  became  in  reality  the  initial  position 
admitting  to  the  senate. 

The  latter,  those  honored  by  adlectio,  were  made  senators  by  the 
conferring  of  the  honorary  consulship  by  the  emperor  sometimes 
upon  the  vote  of  the  senate.  This  was  known  as  adlectio  in  consu- 
lares,  a  phrase  which,  when  strictly  used,  referred  to  the  honorary 
consulship,  but  was  applied  at  this  period  to  elevation  to  the  rank 
either  of  darissimi  consulares,  darissimi  et  spectabiles,  or  darissimi  et 
inlustres.  The  word  consularis  no  longer  has  the  signification  of 
ex-consul,  but  merely  means  an  active  member  of  the  senate,  and 


180  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

one  so  entitled  might  be  very  far  from  the  attainment  of  the  consul- 
ship, indeed  might  never  reach  this  goal  of  the  senatorial  career. 

Examples   of    the   two   forms   of   the   cursus  honorum   are  here 
given. 

Ex.  1.     C.  I.  L.  VI.  1739.  H    0    N    0    R    I 

MEMMIO  •  VITRASIO  •  ORFITO  •  V  •  C 
NOBILITATE  •  ET  •  ACTIBVS  •  PRAECIPVO 
PRAEFECTO  •  VRBI  •  ET  •  ITERVM  •  PRAE 
FECTO- VRBI  .  PROCONSVLI  •  AFRICAE 
ET  •  TERTIO  •  SACRARVM  •  COGNITIONVM 
IVDICI  •  COMITI  .  ORDINIS  •  PRIMi  -  ITERVM 
INTRA  •  CONSISTORIVM  •  LEGATO  •  SECVN 
DO  .  DIFFICILLIMiS  •  TEMPORIBVS  •  PETI 
TV  .  SENATVS  •  ET  •  P  •  R  •  COMITI  •  ORDINIS 
SECVNDI  •  EXPEDITIONS  •  BELLICAS 
GVBERNANTI  •  CONSVLARI  •  PROVINCIAE 
SICILIAE  -  PONTIF  •  DEAE  •  VESTAE  •  XV 
VIRO  •  S  •  F  •  PONTIF  .  DEI  -  SOLIS  •  CONSVLI 

PRAETORI  -  Q  .  k 

CORPVS  •  PISTORVM  •  MAGNARIORVM 
ET  •  CASTRENSARIORVM  •  STATVAM 
SVB    •   AERE   .   CONSTITVIT 

Memmio  Vitrasio  Orjlto  v(iro)  c(larissimo}  q(uaestori)  k(andidato),  praetori, 

consult. 
Priestly  functions: — pontifi(ci)  dei  solis,  quindecemviro  s(acris')  f(aciuudis'), 

pontifi(ci)  deae  Vestae. 
Functions  as  clarissimus :  —  consulari  provinciae  Siciliae,  expeditiones  bellicas 

gubernanti. 
Functions  as  spectabilis : — comiti  ordinis  secundi,  legato  secundo  difficillimis 

temporibus  petitu  senatus  et  p(opuli)  R^omani},  comiti  ordinis  primi  iterum 

intra  consistorium,   proconsuli  Africae   et    tertio    sacrarum   cognitionum 

iudici. 
Functions  as  inlustris :  — praefecto  urbi  et  iterum  praefecto  urbi. 

The  consulship  was  held  either  before  or  after  the  praefecture  of  the  City. 
Orfitus  was  praefectus  urbi  353-5  and  iterum  356-9. 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  181 

Ex.  V.     O.  I.  L.  VI.  1717. 

FABIO.TITIANO-V.C 
CORRECTORI  -  FLAM  INI  AE 
ET  .  PICENI  •  CONSVLARI 
SICILIAE  •  PROCONSVLI 
PROVINCIAE  .  ASIAE 
IVDICI  .  SACRARVM  •  COG 
NITIONVM  •  COM  ITI  •  PRIMI 
ORDINIS  .  CONSVLI  .  ORDI 
NARIO  .  PRAEF .  VRBIS 

PEREGRINVS 
SERBVS  •  DOMINO  •  PRESTANTISSIMO 

Fabio  Titiano  v(iro}  c(larissimo). 

Functions  as  clarissimus :  —  correctori  Flamintae  et  Piceni,  consulari  Siciliae. 

Functions  as  spectabilis : — proconsuli  provinciae  Asiae,  iudici  sacrarum  cogui- 

tionum,  comiti  primi  ordinis. 
Functions  as  inlustris :  —  consuli  ordinario  (337  A.D.),  praef(ecto)  urbis  (339- 

341  A.D.). 

Note  that  the  general  title,  V  •  C,  is  given,  even  in  cases  where  the 
highest  rank  has  been  attained.  This  custom  is  observed  in  the 
fourth  century  and  in  the  first  part  of  the  fifth. 

OFFICIAL   POSITIONS   OF  THE   THIRD   CLASS 

The  inscriptions  show  us  that  the  official  positions  open  to  men  of 
the  third  class  of  society  were  of  great  number  and  variety.  The 
enumeration  of  these  various  functions  follows  in  general  the  same 
principle  of  an  ascending  or  descending  series  which  regulates  the 
order  of  designations  of  the  senatorial  and  equestrian  cursus.  It  is 
impossible,  however,  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  exact  grade  of  the 
individual  offices  or  to  lay  down  the  line  of  promotion,  since:  as 
may  be  seen  in  the  military  cursus,  there  must  have  been  different 
starting  points  and  different  paths  of  advancement  where  apparently 
subordinate  and  intermediate  positions  are  disregarded.  These  omis- 
sions may  be  due  to  unusual  promotion  on  account  of  peculiar  fitness 


182  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

or  through  special  favor,  influences  which,  would  have  more  power 
in  a  cursus  of  the  lowest  grade.  These  inferior  positions  are  classi- 
fied in  the  Indices  of  the  Corpus  Inscriptionum  as  follows : 

I.    Apparitores   et   Officiales   Magistratuum   et  Imperatoris   et 

Vectigalium. 
II.    Officia  Militaria  et  Classiaria. 

III.  Honorati  et  Principales  Coloniarum  et  Municipiormn. 

IV.  Principales  Collegiorum. 

I.  The  first  class   includes  the  apparitores  and   other   aides   of 
magistrates  and  public  officials ;    also   subordinate  officers   of  the 
imperial  administration  in  Rome  and  in  the  provinces. 

The  most  common  in  the  inscriptions  are : 

(  Scriba  decurialis,1  SCR,  SCRI,  SCRIB  .  DEC 

Lictor  (pa/35oOxos). 
,  Viator  decurialis,  VIAT  •  DEC 

Praeco  decurialis,  PRAEC  •  DEC 

Accensus  consults  -i,  ACCENS  •  COS 

Accensus patroni  -o,  ACCENS  •  PAT 

Arcarius,  ARK,  — provinciae,  — PROV,  — mgesimae  hereditatium,  XX  HER 

Commentariensis,  COM,  COMM,  or  a  commentariis,  A  •  COMMENT 

Contrascriptor,  0(7),  OSC(7SC). 

Dispensator,  DIS,  DISP,  DISPES,  — annonae,  — fisci  castrensis. 

Tabellarius,  TABELL,  TABELLAR 

Tabularius,  TAB,  TABVL,  — ratioiiis  fisci,  — mgesimae  hereditatium,  — XX  HER 

II.  Subordinate  officers  of  the  army  and  navy. 

A.  The  principal  titles  of  subordinate  officers  of  the  Roman  army 
are: 

Actarius,  A,  ACT  I    Adiutor  officii  corniculariorum,  ratio- 

Aquilifer,  AQVIL,  AQVILIF  |       num,  etc.,  ADI  .  OFF  .  CORN,  RAT 

1  The  word  decurialis  indicates  that  these  officers  were  members  of  decuriae, 
the  subdivisions  of  the  organized  corporations  of  scribae,  etc.  The  terms 
quaestorius,  tribunicius,  aedilicius  might  also  be  added  to  indicate  assignment  to 
particular  officials.  The  scribae  were  held  in  the  highest  honor,  the  lictores 
were  next,  then  the  viatores,  and  finally  the  praecones.  Mommsen,  De  Appari- 
toribus  Magistratuum  Romanorum,  Rh.  Mus.  VI.  1848,  pp.  1-54. 


OFFICIAL   TITLES 


183 


Armorum   custos,    C  •  A,   ARM  ;   CVS  - 
ARMO 

Beneficiarius,  B,  B  •  F,  BF 

consularis     COS 

legati  -    LEG 

procurators  —    -    PROC 
praefecti  -    PRAEF 

Centurio,  9,  </,  >>  Z,  CENT 

Cornicularius,  COR  •  CORN 

Curator  fisci,  F,  FIS,  FISC  •  C,  CVR 

Evocatus,  EVOC,  EVOK 

Fmmentarius,  FR,  FRVM 

Imaginifer,  IM,  IMA,  I  MAG 

Immunis,  I  MM,  IMMV 

Librarius,  LIB 

Medicus,  MED 

Sftfes,  M,  MIL 


Qptfo,  OP,  OPT 

-  principis    PR  I 

-  cohortis        —    COM 

-  equitum  -    EQ 
Princeps,  PR,  PR  I,  PR  INC 
Secutor  tribuni,  S,  SE,  SEC  •  T,  TR 
Signifer,  SIG,  SIGN,  SIGNF 
Singular  is  consularis,  S,  SING  •  COS 

praefecti  PRAEF 

Speculator,  SP,  SPEC,  SPECVL 
Strator,  STR,  STRAT 
Tesserarius,  T,  TES,  TESS 
Tubicen,  TVB 
Veteranus,  VET 

honesta  missione,  VET  •  H  •  M 

H-M-M 


missus,  - 

Vexillarius,  VEX  •  VEX  ILL 


Although  no  complete  cursus  militaris  can  be  drawn  up,  yet  the 
Inscriptions  give  evidence  of  an  order  of  promotion  of  the  principales, 
which  can  be  seen  from  the  following  series  ] : 

7.  Curator  fisci. 

8.  Cornicularius. 

9.  Beneficiarius  (praef.  praet.}. 

10.  Cornicularius  praefecti  annonae. 

11.  Evocatus  Augusti. 

12.  Centurio. 


L.    Secutor  tribuni. 
2.    Singularis. 

Beneficiarius  tribuni. 

Tesserarius. 

Optio. 

Signifer  or  Vexillarius  (Coh.  Vig.}. 


B.  The  principal  titles  associated  with  the  Roman  naval  forces  are : 

Optio,  OP,  OPT 

Praefectus  classis,  PR,  PRAE,  PRAEF  • 

CL,  CLAS,  CLASS 

Praepositus  classi,  PRAEP  •  CL,  CLAS 
Principalis,  PR,  PR  IN 
Signifer,  SIG,  SIGN 
Trierarchus,  TR,  TRI 

classis    CL,  CLAS 

Velarius,  VEL 
Veteranus,  VET,  VETE 


Architects,  ARCH  IT 

Armorum  custos,  ARM  •  CVST 

Beneficiarius,  B,  6,  B  •  F 

Centurio,  0,  y 

Duplarius,  or  Duplicarius,  or  Dupli- 

ciarius. 

Gubernator,  GVBER 
Librarius,  LIB 
^fedici/s,  MED,  MEDIC 
MZes,  M 
Navarchus,  N 

!P.  Cauer,  Z)e  Muneribus  Militaribus,  Ephem.  Ep.  IV.,  p.  355. 


184  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

III.  The  magistrates  of  the  coloniae  and  the  municipia  form  a 
third  class  of  subordinate  officials. 

The  internal  administration  of  the  coloniae  and  municipia  was 
similar  to  that  of  the  superior  government  at  Rome. 

We  may  arrange  the  municipes  or  Roman  citizens  of  the  municipia 
in  three  classes  or  orders  :  1)  ordo  decurionum,  2)  ordo  Augustalium, 
3)  plebs  (populus,  municipes). 

The  ordo  decurionum  *  was  the  municipal  senate  composed  of  life 
members,  generally  one  hundred  in  number,2  who  were  either  ex- 
magistrates  or  persons  selected  from  the  people  through  the  exercise 
of  adlectio  by  magistrates  similar  to  the  censor  at  Rome,  termed 
//  viri  or  7777  viri  quinquennales.  The  persons  selected  were  at 
least  twenty-five  years  of  age,  and  possessed  a  certain  amount  of 
property,  generally  100000  sesterces.  There  were  four  grades  of 
senators  which  were  indicated  in  the  list  of  decuriones  (album  decuri- 
onum) :  1)  the  quinquennalicii,  2)  the  II  virales  or  II  viralicii,  3)  the 
aedilicii,  4)  the  quaestoricii. 

The  magistrates  generally  found  in  the  municipalities  were  the 
II viri  or  7777  viri  iure  dicundo,  the  aediles,  and  the  quaestores.  Their 
tenure  was  annual,  and  they  were  elected  by  the  comitia.  As  in 
Rome,  these  magistracies  formed  a  cursus  honorum,  which  was  open 
to  those  of  the  senatorial  order.  The  77  viri  or  7777  viri  quinquen- 
nales  elected  every  five  years  with  special  censorial  powers  were 
considered  of  the  highest  rank.  In  certain  places  in  Italy  the  highest 
magistrates  were  termed  dictator,  praetor,  magister,  orpraefectus  i(ure) 
d(icundo). 

The  titles  duovir  or  quattuorvir,  found  respectively  in  the  coloniae 
and  municipia,  implied  either  that  the  two  magistrates  known  as 
aediles  and  the  two  iure  dicundo  formed  separate  organizations,  or, 
on  the  other  hand,  were  united  in  one  body  of  four  members. 
The  form  7777  viri  iure  dicundo  is  generally  found  in  the  Italian 
municipia,  while  77  viri  iure  dicundo  is  seen  in  inscriptions  of  the 
coloniae  and  of  the  provinces. 

1  Also  entitled  senatus,    ordo,   decuriones  D,  DEC,   DECC.,  curia,  patres  et 
conscripti,  conscripti,  ordo  splendidissimus  or  sanctissimus  or  honestissimus. 

2  Cf.  the  centumviri  of  Veil  and  Perusia. 


OFFICIAL   TITLES  185 

The  ordo  Augustalium,  like  the  equestrian  order  at  Kome,  held  a 
position  midway  between  the  decuriones  and  the  plebs.  It  dates 
.from  the  reign  of  Augustus,  and  prevailed  especially  in  the  western 
provinces  of  the  Empire.  The  Augustales  seem  to  have  had  a  semi- 
official standing,  and  to  have  performed  certain  functions  different 
from  those  assigned  to  other  magistrates.  The  municipal  senate 
named  annually  a  college  of  six  members,  seviri  Augustales,  to  whom 
was  entrusted  the  giving  of  public  games  and  festivals. 

MUNICIPAL  MAGISTRACIES  AND  CIVIL  FUNCTIONS 

Quaestor,  Q,  QVAE,  QVAES 
aerarii,  AER 

arcae  publicae, ARK  •  P,  PVB 

alimentorum, A,  AL,  ALIM 

or  pecuniae  alimentariae,  —  —  P  •  A,  ALIM 

or  pecuniae  alimentorum  publicorum,  P,  PEC  •  A,  ALIM  •  P 

sacrae  pecuniae  alimentariae, SAC  •  P  •  ALIM 

rei  publicae, REI  •  P 

Aedilis,      AED,  AEDIL 

curulis, CVR  (Ariminum,  Ostia). 

habens  iuris  dictionem  quaestoris  pro  praetore, HAB  •  IVR  •  DIC  • 

Q  •  PRO   PRAET  (Cirta). 

pro  quaestore, PRO  •  Q  (Grumentum,  Saporana). 

>  v(iis)  a(edibus)  sa(cris)  p(ublicis)  p(rocurandis), V  •  A  .  S  •  P  •  P  • 

(Pompeii). 

iure  dicundo, I  •  IVR  •  D,  DIC 

quaestoriae  potestatis  (Colonies  of  Cirta). 

quinquennalis, Q  •  Q,  QQ 

Tribunus  plebis,  TR,  TRIB  •  PL  (Teanum,  Venusia). 

Praetor,     PR,   PRAET  (in  certain  towns  of   the  Latin  Confederation,  also  in 
Gaul,  Spain). 

iure  dicundo, I  •  D,  IVR  •  DIC 

Censor,      CEN,  CENS  (in  certain  towns  of  the  Latin  Confederation). 
Dictator,    DIC,  DICT  (in  certain  towns  of  the  Latin  Confederation). 


Duovir  (Duumvir),  II  .  V,  D  •  V,  II  •  VI R,  D  •  VI R 

iure  dicundo, I  .  D,  IVR  •  DIC 

aedilis. AED,  AEDIL  (Aeclanuin). 


186 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


Duovir       aerarii, AER  (Vienna). 

ab  aerario (Lugdunum). 

•        quinquennalis, Q  Q 

iure  dicundo  quinquennalis, I  -  D  •  QQ,  or  at  times  QQ  •  I  •  D 

viis  aedibus  sacris  publicis  procurandis, V  •  A  •  S  •  P  •  P  (Pompeii). 

Triumvir    III  V,  VI R  (common  in  Africa). 

aedilicia  potestate,  -   -  AED  •  POT  (Ariminum). 

praefectus  iure  dicundo, PR  •  I  •  D  (Colonies  of  Cirta). 

locorum  publicorum  persequendorum,  —  -  LOG  •  PVBL  •  PERSEQ,  or 
L  .  P  .  P  (Vienna). 

quinquennalis, Q  Q  (Tiddis,  Mactar,  in  Africa). 

Quattuorvir  RTF  VI R 

—  aedilis, AED 

aedilicia  potestate, AED  •  POT,  POTEST 

aerarii  -> 

ad  aerarium  [•      — AER  (Vienna,  Nemausus,  Antipolis). 

ab  aerario     J 

iure  dicundo, I,  IVR  •  D  •  DIG 

—  viarum  curandarum, VI A  R  •  CVR  (Verona). 

quinquennalis,  or  iure  dicundo  quinquennalis, I  •  D  •  QQ,  at  times 

_QQ.|.D 

Quinquevir,    V  •  VI R  (in  certain  parts  of  Italy). 
Octovir,          VOT-VIR 

Decemvir,      X  •  VI R  (Ferentinum,  Ostippo,  Aquincum). 
Undecimvir,  XI  •  VI R  (Nemausus). 
Quinquennales,  Q,  QQ,  Q  .  Q,  QVIN,  QVINQ;  see  IT  vir,  Ml  vir,  ITIT  vir,  aedilis, 

praetor, 
perpetuus,  -    -  PER,  P  •  P 

censoria  potestate,  C  -  P 


Actor,  ACT 

publicus,  -    -  PVB,  PVBL 
Adlectus  aerario,  ADL  •  AER,  AERA 
Advocatus  publicus,  ADVOC  •  PVB 
Agnotheta,    AGNOTH    (Alexandria, 
.  Ephesus). 

Alimentarius,  ALIMENT 
Arcarius,  ARK 

Centumvir,  C  •  VIR  (Cures, Veii,  etc.). 
Commentariensis,  CO  MM 


Curator,  CVR 

aedium 

aerarii,  -  -  AER 
annonae,  -    —  ANN 

kalendarii, KAL 

operum      publicorum, 

OPER  .  PVBL 

frurnenti     comparand!, 

FRVMEN  .  COMPAR 
Decurio,   DEC 


OFFICIAL   TITLES 


187 


Dissignator,  DISSIGN  (Pompeii). 
Hoi-rearms,   HORR 
Legatus,   LEG 
Librarius,   LIB,  LIBR 
Magister,  MAG 
Minister  (pagi),  MIN 
Munerarius,  MVNER 
Patronus,   P,  PAT,  PAIR 

coloniae, C,  COL 

municipii,  M,  MVN 

Praefectus,  PRAEF 

hire  dicundo, I  •  I 


Praefectus    aedilicia    potestate,    

AEDIL  .  POT  (Brixia). 

propraetore    iure    dicundo, 

-  PRO  •  PR  .  I  -  D 
vigilum  et  armorum,  VIGIL- 
ET  •  ARM  (Nemausus). 

murorum  (Tarraco). 

Princeps,  PR  I,  PR  INC 
Suffetes  (Africa). 

Scribae,  S,  SCR  •  SCRI 
Viatores,  VI AT  (Narbo,  Ostia). 


AuGUSTALES 


Augustales,  AVG,  AVGVSTAL 

perpetuus, P  •  P,  PERP 

—        bisellarius,  -   —  BIS 
Curator  Augusta! ium,  C,  CVR  •  AVG 
Patronus  Augustalium ,  P,  PAT,  PATR  • 

AVG 

Quaestor  Augustalium,  Q,  QVAE  •  AVG 
Quinquennales  Augustalium,   Q,   QQ, 
QVIN  •  AVG 


Triumvir  Augustalis,  III  •  VI R  •  AVG 
Sevir,  VI  -V,  VI R 

Junior, IVN 

senior, SEN 

—        Augustalis, AVG 

•        Augustalis  perpetuus,  — 

P-  P 
Octovir  Augustalis,  VIII  .  VI R  .  AVG 


RELIGIOUS  OFFICIALS  OF  MUNICIPALITIES 


Aedilis  lustralis,  AED  .  LVSTR  (Tuscu- 
lum). 

Aedilis  sacris  Volcano  faciundis,  AED  • 
SAC  .  VOLK  .  FAC 

Aedilis  et  praetor  sacris  Volcano  faci- 
undis, AED  .  ET  •  PR  -  SAC  . 
VOLK  .  FAC  (Ostia). 

Aedituus,  AEDIT 

Augur,  AVG 

Curator,  CVR 

Flamen,  FL,   FLAM 

perpetuus,  -    -  P  .  P,   PERP 
sacrorum  publicorum   muni- 
cipii,   SAC  •  PVB 

Haruspex,  HAR 


Magister,  MAG 

Larum  Augustorum,  etc., 

LAR-  AVG 
Minister,   MIN 
Monitor  sacrorum,    MON  •  SAC   (Tus- 

culum). 
Pontifex,  PONT 

maximus,  MAX  (Vibo). 

perpetuus,  -    -  PERPET 
Rex  sacrorum,  REX  •  SAC 
Sacerdos,  SAC,  SACER 

coloniae,  C,  COL 

Sacerdotes  Deorum,  Divorum  et  Diva- 
rum 
Salii. 


NOTE.  —  For  titles  of  particular  cults,  see  Indices  of  C.  I.  L. 


188 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


IV.  The  official  positions  of  the  various  Collegia  whose  organiza- 
tion was  similar  to  that  of  a  strictly  political  body,  form .  another 
class  of  subordinate  offices. 


TITLES  OF  CIVIL  AND  RELIGIOUS  OFFICES  OF  THE  COLLEGIA 


Actor,  ACT 

Aedilis,  AEDIL 

Aedituus,  AEDIT 

Arcarius,  ARC,  ARK 

Biseliarius,  BIS 

Centurio  veteraiiorum,  0  •  VET 

Curator.  CVR 

Decurio,  D,  DEC 

Dispensator,   DISP 

Flamen,  FL,   FLAM 

Haruspex,  HAR 

Honoratus,  HON,  HONOR 

Immunis,  IMM 

Magister,  MAG 

Mater,  MAT 


Medicos,  MED 
Mensor,  MES 
Minister,  MIN 
Patronus,  P,  PAT,  PATR 
Praefectus,  P,  PR,  PRAEF 
Praepositus,  P  P,  PRAEP 
Princeps,  PRI,  PRINC 
Quaestor,  Q,  QVAE,  QVAES 
Quinquennales,  Q,  QQ,  QVINQ 
Sacerdos,  SAC,  SACER 
Scriba,  S,  SCR,  SCR  I 
Tribunus,  JRIB 
Triumvir,  TU  •  VI R 
Viator,  VI AT 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Romische  Staatsverwaltung.     3  vols.     J.  MARQUARDT.     Leipzig,  1876. 
Untersuchungen  auf  dem  Gebiete  der  Romischen  Verwaltungsgeschichte.     OTTO 

HIRSCHFELD.     Berlin,  1877. 
Les  Institutions  Politiques  des  Romains.      2  vols.    J.  B.  MISPOULET.      Paris, 

1882-83. 
Geschichte  und  System  der  Rom.  Staatsverfassung.     E.  HERZOO.     Vol.  I.  1884, 

Vol.  II.  1887  and  1891. 

Manuel  des  Institutions  Romaines.     A.  BOUCHE-LECLERCQ.     Paris,  1886. 
Romische  Stnatsrecht.     3d  ed.     3  Vols.     TH.  MOMMSEN.     Leipzig,  1887. 
Le  Droit  Public  Romain.     6th  ed.     P.  WILLBMS.     Paris,  1888. 
Darstellungen  aus  der  Sittengeschichte  Roms.    6th  ed.    3  vols.    L.  FRIEDLANDER. 

Leipzig,  1888-90. 

Cours  d'Jfpigraphie  Latine.     2d.  ed.     RENE<  CAGNAT.     Paris,  1890. 
Indices  of  Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum,  and  of  the  Inscriptions  Latinae 

of  Orelli  and  Exempla  Inscriptionum  of  Wilmanns. 


INSCRIPTIONS   OF   THE   SENATORIAL   ORDER          189 

r 
INSCRIPTIONS   OF   THE    SENATORIAL   ORDER 

1.  L.  Caecilio  L.  f.  Rufo  q.,  tr.  pi.,  pr.  pro  cos.1 

(On  another  side')  dis  manibus  sacrum  L.  Caecili  Run. 
C.  I.  L.  I.  639,  XIV.  2464.     Found  at  Marino  in  ancient  Latium,  existing 
to-day  in  a  copy.     L.  Caecilius  Rufus  seems  to  have  been  the  brother  of 
P.Sulla  tribunus  plebis,  691/63,  praetor,  697/57,  frequently  mentioned 
by  Cicero.     l  See  note  in  following  inscription. 

2.  M.  Coelio  M.  f.  Vinciano    pr.  pro  cos.,1  tr.  pi.,  q.,    Opsilia  uxor 

fecit. 

C.  L  L.  I.  641,  XIV.  2602.  An  inscription  on  a  tomb  at  Tusculum  in 
Latium.  Coelius  was  tribunus  plebis  701/53,  and  in  707/47  he  was 
placed  by  Caesar  in  charge  of  Pontus  with  two  legions  (Cic.  Ad.  Fam. 
8,  4,  3).  !  It  is  Mommsen's  theory  that  not  two  separate  honores,  the 
praetitra  and  the  proconsulates,  are  referred  to  here,  but  merely  the 
honor  praetoris  provincialis,  with  added  appellation  of  proconsul. 

3.  L.  Munatius  L.  f.  L.  11.  L.  pron.  |  Plancus  cos.,  cens.,1  imp.  iter., 

VII  vir  |  epulon.,  triump.  ex  Raetis,2  aedem  Saturni  |  fecit  de 
manibis,3  agros  divisit  in  Italia  |  Beneventi,  in  G-allia  colonias 
deduxit  I  Lugdimum  et  Kauficam.4 

C.I.  L.  X.  6087.  On  a  mausoleum  near  Formia  (Formiae),  Italy.  1  He 
was  consul  712/42  and  censor  732/22.  2  Dec.  29,  711/43.  Beneventum 
was  among  the  towns  assigned  to  the  soldiers  in  712/42  by  the  triumviri 
rei  publicae  constituendae.  3  i.e.  manubiis,  cf.  C.  L  L.  VI.  1316.  4  In 
710/44  or  7  1  1/43,  when  as  proconsul  he  was  governing  Transalpine  Gaul. 
On  the  founding  of  Lugdunum,  see  Dio.  XLVI.  50. 

4.  L.  Memmius  C.  f.  Gal.1  q.,  tr.  p[^.],    frumenti  curator  ex  s.  c.,2  | 


praefectus  leg.  XXVI  et  VII    Lucae  ad  agros  dividundos,3  | 
pontifex  Albanus.     Memmia  filia  testamento  suo  fieri  iussit. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1460,  XIV.  2264.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Alba, 
now  in  Rome.  l  The  name  of  a  man  of  senatorial  order  without  cogno- 
men, but  with  the  tribus,  —  Galeria  tnbu  ;  so  on  coins  L.  Memmi  Gal. 
and  L.  C.  Memies  L.  f.  Gal.  (Momm.  Bom.  Munz.,  pp.  575,  597).  2  This 
office  was  held  before  the  year  732/22,  for  at  that  time  Augustus  took 
into  his  own  hands  the  cura  annonae.  3  After  the  battle  of  Philippi  or 
Actium.  Hermes  XVI.  171. 


190  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

5.  Cn.  Baebio_Cn.   [/.]  |  Tampilo  Valae  |  Numoniano  |  q.,  pr.  pro 

cos.,    Ill  vir.  a.  a.  a.  f.  f.,    viro. 

/.  L.  VI.  1360.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  founji  between  the  Via 
Appia  and  Via  Latina,  near  Home,  now  on  the  Via  Appia.  The  function 
of  the  vigintivirate  is  here  held  after  the  praetorship. 

6.  Gives  Roman!  qui  |  Mytileneis  negotiantur  |  M.  Titio  l  L.  f.  pro 

cos.,  |  praef.  classis,  |  cos.  desig.,  patrono,  |  honoris  causa. 

C.  I.  L.  III.  455 ;  Suppl.  7160.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at 
Mytilene,  preserved  only  in  copy.  1  consul  suffectus,  723/29. 

7.  P.  Paquius,  Scaevae  et  Flaviae  filius,  Consi  et  Didiae  nepos, 

Barbi  et  Dirutiae  pronepos,  |  Scaeva,  quaestor,  decemvir  stliti- 
bus  iudicandis  ex  s.  c.  post  quaesturam,  quattuorvir  |  capitalis 
ex  s.  c.1  post  quaesturam  et  decemviratum  stlitium  iudicanda- 
rum,  tribunus  plebis,  |  aedilis  curulis,  |  index  quaestionis,2  | 
praetor  aerarii,3  pro  consule  provinciam  Cyprum  optinuit, 
viar.  cur.  extra  u.  K.  ex  s.  c.  in  quinq.,4  pro  cos.  iterum  extra 
sortem  auctoritate  Aug.  Caesaris  |  et  s.  c.  misso5  ad  compo- 
nendum  statim  in  reliquum  provinciae  Cypri,  fetialis,  |  conso- 
brinus  idenique  vir  Flaviae  Consi  filiae,  |  Scapulae  neptis,  | 
Barbi  proneptis,  simul  cum  ea  conditus. 

Flavia,  Consi  et  Sinniae  filia,  |  Scapulae  et  Sinniae  neptis,  Barbi 
et  Dirutiae  proneptis,  consobrina  eademque  uxor  P.  Paquii 
Scaevae,  lilii  Scaevae,  Consi  |  nepotis,  Barbi  pronepotis,  |  simul 
cum  ed  condita. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  2845-6.  Found  at  II  Vasto  d'Aimone  (Histoniurn)  on  a  large 
double  sarcophagus.  l  ex  s.  c.  gives  the  authority  for  the  irregularity  in 
the  holding  this  office  post  quaesturam.  2  index  quaestionis  is  somewhat 
inferior  in  grade  to  the  praetor,  and  hence  in  the  cursus  honorum  stands 
regularly  between  the  aedileship  and  praetorship.  3  Not  before  731  /23, 
when  Augustus  placed  the  aerarium  Saturni  in  the  care  of  two  praetors. 
*viar(um)  cur(ator}  extra  u(rbeiii)  R(omam)  ex  s(enatus)  c(onsulto)  in 
quinq  (uennium).  Momrn.  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  669.  5  missus. 

8.  Q.  Vario  Q.  f.    Gemino    leg.  divi  Aug.  II,1     pro  cos.,  pr.,  tr.  pi.,  | 

q.,  quaesit.  iudic.,2     praef.  frum.  dand.,  |  X  vir.  stl.  iudic.,  | 
curatori  aedium  sacr.  |  monumentor.  que  public.  |  tuendorum.3  j 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   THE   SENATORIAL  ORDER          191 

Is  primus  omnium  Paelign.  senator  |  factus  est  et  eos  honores 
gessit.  |  Superaequani  publice,  patrono. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  3306.  Found  at  Castelvecchio  Subrego  (Superaequum),  where 
it  is  still  preserved.  Varius  Geminus,  mentioned  frequently  by  Seneca, 
is  probably  the  same  person.  J  The  names  of  the  two  provinces  of  which 
Geminus  was  legatus  are  not  given.  2  Quaesitori  iudici  is  denoted  in  other 
inscriptions  by  quaesitor  and  index  quaestionis.  See  preceding  inscrip- 
tion and  Momm.  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  586.  Geminus  probably  held  this 
office  between  the  tribunate  and  the  praetorship.  8  It  is  noticeable  that 
the  honores  ordinarii  are  given  in  a  descending  order,  and  the  honores 
extraordinarii  follow  in  ascending  order.  Quaesitores  iudices  were 
aedilicii  or  quaestorii.  Praefecti  frumenti  dandi  were  praetorii  or 
aedilicii,  while  the  curatores  operum  publicorum  were  praetorii  or 
consulares.  Decemviratus  litibus  iudicandis  was  undertaken  generally 
before  the  quaestorship ;  nevertheless,  in  the  time  of  Augustus,  it  was 
sometimes  given  to  those  of  senatorial  order  extra  ordinem. 

9.   P.  Cornelio  Dolabellae  cos.1    VII  viro  epuloni,  |  sodali  Titiensi, 
leg.  pro.  pr.  divi  Augusti 2  |  et  Ti.  Caesaris  Augusti  |  civitates 
superioris  |  provinciae  Hillyrici.3 

C.  I.  L.  III.  1741.  Found  at  Ragusa,  in  Dalmatia,  where,  a  fragment  still 
remains.  l  consul  ord.,  10  A.D.  2  14  A. D.  and  subsequent  years.  The 
consulatus  and  the  priestly  functions  may  thus  assume  the  first  place,  out 
of  their  chronological  position,  and  in  the  order  consul,  sacerdotium, 
rather  than  in  the  reverse.  The  remaining  honores  may,  however,  imme- 
diately follow  the  consulatus,  and  the  sacerdotium  be  placed  at  .the  end. 
If  the  honores  ordinarii  are  given  together,  and  in  like  manner  the  extra- 
ordinarii, or  if  the  important  state  magistracies  appear  by  themselves, 
and  then  those  of  a  municipality,  the  priestly  offices  of  the  state  may 
be  inserted  between  the  two  series  of  honores.  This  is  true  also  of 
municipal  priestly  offices.  3  This  is  the  province  which  was  afterwards 
called  Dalmatia,  termed  maritima  pars  Illyrici,  by  Velleius  II.  125. 

10.  Q.  Caerellius  Q.  f.  Qui.,  Ill  vir  cap.,  quae.  |  pro  pr.,  tr.  pi., 
legato  ]  |  pro  pr.  ter,  pr.,  praef.  |  frum.  ex  s.  c.  s.,2  |  leg.  Ti. 
Caesaris  Aug.,  |  procos.,  |  ex  testamento. 

Q.  Caerellio  M.  f.  |  Qui.  patri,  tr.  milit.,  quae.,  tr.  pi.,  praetori,  | 
leg.  M.  Antoni,  procos. 


192  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  I.  L.  VL  1364.     Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  in  a  cemetery  on  the 

Via  Ardeatina,  Rome.    J  legatus.    2  This  letter  is  unnecessary.    The  name 

of  M.  Antonius,  although  erased  from  the  Fasti  Capitolini  and  elsewhere, 

nevertheless  was  afterwards  restored  in  the  same.    It  was  given  in  the 

fasti  of  20  A.D.,  according  to  Tacitus,  Annales,  III.  18. 

11.  P.  Plautius  |  Pulcher  |  triumphalis  *  films  |  augur,  III  vir  a.  a.  a. 
f.  f.,  q.  |  Ti.  Caesaris  Aug.  V  consulis,2  |  tr.  pi.,  pr.  ad  aerar., 
comes  Drusi  fill  ]  Germanici,  avonculus  Drusi  |  Ti.  Claudi 
Caesaris  Augusti  fili  |  et  ab  eo  censore  inter  patricios  lectus. 
curator  viarum  sternendar.  |  a  vicinis  lectus  ex  auctoritate 
Ti.  Claudi  Caesaris  Augusti  Germanici,  |  procos.  provinciae 
Siciliae.  |  Vibia  Marsi  f.,  J  Laelia 3  nata,  |  Pulchri. 
C.  L  L.  XIV.  3607.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  near  Tibur, 
existing  only  in  a  copy.  It  refers  to  the  son  of  M.  Plautius  Silvanus 
consul  752/2.  l  Silvanus,  the  father  of  Pulcher,  is  termed  triitmphaUs 
because  of  his  receiving  triumphalia  ornamenta.  2  31  A.D.  3  Laelia, 
the  ablative  case  of  the  name  of  the  mother  is  given  in  addition  to  that 
of  the  father,  according  to  the  Etruscan  custom  (Bormann). 


12.  C.  Ummidio  C.  f.  Ter.  Durmio  j  Quadrato  cos.,  XV  vir.  s.  f.,  ! 

leg.  Ti.  Caesaris  Aug.  prov.  Lusit.,1  |  leg.  divi  Claudi  in  Jllyrico, 
eiusd.  et  |  Neronis  Caesaris  Aug.  in  Syria,2  procos.  |  provinc. 
Cypri,  q.  divi  Aug.3  et  Ti.  Caesaris  Aug.,  aed.  cur.,  pr.  aer.,4 
X  vir.  stlit.  iud.,  curat.  tabular,  publicar.,  praef.  frum.  dandi 
ex  s.  c. 

C.  L  L.  X.  5182.  Found  at  S.  Germane  (Casinum,  a  Sabine  town),  where 
it  exists  to-day.  l  37  A.D.  2  51  A.D.  and  the  years  following  (Tac.  Ann. 
XII.  45 ;  XIV.  26).  3  14  A.D.  4  18  A.D.  (C.  /.  L.  VI.  1496).  Here  the 
consulship  and  sacerdotium  are  given  first  by  themselves,  then  follow 
the  legationes  provinciarum  imperatoriarum  and  the  proconsulship,  next 
the  honores  urbani  ordinarii,  and  then  the  honores  urbani  extraordi- 
narii,  the  various  series  being  in  ascending  order. 

13.  a.  Cn.  Domitio  Sex.  f.  Volt.  |  Afro  Titio  Marcello  |  Curvio  Lucano  | 

cos.,  procos.  provinciae  Africae,1  |  legato  eiusdem  provinciae 
Tul[/i]  fratris  sui,2  septemviro  epulonum,  i[feMi?]  praetorio 
legato  provinciae  Afr[^]c[ae]  |  imp.  Caesar  Aug.,3  praef.  auxili- 
orum  omnium  |  adversus  Germanos,4  donate  ab  imp.  Yespasiano 
Aug.  et  T.  Caesar  Aug.  f  .5  coronis  |  murali  vallari  aureis 6  hastis 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   THE   SENATORIAL  ORDER          193 

puris  III  |  vexillis  III,  adlecto  inter  patricios,  praetori,  tr.  pi.,  | 
quaest.  propraetore  provinciae  Africfae,  |  tr.]  mil.  leg.  V  Aland., 
1III  vir.  viarum  curandar.,  patrono  optinio  |  d.  d. 
6.  \_Cn.  Domitio  Sex.  f. Curvio  Tullo  cos.,  procos.  pro- 
vinciae Africae *],  fetiali,  praef.  wo[xilior.  omnium]  adversus 
Germanos4  —  qui  cum  esset  candidatus  Caesar,  pr.  desig., 
missus  est  ab  imp.  Yespasiano  Aug.  legatus  pro  praetore  ad  | 
exercitum  qui  est  in  Africa 3  et  apsens  inter  |  praetorios  rela- 
tus  -  — ,  donate  ab  [im]p.  Vespasiano  Aug.  et  Tito  Caesare 
Aug.  f  .5  coronis  |  murali  vallari  aureis  6  hastis  puris  III  vexillis 
III,  |  adlecto  inter  patricios,  tr.  pi.,  quaest.  Caesar,  Aug.,  [£]r. 
mil.  leg.  V  Aland.,  X  vir.  stlitib.  iudicandis,  patrono  optimo  d.  d. 

C.  L  L.  XI.  5210,  5211.  Found  at  Fulginia,  in  Umbria.  These  inscrip- 
tions refer  to  two  brothers,  known  from  the  Letters  of  Pliny,  VIII.  18,  5, 
Martial  V.  28,  3,  and  from  lateres  of  the  gens  Domitia  (C.  I.  L.  XV., 
p.  266).  l  They  were  consules  suffecti  in  the  last  years  of  Vespasian  or 
Titus,  or  in  early  part  of  reign  of  Domitian,  proconsuls  of  Africa  under 
Domitian,  before  94  A.D.  2Lucanus  was  probably  legatus  provinciae 
Africae  in  the  proconsulship  of  his  brother  Tullus  in  the  year  following 
his  own  proconsulship.  8  The  legatio  exercitus  Africani  was  commonly 
given  to  praetorii,  but  Tullus  received  it  as  praetor  designatus.  *  They 
were  the  praefecti  of  the  auxiliarii  of  the  army  in  Germany,  not,  how- 
ever, before  73  A.D.,  after  they  had  been  placed  among  the  patricii  by 
Vespasian,  in  73  or  74  A.D.  (Mom.  Staatsr.  II.,3  1101,  note  4).  6They 
were  presented  with  the  dona  militaria  after  the  German  campaign. 
Hence  praef ecto  auxiliorum,  etc.,  and  donato,  etc.,  must  be  read  together, 
for  all  the  other  honores  are  given  in  the  descending  order,  save  this 
portion.  6  Aureis  appears  in  both  inscriptions  where  we  would  expect 
aurea.  The  dona  militaria  for  soldiers,  under-officers,  and  officers  to  and 
including  the  grade  of  centurion,  were  armillae,  torques,  andphalerae,  and 
for  the  higher  officers,  coronae,  hastae  purae,  and  vexilla.  Centurions 
of  a  higher  grade  had  a  right  to  one  corona  and  one  hasta  pura,  the 
tribunes  and  prefects  to  one  corona,  one  hasta  pura,  one  vexillum,  or  to 
two  insignia  of  the  same  kind.  The  legatus  of  the  legion  of  praetorian 
rank  received  three  of  each  kind,  while  the  legatus  of  consular  rank 
received  four.  The  mention  of  the  armillae,  torques,  and  phalerae  does 
not  occur  after  Hadrian.  We  then  find  only  donis  militaribus  donatus. 
The  mention  of  military  insignia  does  not  appear  at  all  in  the  inscriptions 
after  the  time  of  Caracalla. 

LAX.  INSCRIP.  —  IS 


194  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

14.  C.  Plinius  L.  f.  Ouf.  Caecilius  \_Secundus  cos.,1]  augur,2  legat.  pro 
pr.  provinciae  Pon[fo'  et  Bitliyniae]  consular!  potesta[£.]  in  earn 
provinciam  e[oj  s.  c.  missus  ab]  imp.  Caesar.  Nerva  Traiano 
Aug.  German[ico  Dacico  p.  p.?~\  curator4  alvei  Ti[5]eris  et 
riparum  Q\t  cloacar.  urb.,~]  praef.5  aerari  Satu[r]ni,  praef.5 
aerari  mil[#.,  pr.,6  trib.  pl.,6~]  quaestor  imp./  sevir  equitum 
[Romanorum'],  trib.  milit.8  leg.  [///]  Gallicafe,  X  vir  stli^tib. 

iudicand.,  ther[mas  ex  K-S] adiectis  in  ornatum  H-S 

CCC  .  .  .  .  \et  eo  ampjlius  in  tutela[m]  H~S  CC,  t.  f.  i.,9  [item 
in  alimentoi]  libertor.  suorum  homin.  ChhS  I XVIII I  LXVI 
[)CLXVI10  rei  [p.  legavit,  quorum  mjcrement.  postea  ad  epu- 
lum[p/]eb.  urban,  voluit  pertin[e?*e]  ....  [item  vivu~]s 
dedit  in  aliment,  pueror.  et  puellar.  pleb.  urban.  H-S[-D,n  item 
bybliothecam 12  et]  in  tutelarn  bybliothecae  hhS  C. 

C.  L  L.  V.  5262.  Inscribed  on  four  fragments  of  a  large  stone  brought 
originally  from  Comum  to  Mediolanum,  where  it  was  found.  Only  one 
of  these  now  remains,  the  portion  of  the  inscription  on  the  others  exist- 
ing only  in  copies.  The  inscription  refers  to  the  baths  established  by  the 
will  of  Pliny  at  Comum,  where  he  was  born.  Pliny,  named  P.  Caecilius 
Secundus,  became  C.  Plinius  Caecilius  Secundus  after  adoption  through 
his  uncle's  will  (Mommsen,  Herm.  III.,  p.  60).  ]  consul  su/ectus,  100 
A.D.  (Momm.,  Z.c.,  p.  91).  2  According  to  Epist.  3,  8,  this  was  shortly 
after  103  or  104  A.D.  3The  mission  to  Bithynia  dates  111.  4 105,  and 
years  following  (Momm.,  Z.c.,  p.  47).  5  In  Epist.  ad  Traian.  3,  Pliny 
refers  to  the  praefectura  aerarii,  which  he  held  in  98-101.  He  held  the 
praefectura  aerarii  militaris  94  or  95.  6  Pliny  appears  to  have  been 
praetor  in  9o,  tribunus  plebis  92.  7  In  Epist.  7,  16,  2,  Pliny  says  that  he 
has  been  quaestor  imperatoris.  He  was  quaestor  Domitiani,  as  it  appears, 
in  89-90.  8  Pliny  says  in  Epist.  1,  10,  3;  3,  11,  5,  that  he  had  been 
tribunus  militum  in  Syria.  9  t(estamento')  f(ieri)  i(ussit).  10  decies 
octies  centena  et  sexaginta  sex  milia  cum  sexcentis  sexaginta  sex  (the 
number  1866666)  ;  Mommsen,  Herm.  Ill,  p.  102,  suggests  that  the  sign  of 
bessis  (2/3)  has  disappeared.  n  This  numeral  is  supplied  from  Epist.  7, 
18,  2.  12  Pliny  had  dedicated  a  library  for  his  fellow-townsmen  in  97,  or 
a  little  earlier  (Epist.  1,  8,  2).  For  the  life  of  Pliny,  see  Moinrn.  Hermes, 
III.,  p.  59. 


15.    L.  Min[icms  L.  fit.  Gal.  .JVafjtalis  cos.,1  procos.    provinc.  [Africae, 
sodalis  Augus^talis,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  divi  Traia|ni  "P&i[thici  et 


INSCRIPTIONS   OF   THE   SENATORIAL   ORDER          195 

imp.  Traiani  #a]driani  Aug.2  provinc.  Pan|nonia[e  .  .  .  .  , 
curator  a]lvei  Tiberis  et  riparum  et  |  cloacar[itm  urbis,  leg.  divi 
Trajiani  Parthici  leg.  III  Aug.,3  leg.  di|vi  Traia[n£  Parthici 

leg doni^s   donatus   expeditione   Dacic[a]    |    prima 

a[6  eodem  imperatore~]  corona  vallari  miirali  aurea  |  has[£is 
puris  III  vexillis  III,  Z]eg.  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Africae,  pr.,  trib. 

pi.,  q.  p[-rou ,  ////  w']r.  viarum  curandarum, 

et  L.  Municius  L.  f.  \_Natalis  Quadro^mus  Verus  f.,4  augur, 
trib.  plebis  desig.,  q.  Aug.  et  [eodem  tempore  leg.  p]r.  pr.  patris 
provinc.  Africae,  tr.  mil.  leg.  I  adiut.  p.  f.,  l[eg  XI  CL  p.  /., 
leg.  XIIII  Ma]vt.  Vic.,  Ill  vir  monetalis  a.  a.  a.  f.  f.,  |  balineuni 
solo  suo  et  du[ctus  aquae]  fecerunt. 


C.  L  L.  II.  4509 ;  Suppl.  6145.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at 
Barcelona  (Barcino,  Tarraconensis),  Spain.  1  consul  sg/ectus,  106  A.D. 
2  117  A.D.  3  104  or  105  A.D.  ifilius,  cf.  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3599. 

16.  P.  Manilio  P.  f.  |  Gal.  Vopisco    Vicinillianfo]    L.  Elufrio  Severo 

Iul[/o]  Quadrato  Basso  cos.,1  |  pontif.,  flamin.,2  praet.,3  | 
quaestori  divi  Traiani  |  Parthici,  trib.  mil.  leg.  |  IIII  Scythic., 
Ill  vir  a.  a.  a.  f.  f.,  salio  Collino,  curat.  |  fani  Here.  Viet.,  | 
N.  Prosius  Platanu[.s]  cum  Manilia  Eutychjj'a]  uxore  et 
Vibia  Vicinill[a]  et  Manilis  |  Vopisciano  et  Attico  libefn's]  | 
suis. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  4242.  Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  pedestal  found  at  Tivoli 
(Tibur)  in  1887.  l  consul  ordinarius,  114  A.D.  2  Dialis,  Martial  is,  or 
Quirinalis  is  omitted.  3  Vopiscus  as  a  patrician  passed  directly  from  the 
quaestorship  to  the  praetorship. 

17.  L.  Burbuleio  L.  f.  Quir.  |  Optato  Ligariano  |  cos.,1  sodal.  Aug., 

leg.  imperat.  Antonini  Aug.  Pii  pro  pr.  prov.  |  Syriae  in  quo 
honor,  decessit,  leg.  eiusdem  et  divi  Hadriani  pro  pr.  prov.  | 
Cappad.,  cur.  oper.  locor.  q.  publ.,  praef.  |  aerar.  Saturn.,  pro- 
cos.  Sicil.,  logiste  |  Syriae,  legat.  leg.  XVI  Fl.  Firm.,  cur.  rei  p.  | 
Narbon.  item  Anconitanor  item  |  Tarricin.,  curat.  viar.  Clodiae 
Cassiae  |  Ciminae,  pr.,  aed.  pi.,  q.  Ponti  et  Bithyn.,  |  trib.  laticl. 


196  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

leg.  IX  Hispan.,  Ill  vir  kapit.,  |  patr.  col.,  |  Kasinia  Pietas 
nutr.2  filiar.  eius  |  s.  p.  p.,  1.  d.  d.  d.3 

C.  I.  L.  X.  6006.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  in  the  ruins  of  Minturnae, 
now  at  Naples.  It  is  this  inscription  which  formed  the  basis  of  Borghesi's 
work  on  the  cursus  honorum,  Oeuv.  IV.,  p.  104-178.  *  Before  138,  in 
which  year  as  consularis  he  was  in  charge  of  Cappadocia,  probably 
about  130,  or  the  years  immediately  following.  2nutr(ix).  3  sua 
p(ecunia}  p(osuit),  l(oco)  d(ato)  d(ecreto)  d(ecurionum). 

18.  L.  Novio  Crispino    Martial!  Saturnine  |  cos.  desig.,  leg.  Aug.  pr. 

pr.  |  provinciae  Africae,1  procos.  Galliae     Narbonensis,  leg. 
Aug.  leg.  I  Italicae,  |  leg.  Aug.  iuridico  Astyriae  et  Gallaeciae, 
praetori,  trib.  pleb.,  quaestori   pro   praet.    provinciae   Mace- 
doniae,  trib.  mil.  |  leg.  VIIII  Hisp.,  IIII  viro  viarum  |  curan- 
darum,  seviro  eq.  Romanorum,  |  veteraiii  (leg.  Ill)2     Aug., 
qui  milfcare  coeperunt  G-labrione    et  Torquato,3  item  Asiatico 
II  et  Aquilino  cos.4 

C.  /.  L.  VIII.  2747.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Lambaesis,  in  Africa. 
1  It  is  known  that  this  legatus  governed  Numidia  in  147  and  148  (C.  L  L. 
VIII.  2542,  2652).  2  leg.  Ill  has  been  engraved  over  an  erasure.  3  124 
A.IJ.  4  125  A.D.  Since  milites  veterani  commonly  received  dimissio  after 
twenty-five  years  of  service,  Wilmanns  places  the  date  of  the  inscription 
as  150  A.D.  The  cursns  honorum  is  given  in  inverse  or  descending  order. 
The  functions  between  cos.  design,  and  praetori  were  assigned  to  Cris- 
pinus  as  being  of  praetorian  rank. 

19.  L.  Aemilio  L.  f.  Cam.  Karo  *  co[s.],  |  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinciae 

Cappadociae,  |  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  censitori  provinciae  Lugclu- 
nensis,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinciae  Arabiae,  |  curator!  viae 
Flaminiae,  leg.  leg.  XXX  U.  V.,2  praet.,  trib.  pleb.,  quaest. 
Aug.,  |  trib.  inilitum  leg.  VIII  Aug.,  |  trib.  militum  leg.  VIIII 
Hispanae,  X  viro  stlitib.  iudic.,  sodali  Flaviali,  XV  viro  s.  f.,  | 
C.  lulius  Erucianus  Crispus  praef.  |  alae  primae  Ulpiae  Daco- 
rum  |  amico  optimo. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1333.  Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  now 
in  the  Capitoline  Museum.  l  He  appears  to  have  lived  under  Antoninus 
Pius  (Borghesi,  Oeuv.  IV.,  p.  159).  2  legatus  legionis  tricesimae  Ulpiae 
Victricis. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   THE   SENATORIAL   ORDER  197 


20.  Q.  Pompeio  Q.  f.  Quir.  Senecioni  |  Roscio  Murenae  Coelio  Sex.  | 

lulio  Frontino  Silio  Deciano  |  C.  lulio  Eurycli  Herculaneo  L.  | 
Vibullio  Pio  Augustano  Alpino  Bellicio  Sollerti  lulio  Apro  | 
Ducenio  Proculo  Eutiliano  Rufino  Silio  Valenti  Valerio  | 
Nigro  01.  Fusco  Saxae  [^lm]yntiano  l  \  Sosio  Prisco  pontifici, 
sodali  |  Hadrianali,  sodali  Antoniniani  (sic)  \  Veriani  (sic), 
salio  Collino,  quaestori  |  candidate  Augg.,  legato  pr.  pr.  Asiae, 
praetori,  consuli,2  pro  coiisuli  Asi|ae  sortito,  praefecto  alimen- 
tor.,  |  XX  viro  monetali,  seviro,  praef.  feriarum  Latinarum ; 
q.  q.,  patrono  |  municipii,  salio,  curatori  fani  H.  V.3  |  s.  p.  q.  T.4 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  3609.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Tivoli  (Tibur). 
1  Uryntiano  is  the  reading  of  Borghesi,  but  the  Pamphylian  inscription 
in  Bull,  de  Corr.  Hellen.  14  (1890),  p.  643,  gives  authority  for  Amyntiano. 
The  name  in  other  inscriptions  appears  as  Q.  Pompeius  Q.  f.  Senecio  So- 
sius  Priscus,  or  Q.  Sosius  Priscus.  The  portion  of  his  name,  Q.  Pompeius 
Roscius  ...  to  ...  Vibullius  Pius  he  received  from  his  father ;  Senecio 
and  Sosius  from  his  maternal  grandfather ;  Sex.  Julius  Frontinus 
from  his  great-grandfather ;  Augustanus  Alpinus  Bellicius  Sollers  from 
Bellicius  Sollers,  consul  in  time  of  Trajan.  2  consul  ordinarius,  169  A.D. 
s  H(erculis')  V(ictoris').  4 senatus  populusque  Tiburs.  The  arrangement 
of  the  cursus  honorum  is  as  follows :  first,  the  priestly  functions,  then 
quaestor  candidatus,  followed  by  legatus  pro  praetore,  a  quaestorian 
function,  then  praetor,  consul,  proconsul  Asiae,  a  consular  function, 
hence  in  ascending  series.  The  functions  performed  in  Italy  follow 
in  inverse  order,  and  finally  the  municipal  honores  and  the  municipal 
priesthoods  are  given. 

21.  [#er]cul[f)  |  Victor!  |  P.  Plotius  Romanus  l  cos.,  sod.  Aug.  01.,  | 

leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  prov.  Arab,  item  Gal.,  |  praef.  aer.  Sat.,  leg. 
Aug.  cens.  ace.  Hisp.  cit.,2  iur.3  per  Aem.  Lig.,  cur.  viae  Labic.,4 
cur.  Verc.,5  pr.  urb.,  trib.  pi.,  q.  kand.,  VI  vir  eq.  R.  tur.  II,  | 
trib.  mil.  legg.  I  Min.  et  II  Adiut.,  IIII  v.  v.  cur.,  |  aedem 
cum  omni  cultu  consecravit. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  332.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  outside  of 
the  Porta  Portuensis.  l  Plotius  Romanus  was  consul  suffectus  in  an  un- 
known year,  not  however  before  the  time  of  M.  Aurelius,  who  instituted 
the  office  of  iuridieut*.  2leg(atus}  Aug(usti)  cens(ibus')  acc(ipiendis) 
Hisp(aniae}  Cit(erioris').  *  Labic(anae}.  5  Verc(ellensiuiri). 


L98  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

22.  C.  Caerellio  Fufidio    Annio  Ravo  C.  fil.  Ouf.  |  Pollittiano  sodali 

Marciano  Aureliano  |  Commodiano  Helviano  Severiano,  III 
vir.  monet.  a.  a.  a.  f.  f.,  trib.  laticlavio  leg.  Ill  Cyr.,  VI  vir. 
equit.  Eom.  turmae  primae,  quaestor.  |  candid,  imp.  Caesaris 
M.  Aurelli  |  Antoniiii  Pii  Eelicis  Aug.,1  trib.  pi.  candid.,  pr. 
hastar.,2  c.  v.,3  |  Fufidii  Amycus  et  Chrestina  nutritores. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1365.  Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  pedestal  found  at  Rome, 
now  in  Florence.  *  Between  212-217  A.D.  2pr(aetori)  hastar(io~). 
Cf.  Mominsen,  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  225.  3 c(larissimo}  v(iro). 

23.  L.  lul.  Apronio  Maenio    Pio  Salamalliano  *    trib.  latic.  leg.  X 

Gem.,  ad|lecto  inter  qq.,2  praejposito  actis  senat.,  aed.  curuli, 
praeto|ri,  leg.  Aug.  vice  quin[</]ue  fasciurn  prov.  |  Belgi[cae, 
le~]g.  leg.  |  I  Aduitric.,  leg.  AuQ/]  |  pr.  pr.  provinc.  Ga[/a]|tiae 
item  I |  pr.  pr.  c.  v.  .  .  . 

Ephem.  Ep.  VII.  395.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  in  the  forum  at  Lam- 
baesis,  Africa,  where  it  still  exists.  1  He  is  said  to  have  lived  in  the 
middle  of  the  third  century.  The  tribunatus  militum  and  the  legatio 
legionis  show  that  he  did  not  live  after  the  time  of  Gallien.  2  Note  this 
instance  of  adlectio  inter  quaestorios.  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  941, 
note  5,  and  p.  901. 

24.  M.  Tineio  Ovinio  |  L.  f .  Arn.  Casto  Pulchro  |  c.  v.,  pont.  maiori,1 1 

q.  urb.,  pr.  k.,  cos.,  |  s.  p.  q.  T.2  filio  patroni,  |  nepoti  patro- 
norum. 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  3614.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Tivoli  (Tibur). 
1  If  the  pontifices  were  not  termed  maiores  until  after  the  establishment  of 
the  pontificate  of  deus  Sol,  this  inscription  does  not  date  before  Aurelian, 
270-275,  who  is  believed  to  have  instituted  the  pontifices  dei  Solis 
(Dessau).  2  s(enatus}  p(opulus*)q(ue}  T(iburs~). 

25.  C.  Caelio  Censori|no  v.  c.,  praet.  candi|dato,  cons.,  cur.  viae 

Latinae,  cur.  reg.  VII,  cur.  splendidae  Car]thagin.,  comiti  d. 
n.  Constantini  maximi  Aug.  et  exactori  auri  et  argenjti 
provinciarum  III,  cons.1  pro|vinc.  Sicil.,  cons.  Camp.,  aucta  in 
melius  civitate  sua  let  refor|mata  ordo  populusque  Atellanus. 
L.  d.  s.  c. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   THE   SENATORIAL  ORDER 


199 


(7.  /.  L.  X.  3732.  Found  at  Grumo,  near  ancient  Atella,  between  Naples 
and  Capua.  l  cons(ulari} .  The  three  provinces  are  Sicilia,  Sardinia, 
Corsica. 


26.  Mavortii.  |  Q.   Flavio   Maesio   Egnatio  |  Lolliano   c.   v.,   q.   k., 

praetori  ur|bano,  auguri  publico  populi  |  Romani  Quiritium, 
cons,  albei  Tiberis  et  cloacarum,  cons.  ope|rum  publicum,1 
cons,  aquarum,  |  cons.  Campaniae,  comiti  Flaviali,  comiti 
Orientis,  comiti  primi  ordinis  et  proconsuli  provinciae 
Africae,  |  regio  portae  triumphalis  patrono  dignissimo. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  1095.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Puteoli,  now  in  Museum  at 
Naples.  Lollianus  was  praefectus  urbi  in  342  A.D.,  and  consul  ordinarius 
in  355  A.D.  l  By  an  error  for  publicorum. 

27.  nobilitatis  culmini,  |  litterarum  et  eloquentiae  lumini,    auctori- 

tatis  exemplo,  |  provisionum  ac  dispositionum  *  magistro,  | 
humanitatis  auctori,  moderationis  patrono,  devotionis  anti- 
stiti,  |  Petronio  Probo  v.  c.  proconsuli  Africae,1  |  praefecto 
praetorio  |  per  Illyricum  Italiam  et  Africam,  consul!  ordi- 
nario,2  ob  insignia  erga  se  remediorum  genera  |  Veneti  adque 
Histri  peculiares  eius, 
Dedicata  VI  idus  Aug., 
II  |  Augg.  cons.3 


patrono  praestantissimo.     (On  the 
dd.  nn.    Valente  VI  et    Valentiniano 


<7.  /.  L.  VI.  1751,     Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  pedestal  found  at  Rome, 
now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum.     l  358  A.D.     2371  A.D.     3Aug.  8th,  378. 

28.  Kufius  Praetextatus  Postumianus  v.  c.,  films  |  magnifici  viri 
Mariniani  praefecti  praetorio  et  consulis  ordinarii,1  |  quaestor 
candidatus,  praetor  urbanus,  tribunus  |  et  notarius  praetori- 
anus,  praefectus  urbi  secundo,  consul  ordinarius,2  quos  | 
tantos  ac  tales  honores  primo  aetatis  suae  flore  promeruit. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1761.     Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Rome,  now  in 
Museum  at  Florence.     l  4i3  A.D.     2  448  A.D. 


200  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

INSCRIPTIONS   OF  THE   EQUESTRIAN  ORDER 
PRAEFECTI   PRAETORIO 

1.  Vasiens.  Vdc.1  |  patrono,  |  Sex.  Afranio  Sex.  f.    Volt.  Burrd    trib. 

mil.,  proe.  Augu|stae,2  proc.  Ti.  Caesar.,     proc.  divi  Claudi,  | 
praef.  pra[e]tori,3  omajm[<mf|is  consular. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  5842.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Vaison  (Vasio),  in 
Narbonensis.  :  Vasienses  Vocontii.  2  Livia.  3  Burrus  was  praefectus 
praetorio  from  51-62  A.D.  Tac.  Ann.  XII.  42. 

2.  M.  Bassaeo  M.  f.  St[eJ.]  |  Rufo  pr.  pr.    [i'm]peratorum  M.  Aureli 

Antonini  et  |  [JL]  Aureli  Veri  et  L.  Aureli  Commodi  Augg.,  | 
[cjoiisularibus  ornamentis  honorato  [e]t  ob  victoriam  Ger- 
manicam  et  Sarraatic.  |  [^4]ntonini  et  Commodi  Augg.  corona 
[m]ur#li  vallari  aurea  hastis  puris  IIII  [fojtidemque  vexillis 
obsidionalibus  [ab  iisdem~\  donate,  praef.  Aegypti,  praef.  | 
.  .  .  .  /  proc.  a  rationibus,  proc.  Belgpcae]  et  dw]arum  Ger- 
maniarum,  proc.  regni  \_No\ri\a\,  proc.  Asturiae  et  Calleciae, 
trib.  [co/i]  .  .  pr.,  trib.  coh.  X  urb.,  trib.  coh.  V  vigul.,  pp. 
bis.2  |  \_Huic  se?i]atus  auctoribus  impp.  Antoniiio  et  |  \_Com- 
m]odo  Augg.  statuam  auratam  in  foro  |  [divi  Traia]i\i  et 
aliam  civil  i  amictu  in  templo  [divi  Pii\,  tertiam  loricatam  in 
tem^plo  Martis  Ultoris?  ^?o]nendas  [censuif]. 

C.  L  L,  VI.  1599.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  now  in  a  copy  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  1  Supply  either  ann(onae),  or  vig(ilum).  '2  p(rimo}p(ilo)  bis. 
Dio  Cassius  LXXI.  5.  The  order  of  the  honores  is  descending.  The 
highest  offices  of  the  equestrian  career  are  given  from  pr(aefecto) 
pr(aetorio^)  to  praef  (ecto)  [ann(onae')  or  mg(ilum}~\,  those  of  the  grade 
of  procurator  from  proc(uratori)  a  rationibus  to  proc(uratori)  Asturiae 
et  Gallaeciae,  and  those  indicating  preparatory  military  service  from 
trib(uno)  \_coh(ortis~)  .  .  .]  to  p(rimo}p(ilo}  bis  .  .  . 


3.  L.  lulio  Ve[^?7]io  Gr[afo]  |  luliano  pra[e/.]  pr.,  praef.  ann.,  a 
rationib.,  praef.  c[lassis  |)]raet.  Misenat.,  pra[e/.]  |  classis 
praet.  Raven  [iiat.,  proc.~]  Aug.  et  praep.  vexil[/a]|tion.  tempore 
belli  [Britannici,  pr~\6e,.  Aug.  provinciae  Lusit[aw/ae]  et 
Vett[o?^^'ae,  proc.  /l]ug.  et  praeposit[o]  |  vexillationis  per  .  .  . 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   THE  EQUESTRIAN   ORDER         201 

,  proc.  Aug.  |  et  praef.  classis  Po[?ifa'c]a[e,  proc.  Augg. 

e]t  pra[ep.]  |  vexillationis  per  Achaiam  et  Macedonian!  |  et  in 
Hispanias  adversus  Castabocas  et  Mauros  rebelles,  praeposito 
vexillatiojnibus  tempore  belli  Germaiiici  et  Sarmat.,  |  praef. 
alae  Tampianae,  praef.  alae  Her|culanae,  trib.  cohort,  primae 
Ulpiae  Pan|noniorum,  praef.  cohort,  tertiae  August.  Thracum, 
donis  militaribus  donato  ab  impe|[ra£o]ribus  Antonino  et  Vero 
ob  victoriam  [belli  Partlii]v\,  item  ab  Antonino  et  |  [Commodo 

ob  we]  tor.  belli  Germ[a]nic 

Notizie  degli  Scam,  1887,  p.  536.  On  a  pedestal  found  at  Rome  in  the  bed 
of  the  Tiber.  lulianus  was  praefectus  praetorio  of  Commodus,  and  was 
slain  by  him;  Dio  Cassius  LXXII.  14  ;  Vita  Comm.  7,  4.  11,  3.  A  state- 
ment in  Vita  Marci,  chap.  21,  shows  that  the  Moors  ravaged  Spain  in 
the  time  of  M.  Aurelius. 

4.  L.  Petronio  L.  f.  |  Sab.  Tauro  Volu|siano  v.  cos.  |  ordinario,1  praef. 

praet.  |  em.  v.,2  praef.  vigul.  |  p.  v.,3  trib.  coh.  primae  praet. 
protect  |  Augg.  nn.,4  item  trib.  coh.  IIII  praet.,  |  trib.  coh.  XI 
urb.,  trib.  coh.  Ill  vig.,  leg.  X  |  et  XIIII  Gem.  prov.  Pannoniae 
superiori.  |  itim  (sic)  leg.  Daciae,5  praeposito  equitum  singu- 
larior.  Augg.  nn.,  p.  p.6  leg.  XXX  Ul|piae,  centurioni  deputato, 
eq.  pub.,  ex  V  dec.,  Laur.  Lavin.  |  ordo  Arretinorum  patrono  | 
optimo. 

C.  I.  L.  XI.  1836.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Arezzo  (Arretium), 
where  it  still  exists.  1  v(iro}  co(ri)s(ulari}  ordinario,  261  A.D.  2em(m- 
entissimo)v(iro').  3 p(erfectissimo}  v(iro}.  4 protection}  Aug(ustorum) 
n(ostrorum),  the  earliest  mention  of  protectores ;  cf.  Momm.  Ephem. 
Ep.  V.  p.  126.  5  leg(ionis}  Daciae.  6p(rimo)  p(ilo). 

PRAEFECTI  AEGYPTI,  ANNONAE,  VIGILUM 

5.  M.  Magio  M.  f .  Maximo    praef.  Aegypti,  Tarraconenses. 

C.  7.  L.  IX.  1125.  Found  at  Le  Grotte  di  Mirabella  (Aeclanum),  still  in 
existence.  Maximus  was  praefectus  Aegypti  under  Augustus  (Philo.  adv. 
Flaccum  10.  Pliny  N.  H.  36,  9,  69). 

Ti.  Claudio  |  Ti.  fil.  Pal.  Secundino  |  L.  Static  Macedon|>*]  |  p.  p. 
leg.  IIII  F.  f.,1  trib.  coh.  prim,  vig.,  trib.  coh.  XI  urban., 
trib.  coh.  VIIII  pr.,  |  p.  p.  iterum,2  praef.  leg.  ll  Tra.  [/.],  | 


202  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

proc.  XX  her.,  proc.  provin[c.]  Lugdunens.  et  Aquitan[icae],  | 
a  rationib.  Aug.,3  praef.  an[ttow.],  L.  Saufeius  Iulianu[s]  | 
amico  optim[o]. 

C.  I.  L.  V.  867.  Found  at  Aquileja  (Aquileia),  where  it  still  remains. 
1  p(rimo)  p(ilo}  leg(ionis}  quartae  F(laviae)  f(elicis~).  '2p(rimo(  p(ilo} 
iterum.  The  return  to  this  position  or  grade  evidently  looked  to  obtain- 
ing some  special  advantage  which  fell  to  the  primipilarii.  3  An  inscrip- 
tion on  a  lead  pipe  (C.  L  L.  XIV.  2008),  referring  to  this  man,  shows 
that  Secundinus  was  a  rationibus  for  Antoninus  Pius. 

6.  C.   lunio   C.  f.    Quir.  |  Flaviano     praefecto   annonae,      proc.   a 

rationibus,  proc.  provinciarum  Lugdunesis  et  Aquitanicae, 
proc.  hereditat.,  proc.  Hispaniae  citerioris  |  per  Asturicam  et 
Callaeciam,  |  proc,  Alpium  maritimarum,  |  promagistro  XX 
hereditatium,  |  tr.  mil.  leg.  VII  Gem.,  pontif.  minori,  |  merca- 
tores  frumentari  |  et  oleari  Afrari. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1620.  Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome, 
where  a  fragment  still  exists. 

7.  Cn.  Marcio  Cn.  fi[Z]io  Rustic  [Rufino  praef.  co]hortium  vigiluin, 

p[r]aeposito  an[?io7iae  imp.  L.  Septimi]  \  Severi  Pii  Pertinac. 
e[£]  M.  Aurelii  Anton[m£  Augg.,  praef]  classium  praetori- 
a[rw]m  Misenatium  \et  Ravennat.,  trib.  co]|hortium  primae 
prae[fo]riae,  XI  urban.,  \_VI  vigil,  prim.  pil.  legi^onum  III 
Cyrenaicae,  III  Gall^'cae,  et  \  SaUnato^mae  P.  til.  Augustinae 
ei[^s]. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  1582.  Found  at  Benevento  (Beneventum),  where  it  still  exists. 
Rufinus  was  praefectus  vigiluin  from  205-207  A.D. 

PROCURATORES 

8.  C.  Baebio  P.  f.  Cla.  |  Attico  |  II  vir.  i.  [d],  primopil.  leg.  |  V 
Macedoiiic.,  praef.  civitatium  Moesiae  et  Treballia^,  |9ra]ef. 
[c^]vitat.  in  Alpib.  maritumis,  t[r.]  mil.  coh.  VIII  pr., 
primopil.  iter.,  procurator.  |  Ti.  Claudi  Caesaris  Aug.  Ger- 
manici  |  in  Norico,  |  civitas  Saevatum  et  Laiancorum.2 

C.  L  L.  V.  1838.  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  tablet  found  at  Zuglium  (lulium 
Carnicum),  still  in  existence.  2  People  of  Noricum. 


INSCRIPTIONS   OF   THE   EQUESTRIAN   ORDER 


203 


9.  P.  Besio  P.  f.  Quir.  Betuiniano  |  C.  Mario  Memmio  Sabino  | 
praef.  coh.  I  Raetorum,  trib.  leg.  X  G.  p.  f.,  praef.  alae 
Dardanorum,  procurator!  |  imp.  Caesaris  Nervae  Traiani  Aug. 
Germ.  Dacici  |  monetae,  proc.  provinc.  Baeticae,  proc.  XX 
hered.,  proc.  pro  |  leg.  provinc.  Mauretaniae  Tingitanae,  donis 
donate  ab  |  imp.  Traiano  Aug.  bello  Dacico  corona  murali 
vallari  hastis  pur.  vexillo  argent.,  exacti  exercitus. 

C.  I.  L.  VIII.  9990.  Found  at  Tanger  (Tingi),  Mauretania,  and  taken  to 
Oxford,  where  it  remains  in  the  museum. 

10.  d.  m.  s.  |  P.  Vibi  P.  f.  Marian!  e.  m.  v.,1  proc.  |  et  praesidi  prov. 

Sardiniae,  p.  p.  bis,    trib.  cohh.  X  pr.  XI  urb.  IIII  vig.,  praef. 
leg.    II  Ital.,  p.  p.  leg.  Ill  Gall.,  7  frument.,    oriundo  ex  Ital. 
lul.  Dertona,  |  patri  dulcissimo,  |  et  Reginiae  Maxime  matri 
karissimae,    Vibia  Maria  Maxima  c.  f.  fil.  et  her. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1636.  Inscribed  on  a  large  sarcophagus  found  near  the  fifth 
milestone  of  the  Via  Cassia,  near  Rome,  where  it  still  exists.  ]  egregiae 
memoriae  viro. 

11.  T.  Cornasidio    T.  f.  Fab.  Sabino  e.  m.  v.,     proc.  Aug.  Daciae 

Apulensis,  proc.  Alpium  Atractianar.  et  Poeninar.  |  iur.  glad., 
subpraef.  class,  pr.  Raven.,  praef.  alae  veter.  Gallor.,  trib. 
leg.  II  |  Aug.,  praef.  coli  I  Mont.,  p.  c.,  auguri,  Laur.  Lavin., 
aed.,  II  vir.,  q.,  q.  q.  p.  p.,1  collegia  fabrum  centon.  dendro- 
plior.  |  in  lionorem  T.  Cornasidi  |  Vesenni  dementis  fili  eius, 
equo  publ.,  Laur.  Lavin.  patroni  plebis  et  col]legior.,  qui  ab 
ipsis  oblatum  |  sibi  honorem  statuae  in  |  patris  sui  nomen 
memo  riamque  transmisit. 

C.  I.  L.  IX.  5439.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Fallerone  (Falerio, 
in  Picenum),  now  at  Rome  in  the  Vatican  Museum.  *  aed(ili) ,  duovi^o), 
q(naestori\  q(uin}q(uennali)  p(er)p(etuo')  are  municipal  honores. 

12.  M.  Aquilio  M.  f.  |  Fabia  Felici    a  census  equit!  Roman.,1    praef. 

cl.  pr.  Ravennat.,  |  proc.  patrim.  bis,2  proc.  hered.  patrim. 
privat.,3  proc.  oper.  pub.,4  |  praep.  vexillat.,  p.  p.  leg.  XI  Cl.,  | 
7  fr.,5  patron,  col.,  ob  nier.  eius  |  Antiat.  publ. 


204  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  I.  L.  X.  6657.  Found  at  Nettuno  (Antium),  now  at  Rome  in  the 
Capitoline  Museum.  1  For  a  censibus  equit(um)  Roman(orum) ,  as 
Mommsen,  Staatsr.  III.,  p.  490,  note  2,  who  identities  this  officer  of 
the  bureau  for  examining  the  demands  of  candidates  for  the  equestrian 
order  with  the  officer  of  the  bureau  of  petitions  (a  libellis)  •  or  for 
(proc)  a(d)  census  equit(um')  Roman(orum),  a  special  officer  only 
mentioned  here,  so,  Hirschfeld,  Vervcaltungsyeschichte,  p.  18,  note  4. 
2  proc(uratori)  patrim(onii)  bis,  i.e.  of  two  provinces.  3  proc(uratori) 
hered(itatium)  patrim(onii)  privat(i),  was  the  officer  to  whom  fell  the 
charge  of  inheritances  coming  to  the  emperor  on  account  of  ius patronatus. 
The  duties  of  this  officer  afterwards  devolved  upon  the  procurator  rationis 
privatae.  4  This  function,  mention  of  which  does  not  occur  elsewhere, 
was  held  by  Felix  in  193  A.D.  3  c(enturioni}  fr(umeutariurum). 

13.  Tib.    Antistio   Faus|ti   fil.    Quirina   Marci|ano    domo    Circina, 

praef.  coh.  II  His[p]anae,  |  trib.  leg.  XV  [J.poZ]lmaris  piae 
fideli[s,  pr]aefecto  a|lae  Sulpic[m]e  c.  R.,  secun|dum  man- 
data  impp.  do  |  minor,  nn.  Augg.1  inte|gerrim.  abstinentis- 
simoque  procur.,  tres  provinc.  |  Galliae  primo  umquam  eq. 
R.  a  censibus  accipi|endis 2  ad  aram  Caesa|rum  statuam 
equestrem  ponendam  censu|erunt. 

Musee  de  Lyon,  L,  p.  162.  Found  at  Lyons  (Lugdunum).  J  Probably 
Severus  and  Caracalla.  2  The  meaning  is  that  Marcianus  was  the  first 
censitor  of  the  equestrian  rank  to  be  honored  by  the  tres  Galliae  with  an 
equestrian  statue. 

14.  M.   Bassaeo  M.  f.  Pal.  |  Axio  |  patr.  col.,  cur.   r.   p.,1  II  vir. 

munif.,2  proc.3  Aug.  viae  Ost.,  et  Camp.,  trib.  mil.  leg.  XIlT 
Grem.,  proc.  reg.  Cala|bric.,  omnibus  honorib.  Capuae  func.,  | 
patr.  col.  Lupiensium,  patr.  municipi  |  Hudentinor.,  universus 
ordo  municip.  |  ob  rem  publ.  bene  ae  fideliter  gestam.  |  Hie 
primus  et  solus  victores  Campani|ae  pretis  et  aestim.  paria 
gladiat.  edidit.  L.  d.  d.  d. 

C.  /.  L.  X.  1795.  Found  at  Naples,  but  probably  belonging  in  origin  to  Pu- 
teoli.  1patr(ono)col(oniae^),cur(atori)r(eipublicae).  *munifico.  3The 
charge  of  the  more  important  roads  was  given  to  men  of  senatorial  order 
i.e.  curatores  viae,  while  those  of  less  consequence  were  given  in  charge 
of  equites  known  here  as  procurators,  in  C.  L  L.  VI.  1610  as  cumtores. 
Hirschfeld,  Verw.,  p.  112,  note  4.  Momin.  Staatsr.  II.,8  p.  1077,  note  4. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  THE   EQUESTRIAN   ORDER          205 

15.  P.  Magnio  Q.  f.  Quir.  Eufo  |  Magoniano   tr.   mil.  IIII7l   proc. 

Aug.  XX  her.2  per  Hisp.  Baet.  et  Lusitan.,  item  proc. 
Aug.  |  per  Baetic.  ad  |  Fal.  veget.,3  item  proc.  Aug.  prov. 
Baet.  ad  ducen.,4  Acili.  Plec.5  amico  optimo  |  et  bene  de 
provincia  |  semper  merito  d.  d. 

C.  I.  L.  II.  2029.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  in  Andalusia  near  El  Cerro 
de  Leon  (Anticaria),  Spain,  where  it  still  exists.  l  tr(ibuno)  mil(itum) 
quater.  2  vicesimae  (partis')  her(editatium).  3  procurator  Augusti  ad 
Falernas  vegetandas,  an  officer  looking  to  the  propagation  of  Italian 
vines  in  Spain  (Mommsen).  4  ad  ducen(a)  (milia  sestertium).  4Acili(a) 
Plec(usa). 

16.  C.  Sextio  C.  f.  Papir[m]  |  Martiali  trib.  mil.  legionis  ![///] 

Scythicae,  proc.  Aug.  ab  actis  urbis,1  p[roc.]  |  Aug.  inter 
mancip.  XL  Galliarum  et  ne|gotiantis,2  proc.  Macedoniae,  qui 
ob  memoriam  T.  Sexti  Alexandri  |  fratris  sui,  inlatis  H-SL 
mil.3  rei  pub.  col.  suae  Mactaritanae,  epulaticium  ex  usuris 
curialibus  die  natali  fratris  sui  |  quodannis  dari  iussit,  ob 
quam  liberalitate  (sic)  \  eius  statuam  universae  curiae  d.  d.4 
pec.  sua  posuer. 

C.  I.  L.  VIII,  Suppl.  11813.  Found  at  Mactaris.  in  Africa.  *  procurator) 
Aug(usti)  ab  actis  refers  to  an  officer  of  equestrian  rank  in  charge  of  the 
acta  publica  (diurna  urbis  acta,  Tac.  Ann.  XIII.  31)  ;  liberti  Augustorum 
ab  actis  (C.  L  Z.  VI.  8674),  and  adiutor  ab  actis  (VI.  8095)  were  his 
subordinates.  "2  inter  mancip  (es)  quadragesimae  Galliarum  et  nego- 
tiantis.  The  procurator  referred  to  was  the  arbitrator  between  the  man- 
cipes  and  negotiators.  3  inlatis  (sestertium)  L  mil(ibus).  4  d(ecreto~) 
d(ecurionum'). 

17.  P.  Cominio  P.  f.    Cl.  Clementi    praef.  classium  praet.    Misenens. 

et  Kavenn.,  |  praeposito  a  cens.,1  proc.  Aug.  XX  her.,,2  proc. 
Aug.  pro|vinc.  Lusitan.,  proc.  Aug.  |  prov.  Daciae  Apolensis 
(sic),  subpraef.  anu.,  proc.  Aug.  |  ad  famil.  glad.  Transpa.,  | 
proc.  Aug.  XX  her.  per  Hisp.  citer.,2  omnib.  equestrib.  milit. 
funct.,  pontif.,  pa|tron.  coloniar.  Cone.  |  Aquil.3  Parmens. 
Venafr.,4  ordo  Cone. 

C.  L  L.  V.  8659.  Found  at  Concordia,  Italy,  where  it  still  exists.  Another 
inscription  in  mutilated  form  has  recently  been  found  referring  to  the 
same  Coininius  Clemens,  from  which  it  appears  that  he  performed  his 


206  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

military  service  under  Marcus  Aurelius  (Notizie  degli  Scavi,  1890,  p.  173). 
1  Monim.,  Staatsr.  III.  490,  note  2.  *  procurator)  Aug(usti}  vicesimae 
her(editatium')  at  Home,  but  a  similar  function  in  the  province  is  indi- 
cated by  procurator)  Aug(usti)  vicesimae  her(editatium)  per  Hisp(an- 
iairi)  citer(iorem).  3  Conc(ordiensis)  Aquil(eiensis).  4  Venafr(anae). 

18.  Q.  Petronio  Q.  f.  Meliori  |  proc.  annon.,  adiutori  curatoris  | 
alvei  Tiberis  et  cloacarmn,  |  curator!  rei  publ.  Saenesium,  | 
praetori  Etrur.  XV  populorum  bis,  trib.  mil.  leg.  Ill  Gallieae, 
sc[?*.]  q.  VI  primo  principi,1  praet.  Laur.  Lavin.,2  IIII  viro 
qq.  Faesulis,f  pontif.  Faesulis  et  Florentiae,  |  corpus  inesor.4 
frum.  Ost.5  |  L.  d.  d.  d.  p.6  (0»  the  **v*)  Ded.  III.  non.  Feb.  | 
L.  Eggio  Marullo  Cn.  Papirio  Aeliano  cos./  |  locus  adsign. 
per  C.  Nasenn.8  Marcellum  cur.  pp.  oper.  pub. 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  172.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Ostia,  having 
been  built  into  the  theatre  when  it  was  restored  in  the  fourth  or  fifth 
century  A.  D.  l  sc[r(ibae*)~\  q(uaestorio  sex)  primo  principi.  2  praet(ori) 
Laur  gentium}  Lavin(atium).  3  ////  viro  q(uin)q(uennali)  Faesulis. 
4  me(n}sor(um~).  5  fntm(entariorum)  Ost(iensium).  6  l(ocus)  d(atus 
d(ecreto)  d(ecurionum}  p(ublice}.  7  Febr.  3d,  184  A.D.  8  Nasenn(ium}. 


19.  Aegippi.  |  L.  Mussio  Aemiliano  Laurenti  Lavinatium,  |  IIII 
milit.,1  v.  e.?  praef.  vehicul.  |  trium  prov.  Gall.  Lugdunens, 
|  Narbonens.  et  Aquitanic.  |  ad  -S^LX,  proc.  Alex.  Pelusi  | 
p.  .  .  .2  ad  -&SC,  proc.  portus  utriusq.  |  ad  \_SSCC~],  \  viro 
innocentissimo,  codicarii  navicularii  et  |  quinq.  corp.  navi- 
gantes,  ob  |  insignem  eius  erga  se  benivolentiam  ac  singujlarem 
abstinentiam.  (On  the  side)  Dedic.  XV  Kal.  lun.  dd.  nn. 
[Philippis]  |  Augg.  cos.,3  |  curant.  nun.  Herniogen[e],  |  Ann.  I. 
Paulino  Coz.4  .  .  . 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  170.  Found  at  Rome,  whither  it  was  brought  from  Ostia, 
existing  now  in  copy  only.  l  (a}  quattuor  milit(iis},  i.e.  functus  quattuor 
militiis  equestribus.  2  Pelusi  p[liari]  according  to  some  ;  others  Pelusi- 
p[hylac.],  i.e.  Pelusip[hylac(iae^,  like  potamophylaciae  (C.  I.  L.  II. 
1970),  Hirschfeld,  Verwaltungsgeschichte,  p.  263,  n.  8.  3  247  or  248  A.D. 
4  curant(ibus)  nun(dina*)  Hermoyen[e^  Au[g.~]  n.  I.  Paulino  Coz[ino~] 
is  suggested  by  Mommsen,  but  the  names  have  probably  been  wrongly 
copied.  The  first  word,  Aegippi,  i.e.  of  Aegippius,  is  separated  from  the 
rest,  and  forms  one  line  of  the  inscription. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   OFFICIALS   OF   THE   THIRD  CLASS     207 

}.  M.  Aurelio  Basileo  viro  ducenario,  proc.  |  rationis  castrensis,  | 
ordo  decurionum  ob  tanto  amore  quam  (sic)  erga  |  patriam 
nostram  praes|tare  consuevit. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  5336.  Found  near  Interamna,  where  it  still  exists  within  the 
walls  of  an  ancient  town.  This  is  the  only  instance  known  of  a  man  of 
equestrian  order  being  procurator  castrensis,  since  elsewhere  the  pro- 
curatores  castrenses  are  libertini. 


INSCRIPTIONS   OF   OFFICIALS   OF  THE   THIRD   CLASS 
APPARITORES  AND  AIDES  OF  MAGISTRATES 

1.  \_M.~\  lunius  M.  1.  Menander  |  scr.  libr.  aed.  cur.  princeps  |  et  q.1  | 

v.2  lunia  M.  1.  Calliste,  |  luiiia  O.s  1.  Sophie,  vixit  ann.  VIII. 

Notizie  degli  Scavi,  1886,  p.  420.  Found  at  Rome  on  the  Via  Salaria. 
1  scr(iba)  libr(arius')  aed(ilium)  cur(ulium}  princeps  et  (scriba)  q(uaes- 
torius).  2viva.  3  G(aiae),  i.e.  mulieris. 

2.  P.  Aelio  P.  f.  Pal.  |  Agathocliano  |  pontif.  praetori  Laurenti|um 

Lavinatium,  scrib.  tribuni|cio  maior.,  scrib.  q.  sexsprimo, 
scrib.  aedil.  curulium,  de|curial.  pullario  maiori,1  |  praef.  fabr. 
Ill,  accens.  velat.,2  Foroclodienses  ex  deer,  decur.,  patrono, 
ob  meri|ta  eius  et  quod  primus  |  ad  thermas  publicas  marmora 
et  columnas  [de]derit,  cuius  ob  dedicati  |  [owem]  sportulas 
&QC,\_urionibus~\  virit[/m  divisif].  (On  the  side)  Ded.  VII  id. 
Aug.  |  Cn.  Claudio  Severe  II  |  Ti.  Cl.  Pompeiano  II  cos.3 

Notizie  degli  Scavi,  1889,  p.  9.  Found  near  Bracciano,  where  Forum  Clodii 
was  situated.  *  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  I.,3  p.  366, 11.  6.  2  accens(o)  velat(o). 
3  173  A.D. 

3.  Sex.   Caecilio  |  Epagatho      scrib.   libr.   tribunicio,1  |  apparitori 

Caesarum,  scrib.  libr.  q.  Ill  decur.,2  viat.  Ill  vir.  et  IIII 
vir.,3  |  scrib.  libr.  aed.  cur.,  patri  optimo,  |  Sex.  Caecilius  Sex. 
f.  Quir.  Birronianus  et  |  M.  Caecilius  Sex.  f.  |  Quir.  Statianus. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1808.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Rome,  where 
it  still  exists.  l  scrib (ae)  libr(ario}  tribunicio.  2  scrib(ae)  Ubr(ario~) 
q(iiaestorio)  trium  decur(iarum}.  3  matori  triumvirum  (sc.  capitalium) 
et  quattuorvinim  (sc.  viarum  curandarum). 


208  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


4.    [£.]  Marius  L.  lib.  Doryphorus  anulos  aureos    consecutus  a  divo 
Commodo,1  scrib.  aedilic.  et    tribunic.,  scrib.  libr.  aedil.  curul., 
praeco  cos.,  |  [pra]ec.  quaestorius,2  sacerdotal,  viator  augurum, 
[lic£]oY  curiat.,  Laurens  Lavinas,  fecit  sibi  et  |  .  .  .  ae  Ascle- 
piodote  coniugi,  item  libertis  |  libertabusque  posterisque  eorum. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1847.  Inscribed-  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  existing 
only  in  a  copy.  l  This  refers  to  the  ius  aureorum  anulorum,  conferring 
ingenuitas,  introduced  by  Commodus.  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  893. 
2Mommsen,  Staatsr.  I.,8  p.  363,  note  4. 


5.  P.  Aemilio   P.  f.  Nicomedi   patri       incomparabili,   |  decuriali 

decuriae  lictor.  [  cos.  trium  decuriar.  X  primo,1  item  decur. 
lictor.2  popularis  denuntiat.3  X  primo,  |  item  praecon.  aedilium 
curul.  Xprimo,  Aemilii  Nicomedes  et  Mcomedes  |  et  Theofila 
fili  et  heredes  fecerunt. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1869.  Found  at  Rome,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum. 
1  decuriali  decuriae  lictor(iae)  co(n)s(ularis}  trium  decur iar(um), 
decemprimo.  2decur(iae~)  lictor(iae}.  3  denuntiat  (orum). 

6.  Euliodi.1     M.  Aurel.  Sabiniano     Augg.  lib.,  patrono     civitatis 

Anagninor.   |  itemq.  collegi  caplato  rum,  decuriali  decuriae  | 


lictoriae   popularis   denuntiatorum 


itemq.    gerulor.,    sed   et 


decemviralis,2  |  s.  p.  q.  A.3  erga  amorem  patriae  et  civium, 
quod  thermas  longa  incuria  neglectas  sua  pecunia  restituerit, 
|  statuam  ex  leg.4  suis  ponend.  censuer. ;  ob  cuius  dedic.  dedit 
decur.  "^V,  sexv.  |  XII,  pop.  3£I,5  et  epul.  suffic. 

C.  L  L.  X.  5917.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  in  the  forum  of 
Anagnia,  the  chief  town  of  the  Hernici,  Italy.  *  This  is  the  additional 
cognomen.  '2  Sabinianus  was  a  member  of  one  of  the  decuriae  which 
attended  the  decemviri  stlitibus  iudicandis.  3  s(enatus)  p(opulus) 
q(ue}  A(nagninus}.  *leg(atis}.  5  decur (ionibus)  denarios  quinos,  sex- 
v(iris)  denarios  binos,  pop(iilo}  denarios  singulos. 


7.   Tutic.1  Hylas  hie  positus,  |  qui  fuit  margaritar. ;  hie  habuit  dec. 
viat.2  consujlarem,  et  colleg.  den[d]r.  |  Eoman.  qq.  pp.3  fuit; 


INSCRIPTIONS   OF   OFFICIALS  OF   THE   THIRD  CLASS     209 

qui  reliquit  collegio  s.  s.4  hhS  decem  mil.  n.,  uti  ex  usuris  j 
eius  omnibus  annis  parentet  |  ei  hoc  loco,  aut  si  non  factum  | 
fuerit  ante  terminal.,5  inferet  |  aerario  p.  R.  decem  m.  n. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1925.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  only  in  a  copy.  *  Tutic(ius  ?}. 
2 dec(uriam')  viat(oriam').  zcolleg(ii)  dendr(ophororum)  Roman(orum^) 
q(uin}q(uennalis}  p(er)p(etuus~).  4  s(upra}s(cripto).  5  For  terminalia 
see  Marquardt,  Staatsv.  III.,3  p.  202. 

I.  in  honorem  domus  August.  |  vv.  qq.1  scholam  vetastate  corruptam 
s.  p.  ret.  1.  s.  s.2 :  L.  Venuleius  Agatho,  M.  Aurel.  Auggg.3  lib. 
December,  M.  Aurel.  Spendon,  C.  Gemellius  Privatus.  |  Dedic. 
V  idus  Maias  Fulvio  Pio,  Pontio  Pontiano  cos.,4  curat.  C. 
Gemellio  Private. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  816.  Found  at  Rome,  preserved  in  a  copy.  l  v(iatores}  q{uae- 
storii}.  2  This  is  the  form  given  in  the  copy,  probably  representing  s.  p. 
ref.  q.  i.  s.  s.,  i.e.  s(wa)  p(ecunia)  ref(ecerunt)  q(ui)  i(nfra)  s(cripti) 
s(unf),  on  the  stone.  3  Perhaps,  Maximus  and  Balbinus  with  Gordian 
Caesar.  4  238  A.D. 


9.  M.  Falcidio  |  M.  fil.  Pal.  Hypatiano  adlecto  in  |  ordinem  dec. 
Puteolanor.,  |  ordo  decuriae  luliae  |  praec.  cos.,1  |  ob  merita 
M.  Falcidi  Cupiti  praeconis  et  apparitor.  Aug.,  |  patris  eius. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1944.  Found  at  Rome,  now  in  museum  at  Naples.  1  For 
decuria  lulia  praeconum  consulari  ct.  Monim.  Staatsr.  I.,3  p.  344,  note  5. 

10.  Anniae  |  Agrippinae    uxori  |  C.  luli  Apollini  |  decur.  Romae  | 

trib.  item  aedil.,1  |  accens.  velato,1  |  cur  mun.  glad.2  |  tridui, 
hered.  |  1.  d.  d.  d. 

Ephem.  Ep.  VIII.  370.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Puteoli 
near  the  amphitheatre.  l  decur (ialis)  Eomae  trib(unorum}  item  aedil- 
(ium}.  2  cur(atoris}  mun(eris)  glad(iatorii) . 

MlNISTRI   OF    THE    DOMUS    AuGUSTAE,    FREEDMEN   AND    SLAVES 

11.  M.  Aur.  Aug.  liber.  |  Marcioni  proximo     rationum,  proc.  |  mar- 

morum,  proc.    prov.  Britanniae,     proc.  summi  chorag.,     proc. 
prov.  Fryg.,     Senecianus  collib.  j  ex  tabular.  |  li.  c.1 

LAT.  INSCRIP.  —  14 


210  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  I.  L.  III.  348.  Found  at  Kaimaz  (Tricomia)  Phrygia.  l  ft(onom) 
c(ausa). 

12.  d.  m.  |  Aciliae  Lamyrae  coniugi  |  carissimae,  Apollonius  |  Aug. 
n.  verna  arcarius  pro|vinciae  Asiae,  hoc  monumentum  cum 
sarcophago  fecit  et  sibi  et  suis.  Quorum  curam  agunt  col- 
legia lib.1  et  servorum  domini  n.  Aug.  i.  s.2:  |  magnum,3  et 
Minervium  tabulari|orum,  et  Faustinianum  commen|taresium, 
et  decurionum,  et  ta|bellariorum.  |  H.  m.  h.  n.  s. 

C.  /.  L.  III.  6077.  Found  at  Epliesus.  l  lib(ertorum).  2  i(nfra)  s(cripta). 
"  Collegia  in  eo  nominata  sunt  non  servorum  Ephesi  consistentium,  sed 
domus  Augustae  universae'1'1  (Mommsen).  3  magnum  (sc.  collegium 
familiae  imperatoriae) . 

13k  P.  Aelio  Aug.  lib.  Liberali  |  procuratori  annonae  |  Ostiensis, 
procurator!  |  pugillationis  et  ad  naves  vagas,1  tribunicio 
collegi  magni,2  decuriali  decuriae  |  viatoriae  consul.,  decu- 
riali  |  gerulorum,  praeposito  rnensae  |  nummul.  f.  f.  Ost.,3 
ornato  orna|mentis  decurionatus  col.  Ost.,  |  patrono  |  Lauren- 
tium  vici  Augustanor. 

O.  /.  L.  XIV.  2045.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found*  in  the  Laurentine 
district  among  ruins  of  the  vicus  Augustanus.  l  What  this  refers  to  is 
unknown.  Henzen  suggests  that  it  may  pertain  to  a  sea  postal  service 
(Bull.  deW  1st.  1875,  p.  10),  but  cf.  Momm.  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  1030,  note  3. 
2  See  preceding  inscription.  3  Mensae  nummulariae  f(isci}  f(rwnen- 
tarii)  Ost(iensis}. 

14.  dis  manibus  |  M.  Ulpio  Aug.  lib.  |  Gresiano  an  XXXXV,  |  tabu- 

lario  XX  here|ditatium  item  tabu|lario  provinciae  Lugu|dunen- 
sis  et  Aquitani  cae,  item  tabulario  pro|vinciae  Lusitaniae,  |  h. 
s.  e.,  s.  t.  \_t.~]  1.  Ulpia  Pia  coniugi  f.  c. 

C.  L  L.  II.  3235.  Found  at  Villanueva  de  los  Infantes,  near  old  Mentesa 
Oretanorum  (Pliny,  H.  N.  3,  3,  25),  Spain. 

15.  Ti.  Claudius  Aug.  lib.  Bucolas  praegustator,  triclinarc,  (sic), 

proc.  a  munerib.,1  proc.  aquar.,2  proc.  castrensis,  cum  Q. 
Claudio  |  Flaviano  filio  et  Sulpicia  Cantabra  matre  d.  [d]. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   OFFICIALS  OF   THE  THIRD  CLASS     211 

C.  /.  L.  XI.  3612.  Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  tablet  found  at  Caere,  now 
preserved  at  Civita  Vecchia.  See  Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte,  I.,6  p.  192. 

1  Hirschfeld,  Venc.  I.,  p.  167,  note  1 ;  Momm.  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  951,  note  4. 

2  An  inscription  on  a  lead  pipe  shows  that  Bucolas  held  this   office 
under  Domitian.     imp.  Domitiani  Caesaris  Aug.  Ger.  sub  cura  Bucolae 
proc.     (Notizie,  1890,  p.  186.) 

16.  d.  m.  |  Servato  Caesaris  n.  ser.    contrascribtori  rationis  |  summi 

choragi,  vixit  aim.  XXXIIII  |  mensibus  VIII  diebus  XII, 
amico  |  bene  merenti,  fecerunt  Fortunatus  Pompeianus,  Op- 
tatus  Aug.  lib.  adiutores  proc.  rationis  |  ornamentorum,  et 
Irenaeus  |  Caesaris  verna  adiutor  |  tabular  iorum,  et  Isidorus  | 
Primitivi  Aug.  disp.  vicar.1  |  rationis  eiusdem,2  et  Helius  | 
vicarius  eius,3  domino  benejmerenti. 

O.  J.  L.  VI.  8950.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus  found  at  Rome,  preserved 
in  the  Villa  Albani.  *  disp(ensatoris)  mcar(ius}.  2  i.e.  rationis  orna- 
mentorum.  3  Servati. 

17.  d.  in.   |  Onesati   Caes.   |  n.   ser.,  paedago|go   puerorum,   |  fecit 

Annia  |  Stratonice  coniugi  b.  m.  ||  d.  m.  T.  F.  Hermes  J  Aug. 
lib.  a  superlecti|le  p.  Caes.  n.,1  |  f.  Fortunata  |  lib.  pat.  b.  m. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  8973.  Found  at  Verona,  whither  it  was  brought  from  Rome. 
1  p(uerorutn)  Cae(saris')  n(ostri). 


SLAVES  AND  FREEDMEN  OF  PUBLICANI 

18.  Pudens  soc.  |  pub.  XL  ser.  |  )  ser.1  finib.  |  Cotti  vovit,  4  arcar.., 

Lugud.    s.  1.  m.  .; '  .»«"•*"        • 

C.  /.  L.  V.  7213.  Inscribed  on  an  altar  found  at  Avigliana,  between  Susa 
and  Turin,  now  in  the  museum  at  Turin.  1  soc(iorum,  pub(lici) 
(quadragesimae}  ser  (mis}  contrascr(iptor}. 

19.  d.  m.  |  Inachus  |  public.  XX  |  lib.,1  Inacho    parenti    piissimo. 

C.  /.  L.  VI.  8453.  -inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  now  in 
Vatican  J&useilm.  l  public (i)  (vicesimae}  lib(ertatis)  (servus). 


212 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


INSCRIPTIONS  OP  SUBORDINATE  MILITARY  OFFICERS 

(Including  Centurions) 

20.  L.  Pompeio  L.  f .     Pom.  Reburro  Fabro  |  Gigurro l  Calubrigen.,  | 

probato  in  coh.  VII  pr.,  |  beneficiario  tribuni,  |  tesserario  in 
V?2  |  optioni  in  7,  |  signifero  in  */?    fisci  curatori,    corn,  trib., 
evoc.  Aug.,  I  L.  Flavius  Flaccimis  |  h.  ex  t. 

C.  L  L.  II.  2610.  Found  at  San  Esteban  de  la  Kua  (Compostella)  Tarra- 
conensis,  Spain,  existing  in  copy.  *  A  tribe  of  the  Asturians  (Pliny 
N.  H.  Ill,  3,  28).  The  town  Calubriga  is  unknown.  '2  centuria.  Note 
that  beneficiarius  tribuni  is  placed  before  the  series  of  functions. 

21.  C.  Arrio  C.  f.  Corn,     dementi  militi  coh.  IX     pr.,  equiti  coh. 


eiusdem,  donis 


torquibus  armillis 


donato  at  imp.  Traiano 
phaleris  ob  bellum  Dacicum,  singulari  |  pr[a]efectorum  pr., 
tesserario,  op|tioni,  fisci  curatori,  cornicul.  |  tribuni,  evocato 
Aug.,  ll  l  coh.  I  vigil.,  ¥  statorum,  7  coh.  XIIII  urb.,  V  coh. 
VII  pr.,  trecenario,  donis  donato  ab  imp.  |  Hadriano  hasta 
pura  corona  aurea,  V  leg.  Ill  Aug.,  primipilari,  II  viro 
quin|quennali,  patrono  municipi,  |  curatori  rei  publicae,  | 
decur.  et  Aug.  V[/wV.],  municipes  Matil.2 

Dessau,  2081.    Found  at  Matilica  in  Umbria.    l  centurioni.    '2decur(ioni)  et 
Aug(ustali)  se[wr(o)],  municipes  Matil  (icenses). 


22.  C.  Oppio  C.  f.  Vel.  |  Basso  p.  c.,  |  pr.  Auximo,1  H  leg.  im  Fl. 

fel.,  evoc.  Aug.    ab  actis  fori,  B  pr.  pr.,  signif.,  option.,  tesse. 
coh.  II  pr.,  mil.  coh.  XIIII  |  et  XIII  urbanarum,  |  coll.  cent. 
Auxim.    patr.  ob  merita  eius.    L.  d.  d.  d.     (On  the  side)  Posita 
VI  k.  lul.  |  L.  Aelio  Caesare  II,  |  P.  Coelio  Balbino  cos.2 

C.  L  L.  IX.  5839.     Found  at  Osirao  (Auximum)  Picenum,  where  it  exists 
to-day.     *  p(atrono}  c(oloniae),  pr(aetori}  Auximo.     2  137  A.D. 

23.  C.  .Oppio  C.  f  .  Vel.     Basso  p.  p.,1  p.  c.,     pr.  i.  d.  Aux.,2  7  leg. 

im  |  Fl.  fel.  et  leg.  II  Tr.  for.,  |  evoc.  Aug.  ab  act.3  fori,  |  5 
pr.  pr.,4  mil.  coh.  II  pr.  |  et  coh.  XIII  et  XIIII  urb.,  !  omnibus 
ofnciis  |  in  caliga  functo,5  j  centuriones  leg.  II  |  Traianae 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   OFFICIALS  OF   THE   THIRD  CLASS     213 

fort&,  optimo  et  dignissimo.  In  cuius  ded.  cenam  col.  ded.6  | 
L.  d.  d.  d. 

C.  I-  L.  IX.  5840.  Found  at  Osimo  (Auximum),  where  it  still  exists. 
1  primipilari.  * p(atrono)  c(oZom'ae),  pr(aetori)  i(ure}  •  d(icundo') 
Aux(imi).  3  Cf.  Moinra.  Ephem.  Ep.  V.,  p.  149.  4  b(eneficiario*) 
pr(aefectorum')  pr(aetorio).  5  The  positions  of  signifer,  optio,  and  tessera- 
rius,  enumerated  in  the  preceding  inscription,  are  referred  to.  6  In  cuius 
dedications')  cenam  col(onis}  ded(it).  The  second  centurionate  and  the 
primipilate  were  held  after  the  setting  up  of  the  preceding  inscription. 

24.  C.  Luccius  C.  fil.  j  Stell.  Sabinus  |  Beneventi  decurio,  |  vivus 

sibi  et  Ofilliae  |  Paratae  uxori  et  Luccio  |  Verecundo  fratri 
posterisq.  |  suis  fecit,  militavit  in  coh.  |  I  urb.  ad  latus  tribu- 
nor.,  fuit  |  secutor,  optio  valetudi.,1  optio  |  carcaris,  singularis, 
benefic.  tribuni,  a  quaestionib.2  fact  us  per  Annium  Verum 
praef.  urbis,3  et  |  tesserarius,  optio,  signif.,  fisci  curator,  optio 
ab  act.,  cornicul.  |  trib.,  benef.  Valeri  Asiatici  praet.4  (sic)  | 
urb.,  missus  ab  imp.  Hadriano  Aug.  Serviano  III  et  Vibio 
Varo  cos.,5  \_dec.~]  X  [fc]a[Z.],  Mai.  Erucio  Claro  H  cos.6  In.  f. 
p.  XX  in  agr.  p.  XX. 

C.  I.  I*  IX.  1617.  Found  at  Beneventum,  where  it  still  exists.  l  valetu- 
di(nari).  2  a  quaestionib  (us}  (praefecti  urbis}.  3  Annius  Verus, 
grandfather  of  Marcus,  the  emperor,  was  cos.  II  in  121  A.D. ;  cos.  Ill, 
126  A.D.  Cf.  Vita  Marci,  c.  1.  4  Rather  praef.  5  134  A.D.  G  146  A.D. 

25.  L.  Tros[i]us  L.  f.  Pup.  |  Maximus  Tergeste,  |  V  coh.  XI  urb.,  | 

militavit  7  coh.  II  vig.,  |  evoc.  Aug.  a  quaestion.  |  pr.  pr.,1 
speculator  Aug.  |  in  coh.  X  pr.,  vix.  an.  LV,  |  mil.  an.  XXXIII, 
t.  f.  i.  In  fr.  p.  XII.  |  in  ag.  p.  XIII. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  2755.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Rome,  from  a  copy  of 
the  sixteenth  century.  1  a  quaestion (ibus}  pr(aefecti)  pr(aetorio). 

26.  C.  Virrius  lucundus  |  vexil.  coh.  II  vig  |  O1  Viserti  Latini,  |  inilit. 


ann.  VI  men.  VII  |  dies  XVIIII,  |  in  eis  tesserar.,  optio, 
larius,    vix.  ann.  XXVII,    aram  cum  base  sua  |  t.  p.  i. 


vexil- 
Arbi- 


tratu  Luciliae  Lacaenae  |  et  C.  Virri  lucundi  f. 
C.  I.  L.  XI.  1438.     Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Pisa,  now  in  the  Anti- 
norian  Museum  at  Florence.     l  centuria. 


214  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

27.  d.  m.  M.  Aur.  Augustiano  7  coh.  V  vig.,  vix.  an.  XXXIIII,  j 
provitus  ann.  XVII,  excep|tor  presidi 1  provincies  M.  s.2  ann. 
IIII,  lectus  in  prae|toria,  eques  sive  tabu|larius  ann.  V,  factus 
7  I  in  Syria,  vixit  ann.  VIII,  |  Claudia  Pacata  coniux  |  piissimo 
et  Ulpius  Mar|cellus  nepos  b.  m.  fece|runt. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  2977.     Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  existing  in 
copy  only.     l  praesidi(s').     2  M(oesiae)  S(uperioris). 


28.  P.  Tutilius  P.  f.  0[>/]  veteranus,  sign[t/er],  aquilifer  leg. 
V  .  .  .  ,  |  curator  vete[rcm.],  |  accepit  ab  impe[ra£]  |  praemia 
dupl[icia],  |  natus  est  A.  Hirtio  \_A.  /.  C.]  Vibio  Pansa  cos.,1 
d.e[cessi£]  \  C.  Fufio  Gemino  L.  Ru[6e#io]  |  Gemino  cos.,2  sibi 
\_et~\  P.  Atecingi  f.  \_et~\  Demincae  [/.,  et]  Andoblationi  P.  f. 
[ef]  Gnatae  P.  f.,  |  t.  f.  i. 

C.  /.  L.  V.  5832.     Found  at  Milan,   now  at  Brera.     i  711/43.     229  A.D. 
Note  the  Gallic  names. 


29.  M.  Vettio  M.  f.  Ani.  |  Valenti  mil.  coh.  VIII  pr.,  benef.  praef. 
pr.,  donis  donato1  bello  Britan.  torquibus  armillis  phaleris, 
evoc.  Aug.,  corona  aurea  donat.,  |  V  coh.  VI  vig.,  */  stat.,2  */ 
coh.  XVI  urb.,  7  cho.  II  pr.,  exercitatori  equit.  speculatorum, 
princip.  |  praetori3  leg.  XIII  Gem.,  ex  tree.4  leg.  VI  Victr., 
donis  donato  ob  res  prosper,  gest.  contra  Astures  torq.  phaler. 
arm.,  |  trib.  coh.  V  vig.,  trib.  coh.  XII  urb.,  trib.  coh.  Ill 
pr.,  [trib.']  leg.  XIIII  Gem.  Mart.  Victr.,  |  proc.  imp.  Caes. 
Aug.5  prov.  Lusitan.,  |  patron,  coloniae,  speculator.  X  h.  c.,6  | 
L.  Luccio  Telesino  C.  Suetonio  Paullino  cos.7 

(7.  /.  L.  XI.  395.  Found  at  Ariminum,  existing  now  in  copy.  l  a  Claudio. 
2  centurioni  stat(orum).  s  princeps  praetorii,  most  honored  among 
centurions  after  the  primipilus  ;  cf.  Ephem.  Ep.  IV.,  p.  231.  4  Mommsen 
thinks  p.  p.  =  primo  pilo  has  disappeared  here  and  that  this  man  was  not 
ex  trecenario  legionis  sextae  Victricis,  but  from  a  trecenarius,  i.e.  a  cen- 
turio  praetorianus,  became  centurio  legionarius,  Ephem.  Ep.  IV.,  p.  243. 
•»  6  Nero  is  referred  to.  6  speculator (es)  (decem),  h(onoris)  c(awsa). 
"  66  A.D. 


INSCRIPTIONS   OF   OFFICIALS   OF   THE   THIRD   CLASS     215 

30 militavit  L  annis,  IV  in  leg.  Ill  A.[_ug.~\  \  librar., 

tesser.,  optio,  signifer,  factus  ex  suffragio  leg.  [J.]uQ/.  pr.  pr. 
y]  |  militavit  y  leg.  II  Ital.,  [y]  leg.  VII  .  .  .  ,  |  V  leg.  I 
Min.,  y  leg.  X.  Gem.,  y  leg.  II  .  .  .  .  ,  |  y  leg.  Ill  Aug.,  y 
leg.  II[/]  Gall.,  y  leg.  XXX  Up]p.,  V  leg.  VI  Vic.,  y  leg. 
Ill  Cyr.,  y  leg.  XV  Apol.,  |  y  leg.  II  Par.,  V  leg.  I  Adiu- 
tricis,  consecutus  ob  virtutein  in  |  expeditionem  Parthicam  | 
coronam  muralem  vallarem  |  torques  et  phaleras,  agit  in  |  diem 
operis  perfecti  |  annos  LXXX,  |  sibi  et  Claudiae  Marciae  Capi- 
tolinae  koniugi  karissimae,  quae  agit  |  in  diem  operis  per- 
fecti |  annos  LXV,  et  M.  Petronio  Fortunato  filio  |  militavit 
arm.  VI  y  leg.  X[X]II  Primig.,  y  leg.  II  Aug.,  vixit  ann. 
XXXV,  cui  Fortunatus  et  Marcia  parentes  |  karissimo  memo- 
riam  fecerunt. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  217.    Ephem.  Ep.   V.   1043.     Inscribed  on  a  mausoleum 
discovered  at  Henchir  Gasrin,  ancient  Cillium,  Africa. 


31.    M.  Apicio  T.  f.    Cam.  Tironi  |  p.  p.  leg.  XXII  Primig.  p.  f., 


praef.  leg.  XIII  Gem.,1  y  leg.  XV  Apollin.,  evoc.2  a  com- 
ment, cust.,  optioni  |  evoc.,  salar.  curat.  ab  indicib.,3  |  patron, 
mun.  Raven.,4  pontif. 

C.  /.  L.  XI.  19.  Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  cippus  found  at  Ravenna, 
where  it  still  exists  in  part,  in  the  Museum  Classense.  l  It  is  curious 
that  the  function  praefectura  legionis  should  be  placed  among  those  of 
the  centurionate.  2  Tiro  was  at  first  among  the  praetorian  soldiers,  then 
afterwards  became  evocatus.  3  For  these  various  functions  performed  by 
Tiro  as  evocatus  see  Mommsen,  Ephem.  Ep.  V.  148.  4  Raven(natium}. 

THE  NAVY 

32.  Antho  Caesaris  |  trierarcho  Liviano,    C.  lulius  laso  f.  c. 

C.  L  L.  XII.  257.  Found  at  Frejus  (Forum  lulii),  existing  in  copy.  It 
will  be  remembered  that  under  the  Julian  and  Claudian  emperors,  a  fleet 
was  stationed  at  Forum  lulii. 

33.  C.  lulio  C.  f.    Fal.  Magno    navarc.  princ.  |  clas.  pr.  Misen.,1  | 

adlec.  in  ord.  decur.  et  inter  IIvirale[s]  |  decret.  decur.  p. 
p.2  |  munic.  revere [ntes].  \  Cuius  dedi[ca^'one]  |  decurion[?'fo/s]  j 
H~S  XX  [m.  n.  dedit~\.  (On  the  aide)  Dedic.  pr.  idus 


216  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Saturnino  et  \_Gallo  cos.3],  |  curant.     Q.  Sevili[o]  ..... 
Ti.  Cl.  Phile[>  II vims']. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  8215.  Found  at  Castel  Volturno  (Volturnum)  in  the  founda- 
tions of  the  Curia,  now  in  the  Museum  Campanum.  lnavarc(o) 
princi(pi)  clas(sis~)  pr(aetoriae)  Misen(ensis).  2 p(ostnlatione)  p(opuli) 
(Mommsen).  3  This  is  suggested  by  Momiusen,  who  assigns  the  inscrip- 
tion to  198. 

34.  T.   Suillio  Albano  |  qui  et  Timotheus  |  Menisci   f.,  natione 

Nicaens.,  arm.  custod.  |  lib.  Virtut.,  mil.  a.  XXV,  |  vixit  ann. 

X |  ,  Anto[n]ius  Quadratus  |  et  Aemil.  Quadratus  | 

[a]rm.  cus[£.]  ex  IIII  Minerv.  |  heredes,  et  Suillia  Eugenia 
lib.  ben.  mer.  fecerunt. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  3406.  Found  at  Puteoli,  existing  in  part  in  the  museum  at 
Naples. 

35.  d.  m.     C.  Publius  Mari|nus  mil.  clas.  pr.     Mis.,  sec.  tr.,1   |  n. 

Syr.,2  stip.  IIII,  |  v.  ann.  XX,  paren|tes  b.  m.  f. 
C.  /.  L.  X.  3494.    Found  at  Naples,  where  it  still  exists  in  the  museum. 
1  sec(utor)  tr(ierarchi).     2  natione  Syr(us). 

36.  Ti.  Claudio  Aug.  lib.  Eroti,  |  trierarcho  liburnae  Ni|li,  exacto 

classis  Aug.  |  Alexandrinae,  L.  Iuli|us  C.  f.  Fab.  Saturninus 
et  M.  |  Antonius  Heracla  trier.,  heredes  eius  fecerunt. 
Ephem.  Ep.  V.  989.    Found  at  Cherchel  (Caesarea),  in  Mauretania. 

INSCRIPTIONS  OF  MUNICIPALITIES 

Italy 
Ostia. 

37.  L.  Licinio  L.  fil.  Pal  |  Herodi  |  equit.  Rom.,  decuriali  |  decuriae 

viatoriae  |  equestris  cos.,1  decurioni,  |  quinquennali  duumviro,  | 
sacerdoti  geni  col.,  flam.  |  Rom.  et  Aug.,  curat.  oper.  publ.,  | 
quaestori  aer.,2  aedili,  flam,  divi  Severi,  sodali  Arulensi,  | 
praet.  prim.  sac.  Volk.  faciu.,  |  ordo  Augustal.  |  optimo  civi, 
ob  merita. 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  373.  Inscribed  on  a  large  pedestal  found  at  Ostia,  now  at 
Rome  in  Villa  Abani.  l  co(n)s (ularis).  -  aer(arii).  3 praet (ori) 
prim(o')  sac(ris~)  Volk(ano)  faciu(ndis}. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   OFFICIALS  OF   THE   THIRD  CLASS     217 

Praeneste. 

38.  P.  Acilio  P.  f .  Men.  |  Paullo     III  HI  vir.  Aug.  q.  col.,  |  aed.  II 

vir.,  flamini  divi  Aug.,  |  cur  annonae,  |  cur.  muneris  public!,  | 
cur.  kal.,     cultores  lovis      Arcani  |  regio  macelli     patrono 
dignissimo.       L.   d.   d.   d.       (0>i  the  side)    Dedicata  V   idus 
Maias  |  Arriano  et  Papo    cos.  |  curante  Ti.  Cl |  Vitale 

nrm  vir.  Aug. 

C.  /.  L.  XIV.  2972.     Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Praeneste, 
now  in  Vatican  Museum,  Rome.     The  date  is  243  A.D. 

Nomentum. 

39.  Gn.  Munatius  M.  f.  Pal  |  Aurelius  Bassus  |  proc.  Aug.,    praef. 

fabr.,  praef.  coh.  Ill  |  Sagittariorum,  praef.  coh.  iterum  II  | 
Asturum,  censitor  civium  Komanorum  coloniae  Victri|censis 
quae  est  in  Britannia  |  Camaloduni,  curator.  |  viae  Nomentanae, 
patronus  eiusdem  municipi,  namen  perpetus  (sic)  duum  virali 
potestate,  aedilis,  dictator  IIII. 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  3955.     Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  cippus  found  at  La 
Mentana  (Nomentum),  now  in  Vatican  Museum. 

Vibo. 

40.  Q.  Laronius  Q.  f.  [augur],  \  L.  Libertius  C.  f.  pont.  max    IIIJ 

v.  i.  d.  q.  c.  p.1  ex  s.  c.     Con.2  H-S  .  .  .  . 
C.  /.  L.  X.  49.    Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Montelione  (Vibo),  Italy, 

existing  in  a  copy.    *  q(ninquennales)  c(enson'a)  p(otestate).  2  Con(stat). 

Aedanum. 

41.  d.  m.,    Ti.  Cl.  Maximo  |  II  vir,  aed.  quaes.  |  pecuniae  alim.    vixit 

aim.  XXVII  in.  V    ,  Ti.  Cl.  November  |  et  Cl.  Hermio|ne  filio 
bene  |  merenti  fee.  |  et  sibi. 
C.  L  L.  IX.  1415.     Assigned  by  Mommsen  to  Aeclanum,  existing  in  copy. 

Beneventum. 

42.  I.  0.  M.,     C.  Ennius  C.  f.  Firmus  |  permissu  decurion.     c.  B.1 

Benevento,   aedilis,  |  II  vir  i.  d.,  quaestor,   |   curator   operis 
thermarum  |  datus  ab  |  imp.  Caesare  Hadriano  Aug. 
C.  I.  L.  IX.  1419.     Found  at  Aequum  Tuticum,  still  in  existence.     lc(olo- 
niae)  B(eneventi}. 


218  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Hlstonium. 

43.  M.J3aebio  M.  f.  Q.  n.  Am.  Suetrio  |  Marcello  equo  publico,  |  aed.,  q., 

II  II  vir  i.  d.,  II  II  vir  quinq.  II,  patrono  mimic.,  flamini 
divi  Vespasian!.,  |  M.  Baebius  Suetrius  Marcellus  |  et  Suetria 
Rufa  patri  optumo.  Huic  decurioiies  funus  publicum  |  sta- 
tuam  equestrem  clipeum  |  argenteum  locum  sepulturae  |  decre- 
verunt  et  urbani  statuam  pedestre  (sic). 

C.  I.  L.  IX.  2855.  Found  at  II  Vasto  d'Aimone  (Histonium)  among  the 
Frentani,  where  it  still  exists. 

Alba  Fucens. 

44.  d..in.  s.,    L.  Marculeio  Saturnine  |  veterano  Augusti  cho.  VII  ] 

pr.,1  IIII  viro  i.  d.,  quaestori  rei  p|ublice,  curatori  pecunia|e 
alument[a]r,  curatori  annone  plebis,  curatori  oper|um  publicor, 
curatori  apu|t  lovem  Statorem  qq  cole|gi  fabrum  tignuariorum 
L.  M.  |  Arculeius  Faustu[s]  lunior  |  IIII  vir  iure  die.  curatori 
ann|one  patri  optirno  et  sibi  fecit. 

C.  I.  L.  IX.  3923.  Found  at  modern  Scurcula  near  Alba  Fucens,  among 
the  Aequi,  only  existing  in  part,  *  veterano  Augusti  c(p)ho(rtis 
septimae)  pr(aetoriae).  The  date  is  149  A.D.(?) 


Spain 

45.  p.  H.  c.  |  L.  Domitio  |  M.  fil.  Serg.     Dentoniano,  iudic.  dec.  V, 

equo  |  publico  per  Traian,  |  II  vir.  munic.  Consabur[e]n.,  | 
flam[i]n.  perpet.,1  tribun.  milit.  |  cohort.  Astur.  Callaeciae  |  et 
Mauretan.  Tingit.,2  flam.  p.  H.  c.3 

(7.  /.  L.  II.  4211.  Found  at  Tarragona  (Tarraco),  existing  only  in  a  copy. 
1  Sc.  Consaburae.  2  Hiibner  believes  that  by  an  error  this  stands  for 
cohort(is)  Astur(um}  et  Callaec(orum)  Mauretaniae  Tingitanae,  because 
we  can  hardly  believe  that  the  cohors  Asturum  encamped  in  the  neigh- 
boring Gallaecia.  sp(rovinciae)  H(ispaniae}  c(iterioris} . 

46.  M.  Valerio  M.  f.  M.  n.  |  Q.  pron.  Gal.  Pullino    -H-  vir.,  leg.  per- 

petuo  |  munic.  Pontif.1,  praef.  fabr.,  flam.,  |  pontif.  Aug., 
mu|nicipes  et  incolae. 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF   OFFICIALS  OF   THE   THIRD  CLASS     219 

(7.  /.  L.  II.  2132.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Porcuna  (Obulco), 
where  it  still  exists.  l  leg(ato')  perpetuo  munic(ipii)  Pontif(iciensis), 
i.e.  Obulconis. 


47.   L.  Porcio  L.  f.    Gal.  Himero 
divorum  bis.      Ob.  merita 


II  vir,  praef.  pro.  |  II  vir,  flamini 
pleps  aere  conlato  |  huius  tituli 


honore  |  contentus  impesam  |  remisit. 

C.  /.  L.  II.  34.  Found  at  Alca9er  do  Sal  (Salacia),  Lusitania,  existing  in  a 
copy. 

Africa 

48.  Ponti.1  |  C.  Helvio  C.  f.  Am.  Honorajto  aedil.,  II  vir,  II  vir  qq., 

II[i]2  et3  curat.  aliment  dis[£n'&],  ob  insignes  liberalita|tes 
in  rem  pub.  et  cives  |  amorem  viro  bono  |  col.  lul.  Curubis  d. 
d.  p.  p. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  980.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Kurba 
(Curubis),  where  it  still  exists.  *  Pontius  is  the  additional  cognomen  of 
Honoratus.  2  Mommsen  considers  this  H  wr,  so  that  Honoratus  held 
three  honores :  the  ordinary  //  viratus,  quinquennalitas,  II  viratus  cum 
curatione  alimentorum  coniunctus.  3  et  indicates  that  both  positions 
were  held  at  the  same  time. 

49.  Marti  |  Victori    Aug.  sac.    M.  Ulpius  M.  |  f.  Pap.  Andro|nicus 

q.,  aed.,  II  vir.,  flam.,  |  II  vir  qq.,  pe|cunia  sua  |  posu[#]. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  8439.  Inscribed  on  an  altar  found  at  Setif  (Sitifis),  where  it 
is  still  preserved  in  the  public  gardens. 

50.  C._Fulcinio  M.  f.  Quir.  |  Optato,  flam.  Aug.,1  II  vir.  |  qq.,  pontif., 

II  vir.,  augur.,  |  aed.,  qu[ae]stori,  qui  inrupt[io]ne  Baqua|tium 
co[Z]oniam  tui|tus  est  [tes]timonio  |  decreti  ordinis  et  |  populi, 
Cartennitani  |  et  incolae  primo  ipsi,  |  nee  ante  ulli,  aere 
conlato. 

C.  /.  L.  VIII.  9663.     Found  at  Tenes  (Cartenna),  now  in  the  Algerian 

Museum.     }  flam(ini)  Aug(ustali}. 


220  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


INSCRIPTIONS  OF  COLLEGIA! 

51.  Cn.  Sentio  Cn.  fil.    Cn.  n.  Ter.  Felici    ,  dec.  deer.  aedilici<5  adl., 

d.  d.  d.  adl.1,  |  q.  a.  Ostiens.,  II  vir.,  q.  iuvenum2  —  hie  primus 
omnium,  quo  ann6  dec.  adl.  est,  et  |  q.  a.  fact,  est  et  in  proxim. 
annum  II  vir  designat.  est  —  |  quinq.  curatorum  navium 
marina^,3  gratis  adlect.  |  inter  navicular.  maris  Hadriatici  et 
ad  quadrigam.  |  fori  vinari,  patrdnd  decuriae  scribar.  ceraridr. 
et  libraridr.  et  lictdr.  et  viator.,  item  praeconum  et  |  argentaridr. 
et  negotiator,  vinarior.  ab  urbe  ,  item  mensor.  frumentaridr. 
Cereris  Aug.,  item  corpor.  |  scapharior.  et  lemmcularidr.  traiect. 
Luculli  et  |  deridrdphorum  et  tdgatdr.  a  foro  et  de  sacomar.4  | 
et  libertdr.  et  servdr.  publicdr.  et  olearidr.5  et  iuven.  |  cisianor.6 
et  veteranor.  Aug.,  item  beneficiaridr.  prdc.  Aug.  et  piscator. 
prdpolar.,  ciiratdri  lusiis  iuvenalis.  |  Cn.  Sentius  Lucilius  | 
Gamala  Clodianus  f.  [  patri  indulgentissimd. 

C.  /.  L.  XIV.  409.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus  found  at  Ostia,  now  in  the 
museum  at  Florence.  1  d(ecurionum)  d(ecreto)  d(ecurioni)  adl(ecto'). 
2  i.e.  the  collegium  iuvenum.  8  corpus  curatorum  navium  marinarum. 
4  sacomar  (is?).  5  The  mercatores  olearii.  6  Perhaps  the  same  as  the 
cisiarii. 

52.  d.  m.,  |  T.  Sillio  T.  lib.  |  Frisco  |  mag.  colleg.  |  fabr.  H  et  q.  IT,  | 

mag.  et  q.  sodal.  '  fullonum,  |  Claudiae  Filib.1  |  uxori  eius 
matri  |  sodalic  fullon. ; 2  T.  Sillius  Karus  et  |  Ti.  Claudius 
Phi|lippus  mag.  et  q.  colleg.  fabr.  fili  parentib.  |  piissimis. 

(7.  /.  L.-IX.  5450.  Found  at  Fallerone  (Falerio)  Picenum,  where  it  may 
be  seen  in  the  museum.  l  Filib.  an  unknown  cognomen.  2  matri 
sodal(icii)  fullonum. 

53.  dis  manibus.  |  L.  Calpurnius  Chius  sevir  Aug.  |  et  quinquennalis  , 

idem  quinq.  corporis  mensor.  |  frumentarior.  Ostiens,  et  curat. 
bis  |  idem  codicar.  curat.  Ostis  et  III  honor.1  |  idem  quinquen- 
nal.  collegi.  Silvani   Aug.  maioris  quod  est  Hilarionis,  |  functus 

1  Zur  Geschichte  und  Organisation  des  Romischen  Vereinswesens.  W. 
Liebenam,  Leipzig,  1890. 


INSCRIPTIONS   OF  OFFICIALS  OF   THE   THIRD  CLASS     221 

sacomari2  idem  magistro  ad  Marte.  Ficanum.  Aug.-  idem  in 
collegio  dendrofor.  |  fecit  sibi  et  |  Corneliae  Ampliatae  coniugi 
suae  carissimae  cum  qua  vixit  annis  XXXI.,  |  Calpurniae  L. 
lib.  Ptheiigidi  libertae  (sic)  Carissimae,  |  L.  Calpurnio  Forti 
vern.  lib.,  L.  Calpurnio  Felici  lib.,  L.  Calpurnio  Adaucto  vern. 
lib.,  |  Calpurniae  L.  f.  Chiae  vern.,  Calpurniae  L.  f.  Ampli- 
atae vern.,  L.  Calpurnio  L.  f.  Felici  vern.,  L.  Calpurnio  L.  f. 
Pal.  Chio  Felicissimo,  |  libertis  libertab.  posterisq.  eorum  b.  m. 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  309.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Ostia,  now 
preserved  in  Rome.  1  codicar(ioruin)  curat(or)  Ostis  et  III  honor  (atus). 
2  According  to  Mommsen,  functus  sacomari  is  for  functionis  sacomariae. 
The  Calpurnii  and  Calpurniae,  .sons  and  daughters  of  Lucius,  and  like- 
wise vernae,  Henzen  believes  to  have  been  children  of  liberti  born 
before  the  manumission  of  their  parents,  but  Mommsen  more  correctly 
considers  them  children  of  liberti  born  in  the  house  of  their  patron. 

54.  Ti.  Claudio  Aug.  1.  Felici  |  Scapulano  d.  HI,  q.  HI,  quinquen- 
nali,  inmuni  triplicario,  benemerenti  ex  consensu,  decuriae 
univers,  |  honoris  causa,  zothecam  publice  dederunt.  |  Atimetus 
1.  sua  pecunia  adornavit. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  10302.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  on  Via  Salaria, 
Rome,  existing  in  copy  only. 


\ 


AMPHORA  AND  STAMPED  HANDLES. 
From  Monte  Testaccio.     See  page  274. 

222 


PART    III 


CLASSIFICATION  AND  DESCRIPTION  OF  INSCRIPTIONS 

IN  the  preceding  portion  of  this  work  we  considered  Roman  names 
and  official  titles,  elements  which  are  found  in  inscriptions  of  all 
kinds.  To  study  the  additional  elements  which  are  found  in  indi- 
vidual inscriptions,  it  will  be  useful  to  arrange  epigraphic  material 
in  various  classes,  and  then  to  examine  the  special  form  peculiar  to 
each  class. 

By  "  Latin  Inscriptions,"  if  we  use  the  term  in  a  general  sense, 
we  mean  the  remains  of  the  Latin  language  of  a  non-literary  char- 
acter preserved  for  us  in  the  more  enduring  substances. 

There  are  two  great  classes  : 

I.  Inscriptions  proper  (e7riypa<£ai',  eTrty/aa/x^ara,  tituli,  Aufschriften). 
These  have  no  existence  apart  from  the  objects  upon  which  they  are 
found,  but  form  a  necessary  part  of  these  objects,  denoting  their 
particular  purpose. 

II.  Inscriptions  which  are  strictly  documents  (acta,  instrumenta, 
tabulae,  Urkunden).     These  were  written  with  some  particular  indi- 
vidual purpose,  and  hence  have   an  existence  mainly  or  entirely 
separate  from  the  objects  upon  which  they  appear.     Each  of  these 
classes  may  be  subdivided  as  follows  : 

223 


224  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


I.   TITULI 

1.  Dedicatory  and  Votive  Inscriptions  (Tituli  Sacri}. 

2.  Sepulchral  Inscriptions  (Tituli  Sepulc rales). 

3.  Honorary  Inscriptions  (Tituli  Honorarii}. 

4.  Inscriptions  on  Public  Works  (Tituli  Operum  Publicorum). 
6.  Inscriptions  on  Movable  Objects  (Instrumentum). 

II.    INSTRUMENTA 

1.  Laws  (Leges  et  Plebi  Scita). 

2.  Decrees  of  the  Senate  (Senatus  Consulta). 

3.  Imperial  Documents  (Instnimenta  Imperatorum) . 

4.  Decrees  of  Magistrates  (Decreta  Magistratuum) . 

5.  Sacred  and  Public  Documents  (Acta  Sacra  et  Publica). 

6.  Private  Documents  (Acta  Privata). 

7.  Wall  Inscriptions  (Inscriptions  Parietariae). 

8.  Consular  Diptychs  (Diptycha  Consularia). 


CHAPTER   VII 

TITULI 
DEDICATORY  INSCRIPTIONS 

DEDICATORY  inscriptions  (tituli  sacri)  appear  on  the  various  objects 
consecrated  to  the  gods,  such  as  vases,  altars,  thin  metal  plates 
(laminae)  attached  to  altars  and  on  votive  tablets. 


Dedicatory  bowl  of  Etruscan  origin,  now  in  a  museum  at  Paris.     Date  350-250  B.C. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  44.     P.  L.  M,  E.  XI.  G. 
LAT.  INSCRIP.  —  15  225 

I 


226 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


The  earliest  known  are  painted  in  white  upon  earthen  cups  or 
bowls  of  a  dark  color,  and  give  the  name  of  a  divinity  in  the  genitive 
case  as  indicating  the  owner  of  the  vessel. 


Inscribed  on  &  patera  found  at  Volci,  Etruria,  now  in  Gregorian  Museum,  liome. 
Date  350-250  B.C. 


Inscribed  on  &  patera  found  at  Horta,  Etruria,  now  in  Gregorian  Museum,  Rome. 
Date  350-250  B.C. 

The  natural  form  of  dedication,  the  dative  case  of  the  name  of 
the  divinity,  is  found  on  the  votive  altars  of  the  grove  of  Pisaurum. 
(See  page  54.) 

The  bronze  lamina  shown  below  is  also  an  illustration  of  this 
form  of  dedicatory  inscription. 


lunonei  Loucina(e). 

C.  I.  L.  X.  6484.     P.  L.  M.  E.  II.  D. 


DEDICATORY  INSCRIPTIONS 


227 


With  these  names  of  divinities  there  appears  in  some  instances  the 
name  of  the  dedicator  together  with  a  simple  verbal  phrase,  e.g. 
donu(rti)  dat,  dede(t),  dono(iri)  ded(e)ro(ri)t,  donum  portat.  Even  in 
the  early  period  we  find  also  the  word  sacrum  (S,  SA,  SAC)  with 
the  dative  case,  or,  more  rarely,  with  the  genitive;  likewise  the 
words  libens  and  merito,  indicating  the  spirit  of  the  dedicator  and 
the  worthiness  of  the  one  honored.  In  inscriptions  on  offerings 
taken  from  spoils  of  war,  the  name  of  the  dedicator  may  appear 
without  the  name  of  the  divinity. 

M.  FuMus  M(arci')  f(ilius)  \  iSer(vii)  n(epos)  co(n}s(ul}  Aetolid  cepit. 

In  general,  however,  tituli  sacri  of  all  periods  contain  the  name  of 
the  divinity,  the  name  of  the  dedicator,  and  a  verbal  phrase.  These 
may  be  termed  major  elements.  Subordinate  expressions  varying 
with  the  individual  inscriptions  may  be  termed  minor  elements. 


I.   Name  of  divinity. 

This  appears  regularly  in  the  dative  case,  rarely  in  the  genitive, 
and  is  accompanied  at  times  by  deo,  deae,  or  deabus,  or  is  modified 
by  some  adjective  or  appositional  phrase,  such  as  epithets  and  titles 
belonging  to  the  names  of  divinities,  as,  for  example : 


luppiter  Optimus  Maximus  I  •  0  •  M 
luppiter  Optimus  Maximus  Fulminator 

Fulginator  I  •  0  •  M  •  FVLM  •  FVL 
luno  Regina  I  •  R,  RE,  REG 
luno  Seispita  Mater  Regina  I  •  S  •  M  •  R 
Hercules  Victor  HERC  •  VIC 


Fortuna  Primigenia  F-P 
Genius  huius  loci  G  •  H  •  L 
Genius  Populi  Romani  G  •  P  •  R 
Genius  Domini  Nostri  G  •  D  •  N 
Numen  Augusti  N  •  AVG 
Sol  Invictus  Mithras  S  •  I  •  M 


II.  The  name  of  the  dedicator,  in  simple  form,  i.e.  the  tria  nomina, 
or  with  possible  additions  described  in  Chap.  IV.  Indications  of 
rank,  official  station,  profession,  or  calling  may  accompany  the  name. 
After  this  major  element,  minor  elements  may  be  found  indicating: 

1.    Participation  in  the  act  of  dedication,  e.g.  : 
cum  coniuge  etfiliis,  cum  suis  omnibus,  cum  liberis  suis. 


228  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

2.  The  object  dedicated,  e.g.  : 
aram,  signum,  statuam,  templum. 

3.  The  motive  or  incentive  to  which  the  offering  is  due,  e.g.  : 

ex  imperio,  ex  iussu  EX  •  IV,  ex  visu  or  viso,  ex  senatus  consulto  EX  •  S  •  C,  de 
senatus  sententia  D  •  S  •  S,  decreto  decurionum  D  •  D,  extestamento  EX  •  T,  TEST, 
pro  salute  (illius)  PRO  •  S,  pro  se  et  suis,  pro  salute  sua  P  •  S  •  S,  in  honorem 
(illius),  in  memoriam,  in  honorem  domus  divinae  IN  •  H  •  D  •  D,  ob  honorem 
OB  •  H,  HON,  ob  merces  recte  conservatas,  sublato  hoste  perniciosissimo  p(opuli) 
R(omani). 


Dedicatory  inscription  on  a  marble  tablet  from  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Dolichenus 
on  the  Aventine.     Circ.  244  A.D. 

Hubner's  IZxemplfi,  No.  505. 

I(ovi)  o^ptimo)  m(aximo')  a(eterno~)  D(olicheno~)  et  \  Soli  digno  pres(tanti} 
pro  sal(ute)  M.  Aur(elii)  And\ronici  et  Tarquitie  \  Marcelle  coiugis  et  \ 
filiorum  eius  aram  \  posuit  ex  voto  per  \  C.  Fab(ium)  Germanum  sacer- 
d(otem).  C.  I.  L.  VI.  412,  vv.  3-5. 

4.  The  cost  of  the  offering  or  the  means  of  providing  for  the 
same,  e.g. : 

de  pecunia  sua  D  •  S  •  P,  de  suo  D  •  S,  de  praeda,  ex  sestertium  (tot)  milibus 
nummum  EX  •  H-S  •  N,  ex  auri  pondo  —  P,  aere  publico. 

5.  The  location  of  the  monument,  e.g. : 
inforo  novo,  in  suo. 

6.  The  permission  or  the  assistance  of  others,  e.g.  : 
per  (ilium),  per  patrem,  permissu  (illius). 

III.    Verb  or  verbal  phrase. 

The  verb  appears  in  the  perfect  or  present  tense,   singular  or 
plural,  first  or  third  person,  e.g. : 


DEDICATORY   INSCRIPTIONS  229 

dedit,  dederunt  D,  DED,  dedit  dedicavit  D  •  D,  dono  dedit  dedicavit  D  •  D  •  D, 
donum  or  dono  dedit  D  •  D,  dono  dedit  libens  merito  D  •  D  •  L  •  M,  fecit  F,  FEC, 
faciendum  curavit  F,  FAC  •  C,  CVR,  sacrum  dat  S  •  D,  posuit  P,  sacramt  SAC, 
ex  voto  posuit  EX  •  V  •  P,  votum  bene  merenti  posuit  V  •  B  •  M  •  P,  donum  dedit 
votum  laetus  libens  merito  D-D-V-L-L-M,  votum  solvit  libens  merito 
V  •  S  •  L  •  M,  votum  solvit  libens  animo  V  •  S  •  L  •  A. 

Certain  minor  elements  may  follow  the  verbal  phrase : 

1.  Date  of  dedication. 

This  is  ordinarily  indicated  by  the  names  of  the  consuls  of  the 
year,  with  the  addition  in  some  instances  of  the  months  and  days, 
or  by  the  name  of  the  emperor  with  the  number  of  his  tribunicia 
potestate  and  that  of  his  imperial  salutation,  or,  as  in  some  provinces, 
with  the  year  of  his  reign,  e.g.  anno  I  imp.  Domitiani  Aug.  (C.  L  L. 
III.  35).  The  names  of  other  magistrates  or  officials,  combined  with 
the  titles  of  their  position,  in  the  provinces,  municipia,  or  collegia, 
also  serve  to  indicate  the  date.  Certain  prominent  events  are  used 
as  dating  points,  e.g.  ab  urbe  condita  A  •  V  •  C,  anno  provinciae,  post 
Interamnam  conditam. 

2.  Certain  formulae  indicating  location,  e.g.  : 

locus  datus  decreto  decurionum  L  •  D  •  D  •  D 

loco  dato  publice  decurionum  decreto  L  •  D  •  PVB  •  D  •  D 

3.  Ablative  absolute  indicating  the  person  assisting,  e.g.  : 

curante  (illo),  curam  agente  (illo)  C  •  A 

The  general  arrangement  of  dedicatory  inscriptions  may  be  indi- 
cated thus l : 

illi  deo  sacrum 
ille  cum  illo 

signum 

voto  suscepto 

de  suo 

posuit 

curante  illo 

1  From  Cagnat,  Cours  d'Epigraphie  Latine,  p.  224. 


230 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS 

The  customs  of  the  Romans  relating  to  the  disposition  of  their 
dead  have  been  the  means  of  preserving  for  us  a  very  large  number 
of  inscriptions.  Their  early  rock-hewn  tombs,  their  sarcophagi  and 
stately  mausolea,  their  catacombs  with  columbaria,  or  recesses  for 
cinerary  urns,  and  their  burial  grounds,  are  marked  by  inscriptions 
which  appear  either  on  the  walls  of  buildings,  on  the  receptacles 
themselves,  on  separate  slabs  of  stone,  or  on  the  cippi  indicating 
the  place  of  burial.  These  inscriptions  vary  in  form  and  matter 
according  to  their  period,  or  according  to  the  caprice  of  the  builder 
of  the  tomb,  or  even  in  accordance  with  legal  restrictions. 

The  earliest  sepulchral  inscriptions  represented  by  the  epitaphs 
from  Praeneste  given  below,  contain  only  the  name  of  the  deceased, 
regularly  in  the  nominative  case,  though  somewhat  later  the  gen- 
itive is  likewise  found. 


M.  Fabrici(s}  -  K(aesonis}  Wilton) 


M.  Calti(s}  •  M(arci)  filios 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS  231 


L.  Anici(s)  •  V(ibi)  •  f(ilios) 

Epitaphs  from  Praeneste  dating  between  250-150  B.C. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3131,  3133,  3071,  3052. 

If  the  tomb  was  intended  for  more  than  one  person,  the  names  of 
all  were  often  given.  In  this  case  the  living  were  denoted  by  V  or 
V\V  =  vivus  or  viva,  vivit,  vivunt,  placed  alongside  of  the  name. 
The  names  of  the  dead  were  marked  by  ©/  -0-,  0  or  O  standing  for 
obiit  or  obitus,  or  by  Q  Q  =  quondam,  placed  generally  at  the 
beginning  of  the  inscription  or  before  the  name,  or,  by  exception, 
after  the  name  or  before  the  statement  of  age  or  after  it.2 


Epitaph  inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Praeneste  200-100  B.C. 
C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3188. 

L.  Oppi(s)  L.  f(iliu8)  Flacus  filius 

In  the  progress  of  time  additions  were  made  to  this  simple  form, 
which  were  in  general  the  indications  of  calling  or  profession,  the 


is  the  theta  nigrum  of  the  poets  (Persius,  4.  13;  Martial,  VII.  37), 
standing  for  8avuv.  It  is  found  in  the  earlier  inscriptions  of  the  city  and  Italy, 
but  is  rare  after  the  Augustan  period.  It  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  -G-. 

2  R.  Mowat,  Bulletin   tfpigr.,    1884,    p.  133 ;    Hubner's   Exempla,  p.  Ixxiii 
See  also  C.  L  L.  XII.,  p.  964,  col.  1. 


232 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


, 


I 


Hill 


o 


o  I 

c 


r^fe'S'S 


u 


> 


•..u.;.  = 


SEPULCHRAL  INSCRIPTIONS  233 

date  of  death,  the  age  of  the  person,  and  set  formulae,  such  as  ossa 
hie  sita  sunt,  heic  cubat,  usually  written  in  full  until  after  the  repub- 
lican period,  also  brief  references  to  the  dead  as  bonus,  pudica,  and 
finally  the  measures  of  the  sepulchre  and  formulae  referring  to  the 
protection  of  the  same. 


tycruL, 

A-p,   |v 


Inscriptions  on  cinerary  urns  found  in  the  vineyard  of  San  Cesareo,  Eome,  150-50  B.C. 

Lutatia  \  a.  d.  IV.  k(alendas}  0(ctobris~)  \  nan  ?     C.  I.  L.  VI.  8297. 
Lima  \  a.  d.  VI.  n(onas}  0(ctobris)  C.  L  L.  VI.  8290. 

Lucilla  T.f.  \  a.  d.  IV.  k(alendas)  Marias')  C.  L  L.  VI.  8291. 

At  about  the  close  of  the  fifth  century  A.U.C.  (250  B.C.),  contem- 
poraneous with  the  introduction  of  the  custom  of  building  tombs 
with  some  architectural  design,  and  adding  ornamentation,  poetical 
elogia  were  inscribed  after  the  usual  titulus,  mainly  upon  the  tombs 
of  distinguished  families.  The  early  epitaphs *  of  the  Scipio  family 

1  See  pages  294,  296, 


234  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

contain  poetic  epigrams  in  saturnian  verse,  and  one  l  of  a  later  date 
is  accompanied  by  an  epigram  in  hexameters  and  pentameters. 
This  custom  grew  in  favor,  especially  with  the  middle  classes,  where 
Greek  influence  was  felt. 


40  Epitaph  found  at  Prcturo,  near  Amiternum. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  1297=  IX.  4463.     P.  L.  M.  E.  XLIX.  G. 

Protogenes  Cloul(i)  l  suavei2  heiceis  situst  mimus, 
Plouruma  que  fecit  populo  soueis*  gaudia  nuges. 

Ritschl  states  that  these  are  the  oldest  dactylic  verses  in  the  inscriptions, 
belonging  to  about  the  time  of  Ennius.  *  Protogenes  was  the  slave  of  this  man. 
2  suavei(s)  =  suavis  ?  3  So  Buecheler  —  duplici  videtur  locativi  casus  nota  signa- 
tum,  but  Ritschl  reads  heic  ei  ;  see  Lindsay,  Latin  Language,  p,  567.  4  soueis 
—  monosyllable. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  Republic  reference  is  made  occasionally 
to  the  cultus  of  the  dei  manes,  and  the  tomb  is  regarded  as  the  (locus) 
deum  maanium  (C.  L  L.  I.  1410),  or  the  dei  manes  are  represented 
as  having  received  the  dead,  while  in  the  Augustan  age  the  tituli 
sepulcrales  assume  the  form  of  tituli  sacri,  becoming,  in  reality,  dedi- 

1  See  page  99.  Other  verse  is  found,  such  as  iambic  senarii,  Eph.  IV.,  p.  297; 
iambic  dimeter,  C.  L  L.  VI.  6821;  elegiac,  C.  L  L.  I.  1011  =  VI.  9499;  hendeca- 
syllabics,  C.  I.  L,  VI.  9752,  X.  1948.  See  Hiibner,  Ex.  Scr.,  p.  396,  also  Antholo- 
gia  Latina,  Pars  Posterior,  Carmina  Epigraphica,  F.  Buecheler,  Leipzig,  1895. 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS  235 

cations  to  the  dei  manes,  while  certain  characteristics  of  honorary 
.inscriptions,  such  as  the  full  indication  of  official  position,  also 
appear. 


Epitaph  of  L.  Cornelius  Scipio,  believed  to  be  the  son  of  Hispallus,  Consul  578/17G, 
O.  I.  L.I.  34  =  VI.  1289.     P.  L.  M.  E.  XLI. 

L.  Cornelius  Cn.  f.  Cn.  n.  Scipio, 

Magna  sapientia  multasque  virtutes 

Aetate  quom  parva  posidet  hoc  saxsum, 

Quoiei  vita  defecit,  non  honos,  honore, 

Is  hie  situs,  quei  nunquam  victus  est  virtutei, 

Annas  gnatus  (viginti)  is  [div~\eis  m[ari]datus} 

Ne  quairatis  honore  quei  minus  sit  mand\_at~\u[s~], 

Elements  entering  into  the  composition  of  tituli  sepulcrales. 

»• 
I.   Dis  Manibus  (0eots  Scu/wxrtv,  Kara^Oovioi^). 

Inscriptions  dating  from  the  Augustan  age  regularly  begin  with 
these  words,  at  first  written  in  full,  then  later  on  abbreviated  D  •  M. 
Other  forms  are  dis  manibus  sacrum  D  •  M  •  S  or  d.  m.  sacrum, 
d.  m.  et  memoriae  or  et  genio,  et  quieti  aeternae,  somno  aeternali,  etc. 
In  rare  instance  D  •  M  is  found  at  the  close  of  the  inscription  (C.  I. 
L.  X.  684).  Sometimes  a  dedication  to  some  other  divinity,  e.g. 
Venus,  Juno,  or  Luna,  is  substituted  for  that  to  the  dei  manes.  This 
:rs  particularly  in  inscriptions  from  Spain. 


236 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


O 


O 


LiJ 


i 

y 


O  % 


O 

VJ 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS  237 

II.   Name  of  the  dead. 

After  the  dedication  to  the  dei  manes  there  followed  the  name  of 
the  dead,  with  or  without  official  titles  or  statements  as  to  profession 
or  calling.  The  name  appears  either  in  the  nominative  case  as  the 
subject  of  some  verbal  phrase,  as  hie  adquiesdt  or  iacet,  situs  est,  in 
the  genitive,  depending  upon  dis  manibus,  or  in  the  dative  when 
the  inscription  is  really  honorary  in  character. 

Minor  elements  associated  with  the  name  of  the  dead. 

1.  The  age  of  the  person  is  expressed  by  a  variety  of  formulae:  annorum 
AN.  ANN,  vixit  annis  (tot)  V  •  A,  AN,  ANN.    The  accusative  annos  is  also  found, 
but  is  not  as  common  as  the  ablative.     At  times  the  months  (mensibus  or  menses 
M,  MENS)  are  also  given,  and  in  the  early  period,  particularly  in  case  of  infants, 
the  days  (diebus,  dies  D,  Dl,  DIES),  and  even  the  hours  (horis  H,  HOR,  0). 

A  relative  clause  often  expresses  the  age,  qui  or  quae  vixit  annis  (tot) 
Q  •  V  •  A,  also  vixit  annis  plus  minus  VIX  •  ANN  •  P  •  M,  which  is  rare  before  the 
middle  of  the  third  century  A. P.,  but  common  in  the  later  period. 

Other  formulae  are  annos  agens  (tot),  defunctus  annorum  (tot)  D,  DE,  DF, 
D,  DEF  •  AN,  ANN,  obitus  annorum  (tot)  O,  -e-  •  AN,  ANN. 

In  inscriptions  relating  to  married  persons  the  length  of  married  life  is  ex- 
pressed in  various  ways,  qui  or  quae  vixit  annis  (tot),  or  facere,  ferre,  laborare 
cum  (illo)  in  place  of  vivere  cum  (illo).  In  epitaphs  of  soldiers  the  years  of 
service  are  usually  given,  so  annorum  (tot),  stipendiorum  (tot)  ST,  STIP,  aerum 
(tot)  AER  or  militavit  annis  (tot)  M,  MIL  •  AN,  ANN.  These  indications  of  years 
in  tituli  sepulcrales  are  found  particularly  in  inscriptions  of  men  of  lower  rank 
who  have  held  no  official  position  and  upon  whose  tomb  no  honorary  titles  can 
be  recorded. 

2.  In  the  tomb  inscription  of  a  gladiator  together  with  his  years  of  service 
there  is  also  given  the  peculiar  class  to  which  he  belonged,  as  essedarius  ESSE, 
murmillo  M,  MVR,  contra  retiarius  7R,  also  the  number  of  victories,  denoted  by 
the  symbol  0  (according  to  some  =  coronae}.    In  the  case  of  aurigae  the  epitaph 
contains  thefactio,  e.g.factio  veneta;  the  country,  e.g.  natione  Maurus  ;4he  age, 
number  of  victories,  e.g.  primum  vicit,  date  of  victory,  horses  with  wMch  the 
contest  was  won,  character  of  contest,  e.g.  inter  singularum  vicit  (toties),  inter 
binarnm  (toties),  secundas  tulit  (toties),  and  finally  the  money  earned.1 

1  For  complete  information  as  to  charioteers  see  Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte, 
II.,6  p.  526  ;  Wil.  II.,  p.  181 ;  Ephem.  Ep.  IV.  2417,  and  Bullett.  Comunale, 
1878,  p.  164. 


238  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

3.  Circumstances  of  death. 

a  latronibus  occisus,  peregre  defunctus,  mors  per  culpam  curantium,  tegula 
prolapsa  peremptus,  a  tauro  deceptus.1 

4.  Formulae  referring  to  the  repose  of  the  dead. 

hie  situs  H  •  S,  hie  situs  est  H  •  S  •  E,  hie  sepnltus  est  H  •  S  •  E,  hie  iacet  H  •  I, 
hie  adquiescit  H  •  ADQ,  ossa  hie  sita  sunt  0  •  H  •  S  •  S,  ossa  hie  sunt  0  •  H  •  S. 

5.  Salutations  addressed  to  the  dead  by  passers-by,  placed  either  at  the 
beginning  or  close  of  the  inscription. 

Ave  or  have,  salve,  with  the  name  of  the  dead  in  the  vocative  case,  as  have 
Vitalis,  Lolli  ave.  Sit  tibi  terra  levis  S  •  T  •  T  •  L,  ossa  tua  bene  quiescant 
O  •  T  •  B  •  Q,  sit  vobis  terra  levis  S  •  V  •  T  •  L,  ossa  volo  bene  quiescant  0  •  V  • 
B  •  Q,  hie,  ossa  volo  bene  quiescant  H  •  0  •  V  •  B  •  Q,  opto  sit  tibi  terra  levis 
0  .  S  •  T  .  T  .  L  4 

6.  Salutations  represented  as  addressed  by  the  dead  to  the  living,  either  at 
the  beginning  or  close  of  the  inscription. 

Ave,  salve,  vale  viator,  tu  qui  legis  vale  et  cum  voles  venito,  bene  valeat  is  qui 
hoc  titulum  perlegit  meum. 

III.   The  place  of  burial. 

1.  Circumstances  bearing  upon  the  selection  of  a  place. 

locus  datus  decurionum  decreto  L  •  D  •  D  •  D,  loco  dato  senatus  consulto 
L  •  D  •  S  •  C,  empto  loco,  locus  adsignatus  a  patrono,  locus  emptus  est  X  •  •  • 
argenti,  locum  precario petierunt  ab  (illo). 

2.  Measures  of  the  tomb. 

infronte  or  in  frontem  pedes  (tot)  I,  IN  •  F,  FR,  FRONT  •  P,  RED,  in  via,  in 
agro  or  in  agrum  pedes  (tot)  I,  IN  •  A,  AG,  AGR,  retro  RET  or  in  retro  pedes 
(tot)  IN  •  R.  These  are  sometimes  rendered  more  explicit  by  the  addition  of 
longus  L,  LONG,  and  latus  L,  LAT,  e.g.  infronte  longum  pedes  (tot),  latum  pedes 
(tot)  ;  also  locus  L  or  locus  monumenti  L  •  M,  e.g.  L  •  M  in  f route  pedes  (tot), 
area  quae  ante  sepulcrum  est  huic  monumento  cedit  in  fronte pedes  (tot). 

3.  Protection  of  tomb  from  desecration  and  alienation. 

huic  monumento  dolus  mains  abesto  H  •  M  •  D  •  M  •  A,  ni  violato,  hoc  monu- 
mentum  heredem  non  sequetur  or  sequitur  H  •  M  •  H  •  N  •  S,  hoc  monumentum 
heredem  exterum  non  sequetur  H  •  M  •  H  •  E  •  N  •  S,  hoc  monumentum  sive 
sepulcrum  est  heredem  non  sequetur  H-M-S-S-E-H-N-S,  hoc  monu- 
mentum sine  dolo  malo  H  •  M  •  S  •  D  •  M,  dolus  mains  abesto  et  ius  civile 
D  •  M  •  A  •  ET  •  I  •  C,  hoc  monumentum  ad  heredem  non  pertinet  H  •  M  •  A  •  H  •  N  •  P, 
rogo  te  viator  monumento  huic  nil  malefeceris. 

1  See  Index  C.  I.  L.  under  Mortes  Singulares. 


SEPULCHRAL  INSCRIPTIONS  239 

IV.    The  dedication  of  the  monument. 

This  portion  of  the  inscription  partakes  of  the  nature  of  tituli 
honorarii  which  appear  on  public  monuments  and  buildings.  It 
may  consist  simply  of  the  designation  of  the  person  dedicating  the 
tomb,  and  an  indication  of  the  one  remembered,  or  it  may  form  an 
elaborate  elogium  containing  references  to  the  deeds  of  the  dead, 
and  setting  forth  details  as  to  the  toinb  and  the  occasion  of  its 
dedication. 

This  dedicatory  form  often  takes  the  place  of  the  ordinary  titulus 
sepulcralis. 

Minor  Elements : 

1.  The  persons  who  dedicate  the  tomb  or  monument. 

These  are  designated  either  by  their  names  or  by  terms  which,  frequently 
modified  by  adjectives,  make  clear  the  relationship  or  bond  of  union  existing 
between  the  dedicator  and  the  one  remembered  :  amicus,  heres,  libertus,  pater 
infelicissimus,  coniux  carissima,  heres  ex  iussu  eius  solus,  patronus,  parentes 
non  hoc  mcrentes  a  vobis,  nutrix  filiarum  eius,  collegium, 


2.    Terms  denoting  the  object  dedicated. 

domus  aeterna,  locus  sepulturae,  monumentum,  sepulcrum,  sarcophagus, 
tumulus,  titulus,  aedes. 

JiL  Verbal  phrase. 

adornavit,  aedificavit,  constituit,  donavit,  ponendwn  curavit  P  •  C,  sitb  ascia 
dedicavit  S  •  A,  ASC  •  D,  DED  (Gaul),  posuit. 

4.  Phrases   explaining  the   circumstances   or  the  reasons  for  building  the 
monument. 

ex  auctoritate  (illius),  ex  beneficio,  secundum  decretum  ipsorum  (collegii), 
nomine  meo  et  uxoris,  ex  praecepto  matris,  ex  testamento. 

arbitmtu  (illius),  curam  agente  (illo),  (illo)  curante,  (illis)  curantibus. 

honoris  causa,  memoriae  causa,  ob  merita  eius,  ob  memoriam  custodiendam 
adque  propagandam,  pro  mentis  eorum. 

5.  The  person  for  whom,  or  in  remembrance  of  whom,  the  tomb  has  been 
built  is  denoted  either  by  his  name  or  by  a  term  indicating  the  relationship  or 
the  basis  of  the  union  existing  between  him  and  the  one  providing  the  tomb. 

amico  bene  merenti  A  •  B  •  M,  coniugi  (C),  carissimae  (o)  filiae  (o),  fratri 
bene  merenti  B  •  M,  libertae  carissimae  et  bene  merenti,  libertabus,  patrono 
indulgentissimo,  marito  amantissimo,  mihi  et  uxori  utrisque  nobis  vivis 


240 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


^Z>H: 


I   1 


1 

;&*  U 


:«l 


- 


10 


SEPULCHRAL  INSCRIPTIONS  241 


posteritatique  nostrae,  sibi  et  suis  S  •  ET  •  S,  sibi  et  suis  libertis  libertabus 
posterisque  S  •  ET  •  S  •  L  •  L  •  P  •  Q,  munidpibus  suis  incolisque,  nutrici  et 
mammillae  bene  merenti,  servo  fidelissimo. 

Words  denoting  relationship  are  at  times  modified  by  such  phrases  as 
(marito)  cum  quo  vixit  annis  (tot)  sine  ulla  animi  laesione,  (uxori)  cum  qua 
concorditer  egit  per  annus  (tot). 

There  are  also  in  existence  sepulchral  inscriptions  which  are,  in 
reality,  documents  l  (instrumental).  Of  this  character  are  the  funeral 
orations,  e.g.  Laudatio  Murdiae2  of  the  first-  century  A.D.,  which, 
having  formed  a  part  of  the  obsequies,  have  been  inscribed  upon  the 
tomb;  also  legal  documents,  such  as  the  will  of  Dasumius3  (108  A.D.) 
and  the  donatio  4  of  Flavins  Syntrophus. 

Columbaria 

One  form  of  tomb  used  in  Rome  was  that  known  as  columbarium.5 
These  were  burial-rooms,  built  partly  above  ground,  in  the  walls  of 
which  were  arranged  small  recesses  or  niches  having  the  appearance 
of  pigeon-holes  (columbarium  =  dove-cot).  These  niches  were  used 
to  hold  vases  (ollae)  containing  the  ashes  of  the  dead.  Columbaria 
frequently  served  as  the  tombs  of  men  of  the  lower  classes,  as  of 
freedmen  and  slaves,  and  were,  for  the  most  part,  built  by  collegia 
or  societates,  whose  members  thus  secured  by  cooperation  a  final 
resting-place  for  themselves  and  family.  Upon  the  completion  of 
such  a  building  the  ollae  were  portioned  out  to  the  various  members 
of  the  collegium*  A  difference  in  number  of  the  ollae  assigned 
implied  a  difference  in  the  amount  contributed.7  Each  member 
indicated  his  own  place  by  inscribing  his  name  upon  a  marble  tablet 
which  was  fastened  above  or  below  the  recess,  or  by  writing  his 
name  with  a  graphium  on  the  wall  of  the  building.  The  tablets, 

1  See  Acta  ad  sepulcra  spectantia,  C.  L  L.  VI.,  p.  1356  ff. 

2  C.  /.  L.  VI.  10230,  and  page  293. 

3  C.  L  L.  VI.  10229,  Wil.  314. 

4  C.  I.  L.  VI.  10239,  Wil.  312. 

5  Wil.  L,  pp.  118-119. 

6  Cf  .  panes  viriles,  Wil.  n.  336,  or  sortes,  Wil.  333,  335. 

7  Wil.  335,  344. 

LAT.  INSCRIP.  —  16 


242  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

termed  tessellae,  were  either  removed  when  the  titulus  sepukralis  was 
inscribed,  or  took  the  place  of  the  same.1 

The  general  arrangement  of  sepulchral  inscriptions  may  be  shown 

thus2: 

D.  M.  S. 

ille  or  illius  or  illi 
(qui)  vixit  annis  tot 

ille 

patri  carissimo  fecit 
h.  s.  e. 

If  the  tomb  was  made  by  a  living  person  for  several  others,  the 
arrangement  was  as  follows : 

D.  M.  D.  M. 

illi  coniugi  suae  ille  fecit 

vixit  annis  tot  illi  coniugi  suae 

et  illi  filio  suo  or  vixit  annis  tot 

vixit  annis  tot  et  illi  filio  suo 

et  illi  filiae  suae  vixit  annis  tot 

vixit  annis  tot  et  illi  filiae  suae 

ille  fecit  vixit  annis  tot 

If  the  maker  of  the  tomb  expected  to  be  one  of  its  occupants,  the 

form  was : 

D.  M. 

.    ( vivus 
ille  <    . 

(  VIVO 

sibi  fecit 

et  illi  coniugi  suae 

vixit  annis  tot 

et  illi  filio  suo 

vixit  annis  tot 

et  illi  filiae  suae 

vixit  a  unit  tot 

et  suis  libertis  libertabusque 

posterisque  eorum 

1  Wil.  n.  380-385. 

2  Cagnat,  Cours  &  fipigraphie,  pp.  254-256. 


HONORARY  INSCRIPTIONS  243 

HONORARY   INSCRIPTIONS 

TlTULI    HONORARII 

The  custom  of  raising  statues  in  honor  of  distinguished  men  and 
adding  thereto  honorary  inscriptions  appeared  in  Rome  towards  the 
close  of  the  third  century  B.C.  This  custom  was  of  Greek  origin,  and 
some  inscriptions  are  found  in  the  Greek  form,  i.e.  with  the  name  (in 
the  accusative  case)  of  the  person  honored  and  with  the  verb  omitted. 

The  Romans  at  first  merely  transferred  the  inscriptions  of  their 
imagines  maiormn  to  their  tombs,  adding  these  to  the  simple  and 
customary  tituli  sepulcmles.  The  elogia  of  the  Scipio  inscriptions 
referred  to  above  are  of  this  character,  although  they  are  poetical  in 
form.  Memorial  and  honorary  inscriptions  (elogia),  consisting  of 
the  name  (in  the  nominative  .case)  of  the  person  honored,  followed 
by  official  titles  of  curule  offices  and  brief  historical  statements,  may 
be  regarded  as  the  primitive  form  of  tituli  honorarii.  What  was 
thus  done  by  private  persons  was  soon  imitated  publicly  in  the 
setting  up,  with,  however,  no  sepulchral  connection,  either  during 
the  lifetime  of  the  individual  honored  or  after  his  death,  of  honorary 
inscriptions  such  as  the  Columna  Rostrata  in  honor  of  C.  Duilius, 
and  the  elogia  of  the  triumphal  arch  of  Fabius. 

Of  a  similar  character  are  the  brief  inscriptions  found  on  the 
pedestals  of  statues  and  those  of  a  memorial  and  honorary  nature 
which  appear  on  marble  tablets  and  beneath  busts. 

We  learn  from  ancient  writers  that  Augustus  adorned  his  forum 
with  statues  of  famous  men,  particularly  of  distinguished  generals, 
and  added  inscriptions  denoting  their  achievements.  Only  a  few 
fragments  of  these  elogia  have  been  preserved,  but  as  copies  were 
set  up  also  at  Arretium  which  still  exist,  we  can  learn  from  them  the 
character  of  the  originals.  It  is  possible  that  similar  elogia  found  at 
other  places,  e.g.  at  Pompeii,  referring  to  Aeneas  and  Romulus,  may 
have  been  copied  from  the  city  inscriptions  placed,  by  Augustus.1 

1  In  C.  I  L.  elogia  appear  in  vol.  I.'2  pp.  185-202,  classed  by  themselves  as 
somewhat  of  a  literary  character,  taken  from  public  and  private  records,  and 
therefore  not  strictly  tituli  sepulcrales  or  tituli  honorarii.  They  have  the  names 
of  those  honored  in  the  noin.  case  and  refer  to  men  of  the  days  of  the  Republic. 


244  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

rCIV^ 
lET-ttClGl 


/£. ,  ,    , 

/VEM-C  ASTR.E1S-EX  FOCICXXJT'M  x 

fcNANDOD'CErET'ENQVEEODEM-JVlA^ 
EM'NAVEBOS-MARlp'CONSOL'PRlMOS    , 

/LASESQyE'NAVALESfRlMOS'OHNAVEIf. 

/VMQyE'ElS'NAVEB^S'CLASEIS'POENICAS'OM 

VMAS-COPIAS-OARTACINIENSlS'FRAESENTli 


RIRESMOSQVENAVEIS-  * 
•GAPTOM-NVMEl  '  CDCDCDDC 
'OM-CAPTOMTRAEDA'NVMEI-ffi 


(TO(Kl^ 


Columna  Roslrata. 

Inscribed  on  a  fragment  of  Parian  marble  found  in  the  Forum  where  the  Rostra  stood, 
now  preserved  on  the  Capitol  in  the  Palazzo  dei  Conservator!. 

Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  91. 

[Secest~\ano[sque~\  ...........  [pp-] 

[sidione^d  exemet  lecione[sque  Cartaciniensis  on/mis'] 
[ma~\ximosque  macistr[a]tos  l[uci  palam  post  dies'] 
[n~]»vem  castreis  exfociont,  Macel[amque  opidom  vi] 
[p"]ucnandod  cepet.  enque  eodem  mac[istratud  bene] 
[r~\<"in  navebos  marid  consol  priinos  c[eset  c,opiasque~\ 
\_c]lasesque  navales  primos  ornavet  pa\_ravetqu?~\, 

cumque  eis  navebos  claseis  Poenicas  omn[is  item  ma-'] 
[x~]umas  copias  Cartaciniensis  praesente[d  Hannibaled] 

dictatored  ol\_or~\om  in  altod  marid  pucn[andod  vicct] 
[vi]que  nave[is  cepe.^t  cum  socieis  septer[esmom  imam  quin-~] 
[querfsm~]o8que  triresmosque  naveis  X\_XX,  merset  JT///] 

[auro]m  coptom  :  numei  ©  CD  0  DCC 
[arceri]tom  captom  praeda  numei  Qjfr  C  .......... 


HONORARY   INSCRIPTION'S  245 

CClptOftl  Ctes  Q^)  (repeated  more  than  twenty-one  times) 


\_mos  qu~]oque  navaled  praedad  poplom  [donavet  pri-] 

[mosque]  Cartacini[ens]is  [inec^nuos  d[uxit  in~\ 

[triumpod]  .....  eis  .     .     .  capt  .     .     .   C.  I.  L.  VI.  1300. 

Though  this  inscription  refers  to  C.  Duilius,  consul  494/260,  who  won  the 
battle  of  Mylae,  it  was  probably  inscribed  with  imitation  of  archaic  forms  in 
the  imperial  period,  perhaps  in  the  time  of  Claudius  (Ritschl,  Opiisc.  IV.,  p. 
204).  Wolfflin  believes  it  to  have  been  taken  from  a  more  ancient  inscription 
in  the  time  of  Augustus.1 

From  the  period  of  Sulla  honorary  inscriptions  regularly  assume 
the  dedicatory  form  having  the  name  of  the  person  honored  in  the 
dative  case.  Such  inscriptions  form  the  tituli  honorarii  of  the  later 
Republic  and  of  the  imperial  period. 

Inscriptions  on  statues  erected  in  honor  of  those  still  living  were 
at  first  of  simple  form,  consisting  of  the  name  of  the  person  honored 
followed  by  the  title  of  the  office  held  at  the  time  of  dedication. 

ffr*  A    T*^  <n  A    TTft    f  i  AT   T^^   Tf^liJ  i  1P> 

1C  AESAR  iwGvSlFF 

Tl)/~\  k  Y?  fir"1   /^/^r^1  1P\1T1PIT/*°^K  ¥ 

FONI  I  PCOSADESIGM 

Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Saguntum. 
Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  214. 

C.  Caesari  Augusti  f(ilio}  \  pontif(ici)  ,  co(n)s(uU}  design(ato},  \principi 
inventutis.    Date  748/6  -  753/1.     C.  /.  L.  II.  ;)828. 

From  the  time  of  Augustus,  however,  inscriptions  more  elaborate 
and  resembling  in  their  contents  elogia,  but  of  a  dedicatory  form, 
were  set  up  in  honor  of  celebrated  men,  particularly  triumphatores, 
both  at  Rome,  as  in  the  new  fora  of  Augustus  and  Trajan,  and  also 
in  the  provincial  cities.  This  custom  spread  throughout  the  Roman 
world  and  continued  until  the  fourth  or  fifth  century. 

1  Bavar.  Class.  Phil.  Hist.  1890,  p.  295.  Quintilian,  Inst.  I.  7,  12,  and 
Pliny,  JV.  H.  XXXIV.  20,  both  refer  to  this  inscription.  For  the  facts  of 
history  see  Polyb.  I.  23,  7  ;  I.  24,  2  ;  Zonar.  VIII.  11;  Eutrop.  11.20;  Oros. 
IV.  7,  10. 


246  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Tituli  honorarii  of  the  form  just  described  regularly  consist  of  the 
following  principal  elements : 

I.  The  names  (in  the  dative  case)  of  the  person  honored. 

The  names  of  emperors  are  regularly  accompanied  by  the  usual 
titles,  while  that  of  others  may  appear  in  simple  form  or,  on  the 
other  hand,  be  accompanied  by  the  cursus  honorum  and  the  desig- 
nations of  the  various  functions  arranged  as  described  above.  In 
.some  cases  the  name  is  in  the  genitive  preceded  by  honori  or  in 
honorem. 

II.  The  name  of  the  person,  or,  as  in  many  instances,  of  the  com- 
munity or  collegium  raising  the  statue  and  setting  up  the  inscription. 
This  element  regularly  follows  the  first,  although  it  may  be  separated 
from  it  by  certain  idiomatic  phrases. 

III.  Various  phrases  or  formulae  accounting  for  the  conferring  of 
the  honor,  or  bearing  upon  the  circumstances  of  the  raising  of  the 
statue  or  monument. 

1.  Adjective  or  appositional  phrases  indicating  the  worth  or  dignity  of  the 
person  honored  :    amantissimo  patriae,  abstinentissimo  iustissimo  discrtissimo 
(praesidi  pTO\.),praestantissimo  (patrono),  optimo  ac  dignissimo  (patrono). 

2.  Phrases  indicating  the  reasons  for  conferring  the  honor  :  ob  amorem  et 
instantiam  erga  patriam  civesque,  ob  merita  eius,  ob  eximiam  benignamque  erga 
ortines  cives  suos  adfectionem,  pro  singularibus  erga  civitatem  nostram  meritis, 
propter  eximiam  pietatem  et  affectionem  fraternam,  ad  aetcrnitatem  meritorum 
eius,  ad  perennem  ipsius  gloriam,  ad  referendam  gratiam,  ad  perenne  testi- 
monium,  ob  honorem  eius,  honoris  causa l  H  •  C. 

3.  Phrases  describing  the  dedicator  :  dicatissimus  numini  maiestatique  eorum 
(imperatorum),  devotus  numini  maiestatique  eius  (eorum),  memor  liberalitatis 
et  honorificentiae  eius. 

4.  Phrases  bearing  upon  the  circumstances  of  the  raising  of  the  statue,  regu- 
larly placed  at  the  end  of  the  inscription  :    petitu  populi  Romani,  publice  P, 
publice  decurionum  decreto  P  •  D  •  D,   ex  senatus  consulto  EX  •  S  •  C,  decreto 
decurionum  D  •  D,  DEC  •  DEC,  DECR  •  DEC,  accedente  auctoritate  proconsulum, 
permissu  proconsulis  P  •  P. 

aere  conlato  A,  AER  •  C,  COLL,  pecunia  publica  P,  PEC  •  P,  PVB,  pecunia  sua 
P  •  S,  de  pecunia  sua  D  •  S  •  P,  de  suo  D  •  S. 

locus  datus  decurionum  decreto  L  •  D  •  D  •  D  or  LOG  •  DAT  -D-D. 

1  This  formula  occurs  at  the  close  of  earlier  inscriptions. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON  PUBLIC   WORKS  247 

locus  datus  senatus  consulto  L  •  D  •  S  •  C. 

decurionum  decreto  pecunia  publica  D  •  D  •  P  •  P. 

cura  agente  (illo)  C  •  A,  CVR  •  AG,  curante  ac  perficiente  (ilio). 

If  the  person  honored  has  himself  met  the  expenses  of  the  raising  of  the 
statue,  the  fact  is  indicated  at  the  close  of  the  inscription  :  honore  usus  sumptus 
remisit  loco  dato  decreto  decurionum  H-V-S-R-L-D-D-D,  honore  accepto 
impensam  remisit  H  •  A  •  I  •  R,  honore  contentus  sua  pecunia  posuit  H  •  C  •  S  •  P  •  P, 
honore  usus  impensam  remisit  H  •  V  •  I  •  R. 

IV.  The  fourth  element  is  a  verbal  phrase,  expressed  or  under- 
stood. Such  are  — 

statuam  censuit  ponendam,  conlocavit,  erigi  conlocarique  iusserunt,  statuen- 
dum  curavi,  statuam  conlocandam  decrevit,  ponendam  or  poni  censuit,  posuit 
idemque  dedicavit,  fecit  FEC,  faciundum  curavit  F  •  C. 

The  order  of  the  elements  may  be  indicated  thus l : 

illi  illi  illi  illi 

ille  ob  merita  ille  tile 

ob  merita  ille  ob  merita  ob  merita 

statuam  posuit  statuam  posuit  locus  datus  decreto  decurionum 

The  first  shows  the  omission  of  the  verb,  the  second  and  third  the 
position  of  the  verbal  phrase,  and  the  fourth  the  general  position  of 
the  formulae  of  honor. 

INSCRIPTIONS  ON  PUBLIC  BUILDINGS  AND  STRUCTURES 
TITULI  OPERUM  PUBLICORUM 

In  the  last  century  of  the  republic  it  became  customary  in  Home 
to  place  inscriptions  upon  public  buildings  and  temples,  also  upon 
other  structures,  such  as  bridges,  arches,  and  aqueducts.  These 
were  primarily  intended  to  simply  indicate  the  person  or  the  com- 
munity under  whose  direction  the  work  had  been  accomplished. 

The  early  and  simple  form,  belonging  particularly  to  buildings 
erected  by  private  persons,  consisted  of  the  name  of  the  one  em-t- 
ing the  building  and  a  verb,  e.g.  fecit,  or  verbal  phrase.  Of  this 
character  is  the  inscription  on  the  Pantheon. 

M  •  AGRIPPA  .  L  •  F  •  COS  •  TERTIVM  •  FECIT        C.LL.  VI.  896. 
1  Cagnat,  Cours  d^pigraphie  Latine,  p.  229. 


248  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

As  the  custom  grew  in  prevalence,  the  inscriptions  were  made 
much  more  extensive,  and  under  the  Empire  they  were  given  with 
great  fulness,  containing  many  particulars  connected  with  the  rais- 
ing of  the  structure  so  adorned,  so  that  they  virtually  fulfilled  the 
purpose  of  records  and  served  as  inscriptions  in  honor  of  those 
named,  becoming  in  character,  and  finally  in  form,  tituli  honorarii. 


ATIVS-GN-F    CHlLO 
LiPE".       VS-G-F    PAMSA 


> 


K 


RVA          '• 

^M^ 


Inscription  of  Temple  of  Bona  Dea,  at  Lavernae,  now  Prezza,  near  Corfiniuin,  Italy. 
C.  I.  L.  I.  1379  =  IX.  3138.     P.  L.  M.  E. 

The  various  elements  which  enter  into  these  inscriptions  may  be 
classified  as  follows  : 

I.  The  names  and  titles,  in  the  nominative  case,  of  the  person  or 
community  building  the  structure  or  restoring  the  same. 

II.  The  designation  of  the  structure,  or  description  of  the  work 
accomplished,  in  the  accusative  case  : 

portas,  balneas,  templum,  Aquam  Marciam,  arcum,  aquaeductum,  horologium, 
porticum  ad  balineum  cum  piscina  et  siyno  Cupidinis,  thermas  culn  porticibus 
duplicibus,  aquam  per  publicum  ducendam,  tabularium  faciundum,  etc. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON    PUBLIC   WORKS  249 

If  the  inscription  indicates  the  restoration  or  rebuilding  of  the 
structure,  phrases  describing  its  former  condition  are  found : 

thermas  Herculis  vi  terrae  motus  eversas,  portions  publicas  vetustate  cor- 
ruptas,  basilicam  equestrem  exercitatoriam  iampridem  a  solo  coeptam. 

III.  A  verb  or  verbal  phrase  expressing  the  idea  of  constructing  or 
of  rebuilding  and  restoring,  or  again  of  dedication  or  of  supervision : 

aedijicare,  perficere,  dare,  de  suo  dare  D  •  S  •  D,  facere  faciundum  curare  et 
probare,  adornare  or  ornare,  a  solo  facere  A  •  S  •  F,  sternere,  ponere,  reficere, 
restituere,  reparare,  rejiciundum  coerare,  ad  pristinam  faciem  reducere. 

IV.  Various  phrases  expressing :  place, 

loco  privato,  accepto  loco  a  re  publica,  loco  dato  publice  decreto  decurionum 
L  •  D  •  PVB  •  D  •  D ; 

time,  see  page  229 ;  measure,  (murum)  pedes  C  C ;  expense  or  means 
of  providing  for  the  same, 

de  pecunia  sua  factum  dedit  D  •  P  •  S  •  F  •  D,  pecunia  publica  P  •  P,  surnptu 
proprio,  parvo  sumptu,  amplius  ex  sestertium  (tot)  m(ilibus)  n(ummum)  de  sua 
pecunia  ; 

reasons  for  building  the  structure, 

ob  honorem  aedilitatis,  ob  honorem  flaminis,  quod  eos  e  lege  in  ludis  aut  in 
monumentis  consumere  oportuit,  ex  pagi  decreto,  de  decurionum  sententia 
D  D  •  S,  de  senatus  sententia  D  •  S  •  S,  de  vici  sententia  faciundum  curarunt 
idemque  probarunt  D-V-S-F-C-I-Q-P,  senatus  consulto  S  •  C ; 

supervision  of  those  in  authority, 

curantibus  aedilibus,  curante  ordine  splendidissimOj  curante  et  dedicante 
(illo),  sub  cur  a,  per  (ilium). 

The  architect's  name  is  given  in  rare  instances. 

When  the  structure  is  dedicated  to  some  divinity,  as  with  temples, 
the  inscription  is  strictly  dedicatory,  and  is  introduced  by  the  name 
of  the  divinity  in  the  dative  case.  See  tituli  sacri. 

These  tituli  operum  publicorum  also  serve  the  purpose  of  honorary 
inscriptions,  and  assume  the  form  of  such,  being  introduced  by  the 
name  of  the  person  honored  in  the  dative  case,  or  by  phrases 


250  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

expressing  the  idea  of  honorary  dedication,  thus  explaining  the 
motive  for  the  construction  of  the  building,  e.g.  in  honorem  domus 
divinae  IN  •  H  •  D  •  D,  pro  salute  impetatoris  Caesar  is  PRO  •  SAL  • 
IMP  •  CAES,  pro  magnificentia  saeculi  dominorum  nostrorum  Augas- 
tortimduorum — DD  •  NN  •  AVGG,  aureo  saecido  dominorum  nostro- 
rum trium  —  D  D  D  •  N  N  N . 


FACTIONEVNOTEMPOREIVSTIS 
ILEMPVBLICAMVLTVSESTARMIT 


Inscription  on  the  Arch  of  Constantine,  Roine.     Date,  315  A.D. 
Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  702.     See  page  163. 

The  various  forms  of  tituli  operum  publicorum  may  be  represented 
thus: 

ille  in  honorem  illius l  pro  salute  Imp.  Caes.1 

curiam  faciundam  ille  aedificium  illud 

de  sua  pecunia         aedificium  vetustate  corruptum  ille 

coeravit  refecit  ob  honorem  ilium 

dedicante  illo  sua  pecunia  fecit 

idemque  dedicavit 
aedificium  illud l 
refectum  (es£) 
per  ilium 
cura  illius 

When  the  passive  form  is  used  the  verb  sum  is  understood,  and 
agency  is  denoted  by  per  with  the  accusative. 

Cagnat,  Cours  a"1  Epigraphie,  p.  237. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   PUBLIC   WORKS 


251 


MILESTONES  AND  BOUNDARY  STONES 
Miliaria  et  Cippi  Terminates 

Of  the  inscriptions  appearing  on  public  works,  those  found  on  the 
cylindrical  or  cubical  milestones  (miliaria)  of  the  Roman  viae,  and 
on  the  boundary  stones  (cippi  terminates)  of  the  agrimensores  deserve 
special  mention,  inasmuch  as  they  contain  names  of  places,  records 
of  distances,  measurements,  and  boundary  lines,  which  are  valuable 
in  the  study  of  the  geography  and  topography  of  both  Rome  and  of 
her  provinces,  in.  addition  to  the  ordinary  information  of  other  tituli 
operum  publicorum. 

Miliaria 

Miliaria  of  republican  days,  which  are  rare,  compared  with  the 
great  number  belonging  to  the  imperial  period,  regularly  contain 
inscriptions  which  are  of  simple  form,  consisting  of  the  name  of  the 
founder  of  the  road  and  a  number  indicating  distance. 


Columna  Miliaria  of  P.  Popilius  Laenas,  found  near  Hadria.  on  the  Po.    Date, 
P.  Popillius  C.f.  |  cos.  |  vLXXXI 

C.  L  L.  I.  550  =  V.  8007.  This  is  a  stone  column  four  feet  high  and  two 
feet  broad,  narrowing  toward  the  base  for  insertion  in  the  ground.  Mommsen 
considers  it  the  oldest  form  of  stone  miliaria.  The  numerals  indicate  the  milia 
passuum  from  Ariminum. 


252  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

The  other  and  more  famous  miliarium  Popilianum  erected  by  the 
same  man,  P.  Popilius  Laenas,  consul  622/132,  is  more  than  a  mere 
milestone,  and  serves  the  purpose  of  an  elogium. 


AD 

IN-EA-VJ  A-  PeNTEIS-OMNeSyWU  AR1OS 


MMEtUA-vil  'CAP 
AAVRAN  VAA-AXX  Hir-COSENTlA 

VALi-i\T!A-  :»"  AD-FR 

STAT  VAM-CeXXXii 

S  VAAA-AF-C  APVA-R  EGI  VM'MEIUA-Cr 
E  T-E  I  D  EM-  P  R  A  f  ITOR-  1  N  VX 

"fl  C-IM  A-F  VStT  E  IVQS  -ITA  L  I  C  O  RV/ 

' 


-  ^  V  »  - 
PR  IMVS-F  E  €1  f-V-T'Ot'AC  f?C)«p  QMS  GO 


Miliariiini  of  P.  I'opilius  Laenas.     Date,  022/182.     P.  L.  M 

fecei  db  Eegio  ad  Capuom,  et  \  in  ea  via  ponteis  omneis,  miliarios  \ 
tabrtariosque  poseivei.  Hince  sunt  \  Nouceriam  meilia  vl/l,  Capuam 
XXCIIII  Muranum  0/XIIII,  Cosentiam  CXXIII,  |  Valentiam  Cvi/XXX  /,  ad 
fretnm  ad  \  statuam  CCXXXI  /,  Regium  CCXXXVII  |  suma  af  Capua  Eegium 
meilia  CCCXXI  /.  Et  eidem  praetor  in  \  Sicilia  fugiteivos  Italicorum  \  con- 
quaeisivei,  redideique  \  homines  DCCCCXVII.  Eidemqne  \  primus  fecei,  ut  de 
agropoplico  \  aratoribus  cederent  paastores.  \  Forum  aedisque  poplicas  heic 
fecei. 

C.  I.  L.  I.   551  =  X.  6950.     Found  near  Polla,  in  Lucania,  where  Forum 
Popilii  was  situated. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  PUBLIC   WORKS  253 

Inscriptions  on  milestones  vary  greatly  in  form,  but  admit  of  the 
following  classification : 

I.  The  first  class  is  marked  by  the  nominative  case  of  names  and 
titles :  in  time  of  the  Republic,  of  magistrates,  and  in  the  imperial 
period,  of  the  emperors. 

a.  These,  like  ordinary  tituli  operum  publicorum,  may  be  followed 
by  a  verb  indicating  the  making  or  restoring  of  the  road  (fecit,  poni 
iussit,  muniendam  curavit,  miliaria  restituif),  accompanied  at  times 
by  an  object  (mam  or  iter),  modified  by  some  phrase  referring  to 
the  previous  condition  of  the  road  or  the  obstacles  met  in  building. 

Numerals  denoting  distances  follow  with  or  without  M  •  P  (milia 
passuum). 

b.  The  names  and  titles  in  the  nominative  case  may  be  followed 
simply  by  the  numeral,  with  or  without  M  •  P,  or  also  by  the  name 
of  a  legatus  in  the  nominative  case  and  a  verb  (e.g.  fecit). 

II.  The  second  class  is  marked  by  the  dative  case  of  the  name  of 
the  emperor  or  magistrate,  and  resembles  honorary  inscriptions. 

This  may  be  followed  simply  by  the  numeral,  or  also  by  the 
designation,  in  the  nominative  case,  of  the  official  or  official  body 
making  the  road  or  supervising  the  same,  together  with  a  verb ;  or 
the  nominative  case  and  the  verb  may  be  replaced  by  per  and  the 
accusative  of  the  name,  or  by  the  ablative  absolute. 

III.  The  third  class  shows  the  name  of  the  emperor  in  the  abla- 
tive case,  serving  thus  to  indicate  the  date.     Such  inscriptions  are 
common  in  Africa  but  rare  elsewhere.     The  name  in  the  ablative 
case  may  be  followed  simply  by  the  numeral,  with  or  without  M  •  P, 
or  again  by  the  name,  in  the  nominative  case,  of  the  official  making 
the  road  or  supervising  the  same,  with  a  verb,  or  this  may  be  replaced 
by  the  name  of  the  official  in  the  ablative  case. 

The  numerals  that  accompany  any  of  the  above-mentioned  classes 
appear  as  a  rule  at  the  close  of  the  inscription  with  or  without 
M  •  P.  Inscriptions  of  certain  roads  of  Italy  and  Sardinia  show 
numbers  at  the  beginning,  while  in  others  of  Italy  the  numerals 
occur  both  at  beginning  and  end,  the  former  indicating  the  distance 
from  a  neighboring  city,  the  latter  denoting  the  distance  from 
Rome.  There  may  also  appear  a  phrase  indicating  the  starting 


254  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

point,  i.e.  the  preposition  a  with  the  ablative  of  the  name  of  the 
place,  and  to  this  may  be  added  the  designation  of  the  limit  of 
distance  in  the  accusative  case  preceded  by  ad. 


Miliarium  found  bf*v   3n  Haute-Valette  and 

Gr6olieres,  near  Andon,  Maritime  Alps. 

Date  213-21T. 

r)  M.  Aurel(ius)  Antoninus  Aug(iistus)  P(ius) 
Parthic(us)  m^aximus)  Brittanic(us)  m(aximus),  trib(unicia}~]  po[t(es- 
tate)  .  .  .  c]o(»s(wO  /I//,  [p(ater)  p(atriae),  proc(onsul)  pont(es}  viam- 
q(iie)  vetustate  colla~\bs(os)  rest(ituit\  cura(nte)  ac  d[_edica~\nte  lulio 
Honorato,  p(rocuratore)  Aug(usti)  ex  primipil(o}.  M(ilia)  p(assuum} 
decem  et  octo. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  5432.  This  inscription  is  restored  from  another  miliarium  of 
the  same  road,  No.  5430. 

Boundary  Stones 

Boundary  stones  inscribed  on  the  same  general  plan  as  the  miliaria 
were  used  by  the  Romans  to  establish  the  dividing  line  between  the 
ager  publicus  and  ager  privatus,  to  define  the  boundary  between 
different  communities,  and  to  mark  the  course  of  the  Tiber  and  the 
line  of  the  Pomerium.  Very  old  specimens  of  these  cippi  terminates 

1  For  an  account  of  Roman  roads,  see  Bergier,  Histoire  des  Grands  Chemins 
de  V Empire  Romain,  II.,  p.  757;  F.  Berger,  Uber  die  Heerstrassen  des  Horn. 
Meiches;  II  Die  Meilensteine,  Berlin,  1883. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON  PUBLIC   WORKS  255 

remain  to-day,  the  earliest  of  which,  dating  before  the  second  Punic 
war,  give  the  names  of  certain  officials  (quaesitores)  and  a  portion 
of  a  decree  setting  apart  certain  lands  as  sacred.  Others,  indicating 
the  portioning  out  of  the  public  lands  (ager  publicus)  by  Gaius 
Gracchus,  contain  the  names  of  the  tresviri  in  the  nominative  case 
followed  by  such  expressions  as  terminos  restituendos  ex  s(enatus) 
c(pnsulto),  terminos  finisque  ex  s(enatus)  c(onsulto)  statui  iussit  inter 
(illos)  et  (illos).  In  the  imperial  period  the  names  of  the  emperors 
appear  in  the  genitive  case  with  iussu  or  ex  auctoritate,  followed  by 
the  names  of  the  officials  in  the  nominative  case,  and  some  phrase, 
as  inter  illos  et  illos  terminavit.  The  passive  form  also  occurs,  fines 
positi  inter  (illos)  et  (illos)  iussu,  etc. 

Although  inscriptions  relating  to  aqueducts  appear  regularly  on 
the  structures  themselves,  others  are  found  on  the  boundary  stones 
which  separated  the  public  land  assigned  for  the  aqueduct  from 
private  property.1  Such  cippi,  separated  from  each  other  by  inter- 
vals of  240  feet,  were  set  up,  where  the  space  to  be  left  unoccupied 
was  set  off  from  private  property,  by  Augustus,  Tiberius,  and 
Claudius. 

Cippi  of  a  similar  kind  also  denned  the  pratum  of  a  legion  as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  domain  of  municipalities.  Terminus  Augustalis 
dividit  pratum  leg.  Ill  I  et  agrum  Iuliobrig(ensem). 

Termini  inter  Privatum  et  Publicum 

These  cippi  indicate  the  transfer  of  private  land  to  the  public 
domain,  and  mark  the  boundary  for  the  same.  They  contain  the 
names  of  consuls,  emperors,  or  curatores  locorum  publicorum,  and  the 
phrases  redemptum  a  privato  publicavit  or  ex  privato  in  publicum 
restituerunt. 

1  The  decree  of  the  senate  743/11  is  given  by  Frontinus,  Aquaed.  c.  127. 
Circa  fontes  et  fornices  et  muros  utraque  ex  parte  vacuos  quinos  denos  pedes 
patrre ;  et  circa  rivos  qui  sub  terra  essent  et  specus  intra  urbem  et  extra  urbi 
continentia  aedificia  utraque  ex  parte  quinos  pedes  vacuos  relinqui;  ita  ut  neque 
monume.ntum  in  his  locis  neque  aedificum  post  hoc  tempus  ponere  neque  con- 
arbores  liceret. 


•256  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Termini  Pomerii1 

The  ideal  boundary  of  the  city,  known  as  the  Pomerium,  was 
enlarged  by  the  emperors  Claudius  and  Vespasian.  Inscriptions  on 
the  cippi  that  indicated  this  imaginary  line  gave  the  name  of  the 
emperor  and  his  titles  in  the  nominative  case,  followed  by  auctis 
populi  Romani  jinibus  pomerium  ampliavit  terminavitque.  Under 
Hadrian  the  Pomerium  was  marked  anew,  and  its  limits  were 'deter- 
mined by  the  college  of  augurs.  The  inscription  on  one  of  these 
cippi  shows  collegium  augurum  —  anctore  imperatore  Caesare  — 
Hadriano  terminos  pomerii  restituendos  curavit. 

Termini  Riparum  Tiberis2 

These  cippi  determine  the  breadth  and  the  direction  of  the  banks 
of  the  river.  Inscriptions  of  the  republican  period  contain  the 
names  of  consuls  or  censors  in  the  nominative  case,  followed  by 
ex  s(enatus)  c(onsulto)  terminaverunt  In  the  imperial  period  the 
name  of  the  emperor,  accompanied  by  titles,  becomes  the  subject  of 
the  verb.  These  inscriptions  are  accompanied  by  phrases  expressing 
the  distance  to  the  next  stone :  r(ecto)  r(igore)  prox(imus)  cipp(us) 
p(edes)  XX,  or  r(ecto)  r(igore)  ex  proximo  cipp(o)  ped(es)  XLS. 

At  times  the  name  of  the  emperor  depends  upon  ex  auctoritate, 
a  phrase  which  first  appears  under  Claudius,  and  is  followed  by  the 
name  of  the  curator  alvei  et  riparum  Tiberis  in  the  nominative  case, 
subject  of  the  verb  terminavit  or  restituit. 

INSCRIPTIONS  ON    MOVABLE   OBJECTS    OF   GENERAL  USE 
INSTRUMENTUM 

Under  the  title  instrumentum,  or  instrumentum  domesticum,  the 
Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum  presents  generally  at  the  close  of 
each  volume  the  inscriptions  which  appear  on  movable  objects  of  a 

1  D.   Detlefsen,  Das  Pomerium  Boms  und  die   Grenzen  Italiens,  Hermes, 
XXI.  497.    O.  Richter,  Topographic  von  Bom  (Muller's  Handbuch,  vol.  III. 
773-775). 

2  Notizie  degli  Scam,  1890, 32  ;  Bull.  Com.  XV.  (1887),  306  ;  XX.  (1892),  71. 
Dio  Cass.  LVII.  14.  7.    Tac.  Ann.  I.  76. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  MOVABLE   OBJECTS  257 

great  variety  and  shape,  belonging  alike  to  public  and  private  life. 
The  most  important  of  these  may  be  classified  as  follows  :  I.  Arti- 
cles made  of  Metal  —  1)  Weights  and  Measures,  2)  Tesserae, 
3)  Armor  and  Missiles,  4)  Lead  Water  Pipes,  5)  Vessels  and 
Articles  of  Bronze,  Silver,  and  Gold,  6)  Stamps.  II.  Products  of 
Mines  and  Quarries.  III.  Tiles  and  Bricks.  IV.  Vessels  of  Clay. 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES 
Pondera  et  Mensurae. 

By  far  the  largest  number  of  weights  and  measures  are  simply 
marked  with  numbers  and  letters  indicating  their  size  and  equiva- 
lents. Others  are  supplied  with  brief  inscriptions,  which  refer  to 
the  authority  giving  them  validity,  e.g.  ex  auctoritate  lunii  Rustici 
praefecti  urbi.  Others  contain  the  date,  standard  of  value,  and  the 
name  of  the  place  where  the  weights  were  tested.  Thus  the  temple 
of  Castor  is  shown  by  inscriptions  to  have  been  an  office  for  the 
verification  of  weights  and  measures ;  cf .  exactum  ad  Castoris. 
Weights  were  made  of  stone,  lead,  or  bronze,  and  the  inscriptions 
are  either  in  relief,  or  cut  into  the  surface,  or  inserted  in  the  material 
with  letters  of  gold  or  silver.1 

TESSERAE 

The  term  tesserae,  confined,  when  strictly  used,  to  cubes  of  ivory 
or  bone,  is  generally  applicable  to  all  such  small  articles  of  whatever 
shape  or  material  which  served  among  the  Romans  as  tokens  or 
vouchers.  Among  the  various  kinds  of  tesserae  the  following  are 
of  the  greatest  importance  and  interest. 

Tesserae  Frumentariae. 

These  were  tokens  distributed  among  the  poorer  people  of  Rome, 
by  the  surrender  or  exhibition  of  which  they  obtained  corn.  Very 
few  of  these  remain,  unless  we  may  class  with  them  the  tesserae 
nummariae  coins  or  counters  of  lead,  of  which  fifty  are  in  existence, 

1  Iscrizioni  Ponderarie,  in  Annali  deW  1st.,  1881,  p.  185  ff.,  and  Bull. 
Com.,  1884,  p.  61  ff. 

LAT.   INSCRIi'.  —  17 


258  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

according  to  Benndorf.1  The  types  of  the  latter  represent  some 
attribute  of  Annona,  e.g.  the  modius,  or  ears  of  corn.  On  some  of 
these  tesserae  there  are  found  inscriptions  indicating  the  time  and 
place  of  distribution. 

Tesserae  TJieatrales. 

Circular  tesserae  of  ivory,  bone,  or  lead,  used  as  tickets  of  admis- 
sion to  the  theatres,  amphitheatres,  or  circus,  have  been  preserved 
for  us  in  considerable  numbers.  They  contain  inscriptions  consist- 
ing of  Greek  names  of  divinities  or  poets,  and  two  numbers,  seldom 
exceeding  XV,  one  in  Latin  and  one  in  Greek,  corresponding  to 
each  other,  indicating  the  seat  assigned  in  the  cavea.  There  are 
also  seen  on  these  tesserae  heads  of  divinities,  representations  of 
buildings,  or  other  devices  applicable  to  the  character  of  the  spec- 
tacle, e.g.  the  head  of  Apollo  for  ludi  musici,  of  Castor  for  ludi 
equestres.2  If  two  different  numbers  are  given,  the  one  denotes  the 
cuneus,  the  other  the  gradus.  Exact  information  of  this  character 
is  given  on  tesserae,  inscribed  in  Latin,  which  are,  however,  very 

rare. 

CVN  •  VI  .  IN  -X  VIII 

Cun(eo)  sexto  in(feriori),  (gradu)  decimo;  (loco)  octavo.  Bull.  Com. 
1830,  p.  265.  Other  tesserae  tlieatrales,  made  of  metal  and  similar 
to  coin,  contain  on  one  face  representations  of  the  emperor,  or  some 
prominent  member  of  the  imperial  family,  and  on  the  other  a 
number  rarely  exceeding  XVI.  Sections  of  the  cavea  were  named 
after  members  of  the  emperor's  family,  and  ornamented  with  their 
busts  or  statues.  The  number  on  the  tessera  evidently  indicated 
a  seat  in  one  of  these  sections.3 

1  Beitrage  zur  Kenntniss  der  Attischen  Theatres,  Wien,  1875.     Garrucci,  1 
Piombi  Antichi,  Rome,  1847.     Eckhel,  Doct.  Num.  VI.  268 ;    VII.  203,  448. 
Marquardt,  Staatsverwalt,  II.  125. 

2  Henzen,  Annali  delV  1st.,  1838,  p.  275.    Marquardt,  Staatsverwalt,  III.,  p. 
5:5  ff.     Wieseler,  Commentatio  de  Tessereis  Eburneis  Ossei*que  Theatralibus, 
Gottingen,  1866.     Blanchet,  Revue  Archeologique  (3d  series),  XIII.,  p.  225  ff. 
.     3Fr.   Lenormant,    La   Monnaie  dans  VAntiquite,   p.   62.     For  the  use   of 
contorniates,  sometimes  classed  with   these   tesserae,  see  Ch.   Robert, 

sur  les  Medallions  Contorniates,  Brussels,  1882. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   MOVABLE  OBJECTS 


259 


Tesserae  Hospitales. 

Among  the  Komans,  as  among  the  Greeks,  much  importance  was 
attached  to  the  tie  which  hospitality  established  between  an  enter- 
tainer and  his  guest.  This  relationship  was  emphasized  and  formally 
recognized  by  the  interchange  of  tokens  which  certified  to  the  exist- 
ence of  such  a  tie.  We  find  references  in  Plautus  to  such  tesserae 1 
of  hospitium  privatum,  but  no  known  specimens  are  in  existence 
to-day.  A  similar  relationship,  however,  was  often  established 
between  two  communities,  hospitium  publicam,  or  between  a  com- 
munity and  a  private  person,  as  when  a  distinguished  man  became 
the  patron  of  a  city.  Such  compacts  were  recorded  on  tablets  of 
bronze  (tabulae  patronatus2)  arranged  so  as  to  be  placed  in  public  or 
in  the  atrium  of  a  house.  These,  when  in  small  form,  were  equiv- 
alent to  tesserae  hospitales,  e.g.  the  tessera  Fundana3  in  the  shape  of 
a  rish  could  be  carried  from  place  to  place. 


Li 


Tessera  Gladiatoria  found  at  Modena  (Mutina). 
Date  735/19.     C.  I.  L.  I.  743. 

Lepidus  Mumme\ia(ri)i  s(ervus)  sp(ectamt}  m(ense)  Iun(io)  |  C.  Sentio 

co(ri)s(ule}. 

Tesserae  Gladiatoriae. 

The  most  interesting  of  the  tesserae  which  have  remained  to  us 
are  those  known  as  tesserae  gladiatoriae  (termed  tesserae  consulares, 
C.  L  L.  I.,  p.  195).  These  are  oblong  blocks  of  ivory  or  bone,  pro- 

1  Plautus,  Poenulus,  5,  1,  25,  deum  hospitalem  ac  tesseram  mecumfero  ;  5,  2. 
87,  HA.  Si  ita  est,  tesseram  Conferre  si  vis  hospitalem,  eccam  attuli.    AG.  Age- 
dum,  huce  ostende.     Est  par  probe,  nam  habeo  domi. 

2  See  page  379.  3  gm  r,  L.  I.  632. 


260  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

vided  with  a  handle  or  hole  for  suspension  or  carrying,  and  inscribed 
upon  the  four  long  faces.  The  brief  inscription  found  thereon  gives, 
first,  the  name  of  a  person,  generally  of  a  slave  or  a  freedman,  in  the 
nominative  case ;  second,  the  name  of  his  patron  or  trainer  in  the 
genitive  case;  third,  the  abbreviation  SP  or  SPE,  or  the  word 
SPECTAVIT,  and  the  date  in  days  of  the  month;  fourth,  the 
names  of  the  consuls  of  the  year. 

The  uncertainty  as  to  the  exact  use  of  these  tesserae  has  made  a 
satisfactory  explanation  of  the  abbreviation  SP  or  SPE  very  diffi- 
cult. It  has  generally  been  regarded  as  standing  for  spectatus,  i.e. 
tested  in  public  and  approved  because  of  victory,  an  explanation 
consistent  with  the  inscription  on  the  Tessera  of  Aries, 

ANCHIAL-SIRTI.L.S 
SPECTA  T  .  NVM 
MENSE     FEBR 

M-TVL-C-ANT-COS  a  I.  L.  XI  1. 5695. 

as  well  as  with  the  well-known  line  of  Horace,  Epistulae,  I.  1.  2, 
spectatum  satis  et  donatum  rude.  Other  tesserae,  however,  have  been 
discovered  which  contain  the  word  spectavit,  with  which  the  ordinary 
explanation  of  SP  or  SPE  =  spectatus  is  inconsistent.1 

Mommsen2  has  interpreted  SPECTAT  •  NVM  of  the  Tessera  of 
Aries  as  spectator)  numerator),  claiming  that  the  gladiator,  having 
graduated  from  the  arena  to  the  cavea,  has  the  privilege  of  viewing 
contests  as  an  authorized  critic,  even  though  he  himself  must  still 
participate  in  them. 

Again,  SP  has  been  explained  as  sp(ectavit)  (populus),  and  the 
date  as  denoting  when  the  people  first  beheld  the  gladiator  who 
is  now  110  longer  a  tiro.3  Some  have  regarded  spectavit  as  equivalent 
to  spectatus  est;*  he  has  made  his  spectatio,  and  hence  is  spectatus, 

1  Hiibner,  Ephem.  Ep.  III.,  pp.  161-163.     Henzen,  Ephem.  Ep.  III.,  p.  204. 

2  Mommsen,  Hermes,  XXL  1886,  p.  266.     C.  L  L.  VI.  631. 

3  P.  J.  Meier,  De  Gladiatura  Bomana,  1881,  p.  53. 

4  A.  Elter,  Ehein.  Mus.  XLI.  1886,  p.  517.     P.  J.  Meier,  Ehein.  Mus.  XLII. 
1886,  p,  122.    F.  Haug,  Berliner.  Philol.  Wochenschrift,  1888,  p.  763.     See  also 
for  a  summary  of  the  discussion,  Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte,  vol.  II.,6  p.  524. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS  261 

i.e.  an  approved  gladiator.  It  has  also  been  said  that  from  spectavit 
gladiatorem  in  the  first  sense  and  with  emphasis  on  the  second  word 
arose  the  expression  gladiator  spectavit  with  the  second  meaning. 

Tesserae  Conviviales. 

A  few  counters  have  been  found  which  probably  served  as  tickets 
of  admission  to  important  dinners  and  banquets.  They  are  virtually 
tickets  to  meals  such  as  were  given  by  the  emperor  to  the  people, 
or  by  a  collegium  to  its  members,  who  were  thus  identified.  They 
contain  numbers  which  probably  indicated  the  place  reserved  for  the 
holder.  We  learn  from  the  inscriptions l  that  at  banquets  tesserae 
were  scrambled  for,  which  served  as  vouchers  for  gifts  of  money 
and  clothing.  These  were  probably  the  same  as  sortes  conviviales  or 
sparsiones. 

ARMOR  AND  MISSILES 

Scattered  and  rare  specimens  of  Roman  arms  contain  inscriptions 
which  indicate  the  owner,  and  the  legion  and  cohort  to  which  he 
belonged.  It  is  possible  that  from  the  time  of  Augustus  it  was 
required  that  the  pieces  of  armor  should  thus  be  marked.  Hiibner, 
in  support  of  this  theory,  cites  the  shield  buckle  found  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tyne,  England,2  which  is  ornamented  with  various  designs 
and  inscribed  in  litterae  punctatae  thus ; 

LEG  .  VIII  •  AVG   and   0  .  IVL  •  MAGNI  •  IVNI  -  DVBITATI 
Leg(ionis)  VIII  Aug(ustae}  ;  c(enturiae)  Iul(ii)  Magni ;  lunii  Dubitati 

also  the  sword  of  Tiberius  found  at  Mainz,  now  in  the  British 
Museum.3 

Perhaps  there  should  also  be  classed  with  these  inscriptions  those 
found  on  some  leaden  bullae,  the  purpose  of  which  it  is  difficult  to 
determine.  They  may  have  been  a  kind  of  tesserae  carried  upon  the 
person  after  enrollment,  and  serving  as  a  countersign.  They  have 
been  found  in  considerable  numbers  in  Great  Britain.4 

1  Orelli-Henzen,  3394,  5320;  Henzen,  Annali  delV  1st.  XX.  (1848), -p.  273  ff. 

2  Arch.    Epigr.    MiUheilungen   aus    CEsterreich,    1878,   p.   105  ff.      C.  I.  L. 
VII.  495.  3  Brambach,  Inscr.  Ehen.  1108. 

*  C.  I.  L.  VII..  p.  230 ;  Ephem.  Ep.  III.,  pp.  144  and  318,  IV.,  p.  209. 


262  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Lead  Bullets  (Glandes  Plumbeae). 

These  lead  sling-shots  used  by  slingers  (funditores)  in  the  Roman 
army  are  oval  in  form  with  points  at  both  ends.  They  have  been 
found  in  large  numbers,  many  of  which  are,  however,  undoubtedly 
spurious,  inasmuch  as  it  is  known  that  they  were  extensively  manu- 
factured in  more  recent  times  for  the  purpose  of  deceiving  scholars.1 
The  Komans,  imitating  the  Greeks  in  their  use,  imitated  them  also 
in  placing  upon  them  brief  inscriptions. 


Found  near  Corropoli,  now  in  the  museum  at 
Ascoli  (Asculum),  Italy.  It  was  used  in  the 
Marsic  or  Social  war  (90-88  B.C.). 

Itali.  —  T.  Laf(renius)  pr(aetor}.     C.  I.  L.  IX.  6086.  1. 

The  inscriptions  of  the  greatest  number  of  these  glandes  are  in 
raised  letters,  evidently  made  in  the  clay  mould  which  was  marked 
when  wet  by  a  graphium  or  other  sharp  instrument. 

Zangemeister,  who  has  treated  of  these  missiles  very  completely 
in  Ephem.  Ep.,  vol.  VI.,  classifies  the  inscriptions  found  upon  them 
as  follows : 

Names  indicating  the  people  or  state  making  war,  e.g.  Itali. 

"  "   •      the  official  ordering  their  manufacture,  e.g.  L.  Piso  L.f.  cos. 

"  *«         the  legion,  e.g.  Leg.  XL 

"  "          the  funditores,  e.g.  Firmani. 

"  "         the  maker,  e.g.  C.  Fabricius  fecit. 

Exclamatory  expressions  addressed  to  the  enemy,  e.g.  em  tibi  malum  malo  / 
esureis  et  me  celas  ;  pertinacia  vos  radicitus  toilet. 

1  Zangemeister,  C.  I.  L.  IX.,  p.  35  sq. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  MOVABLE   OBJECTS  263 


Lead  sling-shot,  found  in  Spain,  used  in  the  war  waged  by  Julius  Caesar 
against  the  son  of  Pompey. 

Cn.  Mag(nus)  tmp(erator).     C.  I.  L.  II.  4965. 

This  refers  to  Gnaeus  Pompeius  Magni  films,  who  is  designated  on 
coins  Cn.  Magnus  imp. 

Lead  Water  Pipes l  (Fistulae  Plumbeae  Aquariae). 

Information  obtained  from  inscriptions  found  on  lead  water  pipes 
has  been  most  useful  in  determining  the  location  and  ownership  of 
buildings,  and  in  bringing  to  light  many  details  bearing  upon  the 
water  service  in  Home.  The  method  of  making  these  inscriptions 
was  to  cut  raised  letters  on  wooden  stamps  and  to  press  these  into 
the  sand  or  clay  of  the  mould,  which  in  this  case  was  a  flat  surface 
upon  which  the  lead  plates  out  of  which  the  pipes  were  made  were 
cast.  The  inscription  thus  produced  would  be  in  raised  letters. 
These  inscriptions  range  in  date  from  the  time  of  Augustus  to  the 
close  of  the  third  century.  The  earliest  show  merely  the  names  of 
the  emperors,  while  those  of  the  second  century  regularly  contain 
the  name  of  the  emperor,  the  name  of  a  procurator,  or  of  other 
officials  such  as  tribuni  aquarum,  the  name  of  the  officinator  (either 
in  the  nominative  or  in  the  genitive  with  ex  qfficina),  under  whose 
general  direction  the  pipe  was  made,  or  the  name  of  the  slave,  who 
has  made  the  pipe,  in  the  nominative  case  followed  by  fecit.  Water 
pipes  of  the  municipal  towns  give  the  name  of  the  municipality 
and  the  name  of  the  public  slave  (plumbarius  or  fistulator)  who  had 
looked  after  the  manufacture  of  the  pipe.  In  particular  cases  the 
names  of  the  owners  of  the  houses  to  which  the  water  was  conducted 
are  given,  and  in  others  the  capacity  of  the  pipe  is  indicated. 

1  Lanciani,  Silloge  Epigrafica  Aquaria.  L.  Renier,  Rev.  Arch.  (2d  series), 
vol.  XXI.,  p.  328  sq. 


264  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Vessels  and  Articles  of  Bronze,  Silver,  and  Gold. 

This  class  includes  inscriptions  on  bronze  vases  of  different  sizes 
and  kinds,  on  cups  and  bowls,  on  mirrors,  on  strigils,  on  articles  of 
jewelry  such  as  fibulae  and  rings.  The  inscriptions  which  have 
been  either  engraved,  scratched,  or  stamped  upon  the  surface  vary 
somewhat  with  the  character  of  the  article,  but  the  elements  most 
commonly  found  are  the  names  of  the  owner  or  maker,  sentences  of 
dedication  to  a  divinity,  or  of  presentation  to  some  individual,  or, 
again,  exclamatory  phrases  expressing  a  wish. 

Inscriptions  on  metal  utensils  of  ordinary  use  are  very  well 
illustrated  by  that  on  the  bronze  patera  shown  on  page  57.  Of  other 
articles  containing  inscriptions  the  following  are  of  special  interest : 

1.  The   toilet  cases  and  mirrors  of  Praeneste,  which  are  orna- 
mented with   drawings  illustrative  of  Greek  myths,  to  which  are 
attached  the  names  of  divinities  or  heroes.     Only  two  or  three  of 
these  contain  the  name  of  the  maker  or  owner.     The  most  famous  is 
the  Cista  Ficoroniana,  which  contains  the  well-known  inscription  : 

DINDIA  .  MACOI/NIA  .  FII/EAI  .  DEDIT 
NOVIOS  -  PLAVTIOS  •  MED  -  ROMAI  •  FECID 

C.  /.  L.  XIV.  4112. 

2.  The  four  silver  goblets1  found  at  the  Aquae  Apollinares,  the 
warm  springs  of  Vicarello.     These  contain  an  itinerary  from  Gades 
to  Eome,  and  were  probably  used  by  travelers  visiting  the  springs. 
Of  a  similar  character,  but  more  brief,  is  the  itinerarium  inscribed 
on  a  bronze  vase2  which  was  found  in  England,  where  it  is  still 
preserved  in  Alnwick  Castle. 

Jewelry. 

Some  of  the  articles  of  jewelry  which  have  been  preserved  contain 
brief  inscriptions  giving  either  the  name  of  the  owner,  the  weight, 
or  phrases  addressed  to  the  owner.  Cagnat  refers  to  a  bracelet  of 
gold  containing  the  inscription  Corelia  Ny(m)p(h)e ;  auru(m), 

1  C.  /.  L.  XI.,  p.  496  sq. 

2  a  /.  L.  VII.  1291 ;  Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  911, 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECr 


p(ondo)  XX.1,  also  to  a  ^6i«/a  of  silver  with  the  words  utere  felix,2 
and  to  &  fibula  of  gold  with  the  words  constanti  vivas. 

The  gold,  fibula  from  Praeneste  contains  probably  the  oldest  Latin 
inscription  extant,  written  in  retrograde  order. 


Fibula  Praenestina. 
Manios  med  fhefhaked  Numasioi.     C.  I.  L.  XIV.  4123. 

The  retrograde  order,  the  fh  for  /,  the  form  fliefliaked  for  fecit, 
and  the  dative  Numasioi  for  Numerio  indicate  that  this  is  a  very 
early  inscription.3 

Kings,  as  well  as  the  gems  which  they  held,  were  often  inscribed 
with  names  in  the  genitive  or  nominative  case,  or  with  initials  of 
the  owner's  name,  or,  in  very  rare  instances,  the  name  of  the  maker. 
Some  contain  exclamatory  phrases  of  a  benevolent  or  erotic  nature. 

Thus  in  a  ring  found  at  Este  (Ateste),  the  inscription  on  the 
stone,  existing  now  in  a  copy,  was 

Q   •   C   •    L 

SEPTVMIAE 

P  R I SC  A  E 

FIDES 

{Two  hands  joined) 


C.  L  L.  V.  8125,  9. 


again  on  carnelian  found  at  Aix  (Aquae  Sextiae)  : 


BONAM  AMOTE 

VITAM  AMAME 

SERVA     FIDEM 


c.  I.  L.  xii. 


5,8. 


i  See  p.  331.  *  C.  L  L.  III.  6016,  6. 

8  See  Lindsay.  Latin  Language,  p.  188. 


'266  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

also  on  the  gold : 

A  M  0     T  E  C.  I.  L.  XII.  5692,  6. 

and  in  letters  of  the  second  century  on  a  gold  ring  in  the  British 

Museum : 

M  A  T  R 

VI  A  *  C  ^ 

C  *   A  E 
Matr(onis)  ma(libus}  C.  C(ornelius)  Ae(lianus).   C.  L  L.  VII.  1299. 

Stamps  (Signacula). 

Seals  or  stamps  with  which  stamped  inscriptions  were  produced 
were  made  chiefly  of  bronze.  They  appear  in  various  shapes,  as  of 
a  fish,  a  heart,  a  circle,  or  a  square,  and  contain  letters  in  relief 
arranged  in  retrograde  order.  The  inscription  consists  of  the  name, 
in  the  genitive  or  nominative  case,  of  the  owner  of  the  article 
stamped,  followed  in  some  cases  by  the  name  of  the  slave  engaged 
in  the  work,  in  the  genitive  or  nominative  case.  It  is  difficult  to 
determine  the  exact  use  of  these  signacula,  for  none  have  been 
found  that  match  the  impressions  on  the  stamped  articles.  Without 
doubt,  they  were  employed  for  a  variety  of  purposes.  Mommsen,1 
quoting  Pliny,  N.  H.  XXXIII.  1,  26,  nunc  cibi  quoque  ac  potus  anulo 
vindicantur  a  rapina,  has  agreed,  from  the  evidence  of  the  stamped 
bread  and  its  corresponding  stamp  found  at  Pompeii,  that  certain  of 
these  signacula  were  used  to  mark  articles  of  consumption.  The 
following  were  found  at  Pompeii : 

POTITI 

POPP  .  SABINI 
Potiti,  Popp(aei)  Sabini  (servf).     C.  I.  L.  X.  8058,  71. 

SER VA  N  DVS 
Q  LP    ET    CLP 

Servandus,  Q.  L  .  .  .  P  .  .  .  et  C.  L  .  .  .  P  .  .  .  (serous). 
C.  I.  L.  X.  8059,  366. 

1  C.  /.  L.  X.  p.  915. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS  267 

cELERIS -   Q   •   GRANI 

V  E  R  I   •   S  E  R 
Inscription  impressed  on  bread  found  at  Herculaneum.     C.  I.  L.  X.  8058,  18. 

Oculists'  Stamps. 

A  very  curious  and  interesting  class  of  signacula  are  those  made 
of  stone,  which  were  employed  by  oculists  for  stamping  the  medica- 
ments, salve,  etc.,  for  treatment  of  the  eyes.  They  are  small  rec- 
tangular tablets  containing  inscriptions  on  the  four  sides  cut  into  the 
material,  usually  in  two  lines,  rarely  in  one,  giving  the  name,  in  the 
genitive  case,  of  the  physician  who  made  or  sold  the  preparation, 
the  name  of  the  remedy  itself,  the  designation  of  the  disease,  in  the 
accusative  case  preceded  by  the  preposition  ad,  and,  finally,  the 
method  of  applying  the  remedy.1 


a 


D-GA3LUSI STJFRA 


Oculist's  Stamp  from  Reims. 
Hubner's  Eocempla,  p.  435. 

D.  Galli(i}  Sesti  [s]frag\is  ad  aspritudi(nes} 

D.  Galli(i)  Sest(i)  sfra\gis  ad  impetum  lippitudinis 

D.  Cralli(i)  Sest(i)  pe \nicil (lum}  le(ne)  ad  lipp(itudinem) 

D.  Galli(i)  8est(i}  \  dignu(m)  ad  asp(ritudines} 

1  Eecueil  des  Cachets  d1  Oculistes  Eomains.  6m  Esp6randieu,  in  Rev.  Arch. 
vol.  XXI.  1893,  p.  296  et  sq.  Cachets  <f  Oculistes  Eomains,  He"ron  de  Villefosse 
et  The"denat,  Paris,  1882.  Die  Stempel  der  Mm.  Augenarzte,  C.  S.  Grotefend, 
Gottingen,  1867. 


268  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

PRODUCTS  OF  QUARRIES  AND  MINES 

1.    Inscriptiones  Marmorum  Massis  Incisae. 

Inscriptions  of  considerable  value  have  been  found  on  blocks  of 
marble  which  have  been  discovered  in  the  quarries,1  and  at  the 
Emporium  in  Rome,  where  they  have  been  landed,  but  not  used. 
Such  inscriptions  were  made  for  business  purposes,  so  that  no  mis- 
take or  fraud  might  take  place  in  the  transportation  or  setting  up  of 
the  stone.2  These  inscriptions  contain  the  following  elements : 

1.  Numerals  indicating  the  number  of  the  block  taken  from  the 
quarry,  e.g.  loco  CXLVI,  or  the  number  shipped  to  Rome,  e.g.  N  •  LXV, 
reckoned  from  the  beginning  of  the  year. 

2.  The  name  of  the  quarry  or  the  section  of  the  quarry  from 
which  the   stone  was  taken,  ojfticina)  Pa(piri)  n.   LXXXVI;  locus 
n.  II. 

3.  The  names  of  the  consuls  indicating  the  year  in  which  the 
stone  was  quarried. 

4.  The  names  of  officials,  e.g.  procuratores  montium,  acting  as 
superintendents,  and  others ;  also  names  of  slaves  having  the  charge 
of  quarries. 

5.  The  names,  in  the  genitive  case,  of  the  emperors,  placed  either 
at  the  beginning  ^or  end  of  the  inscription,  indicating  the  imperial 
ownership  of  the  quarries. 

2.   Massae  Argenti,  Aeris,  Plumbi. 

Of  a  similar  character  to  those  just  mentioned  are  the  inscriptions 
stamped  or  cast  upon  pigs  of  silver,  bronze,  and  lead.  Some  contain 
the  name  of  the  emperor  in  the  genitive  or  ablative  case,  also  the 
place  from  which  they  were  obtained,  e.g.  Britan(nicis  metallis) ; 
Britannicum,  and  more  exactly  the  name  of  the  people,  e.g.  de 
Ceangi(s) ;  met(allorum)  Lut(udensium  ?). 

The  expression  ex  argento,  which  appears  on  some  pigs  of  lead, 

i  C.  I.  L.  III.,  p.  71.  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  14561-14600  ;  Ephem.  Ep.  IV.,  p.  34, 
and  V.,  p.  47. 

2Bruzza,  Iscrizioni  dei  Marmi  Grezzi,  Annali  delV  1st.,  1870,  vol.  XLIL, 
p.  106. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON    MOVABLE   OBJECTS  269 

refers  to  the  refining  of  the  silver  out  of  the  lead.1  Metal  ingots 
containing  inscriptions  have  been  found  in  England,2  Spain/  Italy,4 
Sardinia.4 

BRICKS  AND  TILES  5  (Lateres  et  Tegulae} 

An  abundant  source  of  historical,  geographical,  and  archeological 
knowledge  has  been  found  in  the  stamps  (sigilla)  which  appear  on 
bricks  and  tiles  discovered  in  Rome,  Italy,  and  the  provinces,  which 
were  the  product  of  the  brick-kilns  and  potteries  (figlinae)  belong- 
ing to  the  emperor  or  members  of  his  family,  or  to  municipalities,  or, 
finally,  to  private  persons. 

I.  Stamped  bricks,  which  can  safely  be  assigned  to  the  republican 
period,  have  not  been  found  in  Rome,  but  they  have  been  discovered 
in  Italy,  at  Veleia,  dating  before  the  middle  of  the  first  century  B.C. 
These  are  given  in  C.  I.  L.  I.  777  tf.     They  are  dated,  i.e.  they  con- 
tain the  names  of  consuls,  and  show  as  well  the  name  of  the  potter 
(figidus). 

II.  Lateres  of  the  imperial  period,  found  at  Rome,  are  of  great 
number  and  importance.     They  are  fully  described  by  H.  Dressel  in 

a  i.  L.  xv. 

Stamps  on  bricks  of  the  first  three  centuries  of  the  Empire  appear 
in  several  forms,  being  either  rectangular,  semicircular,  round,  or 
crescent  shape,  but  with  the  greatest  frequency  in  a  form  between 
the  full  circle  and  the  crescent,  made  by  cutting  a  very  small  circle 
out  of  a  larger  one. 

Of  these  the  rectangular  stamps,  with  inscription  in  one  line,  and 
in  large  letters,  may  belong  to  the  last  century  of  the  Republic,  or, 

1  Pliny,  N.  H.,  XXXIV.  151  and  158,  Plumbum  nigrum  saepe  cum  argento 
nasci  mfxtisqne  venis  conflari  atque  ex  plumbo  nigro  argentum  fieri. 

2  C.  7.  L.  VII.  1201-1217.  3  C.  /.  L.  II.  0247,  1-8. 

4  C.  /.  L.  IX.  6091  ;    X.   8073,  8339.     Albert  Way,  Archeological  Journal, 
XVI.,  1859,  p.  23;   XXIII.,  1866,  p.  63.     Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  1204-1212, 
and  p.  XL.    Ehein.  Mus.  XL  1857,  p.  347  ff. 

5  C.  /.  L.  XV.     Descemet,  Inscription es  Doliares  Latines  in  Bibliotheque  des 
Ecoles  Francises  d'Athenes  et  de  Rome,  XV".,  Paris,  1880.     Marini,  Le  Iscrizi- 
oni  Antiche  Doliari,  Rome,  1884.    Dressel,  Untersuchungen  uber  die  chronologie 

7  -  '/iettelKtempel  der  Gens  Domitia,  Berlin,  1886. 


270  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

at  least,  to  the  first  century  A.D.  Those  of  two  lines  belong  to  the 
middle  or  latter  part  of  the  first  century,  while  those  of  several  lines 
may  be  assigned  to  the  age  of  Trajan  and  Hadrian. 

Semicircular  or  crescent  shape  stamps  date,  speaking  in  general 
terms,  between  the  age  of  Claudius  and  the  close  of  the  first  century/ 

Perfectly  round  stamps  of  one  line  belong  to  the  same  period  as 
the  crescent  shaped,  while  those  of  two  lines  date  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  second  and  third  centuries.  The  form  midway  between  the 
circle  and  crescent  appears  to  have  come  into  use  a  little  after  the 
middle  of  the  first  century,  and  prevailed  through  the  second  and 
third.  The  modification  in  this  form  may  be  assigned  to  certain 
periods : 

0  O  O 

60-100  (t20)  100-180  175-217 

Stamps  of  this  prevailing  form  have  inscriptions  frequently  in 
two  verses,  arranged  in  concentric  circles. 


Stamp  on  a  brick  found  at  Eome.    Date  123  A.D. 
Hubner's  Exem.pla,  No.  1214. 

Op(us)  d(oliare)  Dionys(i)  Domit(iae')  P.  f(iliae}  Lucil(lae),  Paet(o} 
et 


If  the  little  circle  is  large  enough,  it  determines  the  beginning  and 
end  of  the  outer  and  inner  verses  ;  but  tf  it  is  small,  the  inner  verse 


^     INSCRIPTIONS  ON  MOVABLE   OBJECTS  271 

is  in  a  continuous  circle,  and  the  first  letter  of  the  second  verse  is 
above  the  last  of  the  first.  The  words  proceed  regularly  from  left 
to  right  with  few  exceptions.  In  bricks  of  a  later  period  no  partic- 
ular order  is  observed,  and  we  may  find  both  verses  retrograde,  or 
one  retrograde  and  the  other  direct  (/3ov<TTpo<f>r]86v). 

The  letters  are  generally  raised  (prominentes),  though  those 
pressed  into  the  surface  (cavae)  sometimes  occur.  The  shape  of  the 
letters  is  such  as  would  be  made  by  a  marking  stamp  with  rectangu- 
lar shaped  furrow,  and  not  wedge  shaped  as  in  cut  inscriptions. 

The  marking  stamps,  signacula,  in  the  opinion  of  Dressel  were 
made  of  hard  wood.  To  establish  this  theory  he  refers  to  the 
marks  on  the  bricks,  evidently  made  by  the  cracks  in  the  wooden 
stamp.1 


Stamp  on  a  brick  from  Lyons.     Bulletin  itpiffraphigtU,  vol.  II.,  p.  88. 

Ex  praedis  domini  no  \  stri  Augusti. 

The  middle  circle  generally  contained  some  figure,  either  a  repre- 
sentation of  some  divinity  or  his  insignia,  or  of  a  bird  or  other 
animal,  or  of  a  palm  branch,  or  of  leaves,  stars,  etc.,  probably  merely 

1  C.  L.  Visconti,  Bull.  Arch.  Com.  1879,  pp.  197  ff.  and  217  ff.,  endeavors  to 
show  that  the  stamps  were  of  bronze  or  lead,  and  that  some  of  those  preserved 
were  used  for  this  purpose. 


272  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

ornamental.  At  times  the  names  of  the  owners  of  the  estates  or 
kilns  were  thus  portrayed,  as,  for  example,  a  wolf  is  represented 
on  the  bricks  from  the  kiln  of  M.  Rutilius  Lupus,  a  corona  on  those 
0^  C.  Julius  Stephanus. 

The  inscriptions  of  the  first  century  were  brief,  consisting  fre- 
quently of  only  the  name  of  the  owner  of  the  estate  or  pottery,  or 
the  name  of  the  superintendent  or  potter,  and  rarely  the  name  of 
the  kiln  or  pottery  (Jiglina).  After  the  beginning  of  the  second 
century  such  formulae  as  opus  doliare  (illius)  and  names  of  the 
estates  or  of  the  figlinae,  also  names  of  the  consuls,  are  more  com- 
monly given. 

One  or  more  of  the  following  elements  may  appear  in  these  in- 
scriptions : 

1.  The  name  of  the  owner  of  the  estate  whence  the  clay  was  obtained,  or 
where  the  pottery  was  situated,  or  of  the  pottery  itself. 

Asini  Pollionis  (first  century)  ;  Ex  praedis  L.  Mummi  JRufi  (after  first 
century). 

2.  The  name  of  the  superintendent  (officinator} . 

C.  Cosconi  (first  century)  ;  Opus  doliare  L.  Bruttidi  Augustalis  or  L. 
Bruttidius  Augustalis  fecit. 

The  name  of  the  owner  and  that  of  the  officinator  orfiguhts  (servus  domini) 
may  appear  together  thus:  Frlicis  Domiti  Afri(servi)  or  Tegula  C.  Cosconi 
fig(uli)  Asini  Pollionis  (first  century). 

Ex  praedis  (J.  Servili  Pudentis,  sub  cura  Hedy(ins)  servi,  133  A.D. 

Opus  doliare  Aristi  Thalli,  ex  praedis  Plaetori  Nepotis,  123  A.D. 

Opus  doliare  Statiae  Primillae,  ex  figlinis  Dnmitiae  Lucillae. 

3.  The  name  of  the  pottery,  or  brick  kiln,  or  estate,  as  in  the  following: 
Amoeni  duorum  Domitiorum  Liicani  et  Tulli,  ex  figlinis  Caninianis  (first 

century). 

Ex  figlinis  Caepionianis  Plotiae  Isauricae,  fornace  Peculiaris  servi  (after  first 
century). 

4.  The  names  of  the  consuls,  an  element  which  does  not  appear  on  bricks 
from  the  City  or  Latium  before  110  A.D.,  nor  after  104  A.D. 

5.  Exclamatory  expressions  such  as  valeat  qui  fecit,  particularly  on  bricks 
from  the  potteries  of  the  gens  Domitia. 

Inscriptions  of  the  first  three  centuries  A.D.  differ,  in  general,  very  slightly, 
although  the  name  of  the  figlinae  rarely  appears  in  those  of  earlier  date,  and 
mention  of  the  negotiator  is  not  given  until  the  close  of  the  second  century. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON  MOVABLE   OBJECTS  273 

The  following  abbreviations  are  common  in  these  inscriptions : 

Opus  doliare  =  0,  OP  •  D,  DO,  DOL,  DOLI,  DOLIAR. 

Opus  Jiylinum  (rare)  '=  0  •  FG,  FGL. 

Ex  or  de  Praedis  =  EX  or  DE  -  P,  PR,  PRAE  or  PRE,  PRO,  PRAED. 

defigUnis  =  EX  or  DE  •  F,  Fl,  FIG,  FIGVL,  FGL,  FIGL,  FIGLIN,  FIGLINI. 
ma  =  EX  •  OF,  OFIC. 

III.  There  should  also  be  mentioned  here  the  bricks  marked  by 
legionary  soldiers  made  to  be  used  in  building  their  quarters.  These 
contain  the  name  of  the  cohort,  legion,  or  army. 

EXERC   •    PANN    •    INF 
Exerc(itus}  Pann(oniae}  Inferioris. 

Vessels  of  Clay1  (Dolia,  Amphorae,  Lucernae). 

A  large  portion  of  the  section  in  C.  I.  L.  entitled  Instrumentum  is 
assigned  to  inscriptions  which  appear  on  vessels  made  of  clay,  the 
product  of  Roman  potteries.  These  vary  from  the  large,  sometimes 
huge,  dolia  and  medium  sized  amphorae  to  the  small  patellae  and 
pelves  of  household  use.  With  these  are  to  be  classed  also  the  lamps 
(lucernae),  which  are  made  of  like  material  and  by  similar  methods. 
The  inscriptions  which  appear  on  these  vessels  consist  mainly  of 
names  denoting  the  maker,  merchant,  or  owner,  in  the  nominative 
or  genitive  case.  In  some  cases  the  verb  fecit,  FEC,  FE,  F,  is  found. 
The  words  manu,  MAN,  MA,  M,  offidna,  OF,  OFF,  orfiglma,  FIGVL, 
FIG,  may  precede  or  follow  the  name  in  the  genitive  case  of  the 
maker  or  merchant.  These  trademarks  were  made  by  pressing  a 
stamp  upon  the  clay  of  the  vessel  or  upon  that  of  the  mould,  pro- 
ducing letters  below  the  surface  (cavae)  or  in  relief  (prominentes). 
The  location  of  the  inscription  on  the  vessel  was  either  the  neck  or 
handle,  sometimes  the  bowl  or  inner  flanges  of  wide-open  vases,  but 
most  frequently,  and  regularly  so  in  the  lucernae,  upon  the  base. 

1  Schuermans,  Sigles  Figulins,  Brussels,  1867  ;  Froehner,  Inscriptiones  Terrae 
Coctae  Vasorum  intra  Alpes,  Tissam,  Tamesin  repertae,  Gottingen,  1858. 
HIP.  — 18 


274  LATIN  INSCRIPTION'S 

The  inscriptions  which  appear  in  relief  involved  with  ornamenta- 
tion were  most  commonly  made  in  the  mould.  They  show  a  variety 
of  statements  appropriate  to  the  device  of  the  ornamentation,  some- 
times of  a  dedicatory  character,  or,  again,  giving  expression  to  good 
wishes. 

Other  methods  of  marking  these  clay  vessels  were  empi 
particularly  in  inscribing  the  dolia  and  amphorae  of  Pompeii  and 
Herculaneum.  Letters  were  cut  in  the  clay  before  or  after  baking 
by  means  of  a  graphium,  or  painted  in  black,  red,  or  white  color,  or 
marked  by  crayon.  These  inscriptions  give  the  name  of  the  maker 
or  merchant  in  the  nominative  or  genitive  case,  also  the  contents 
and  measure  of  the  amphorae.  On  the  wine  jars  there  were  found 
the  name  of  the  wine,  the  names  of  the  consuls  of  the  year  in  which 
the  wine  was  made,  also  the  name  of  the  maker  or  merchant.1 
Exclamatory  expressions  are  also  found;  vivas,  valeas,  semper  gaude, 
reple  me}  bibe  vivas  multis  annis. 


Archaic  inscription  made  with  a  stilus  on  a  black  colored  vase  found  at  Ardea. 

Eqo  (=  Ego}  K(aeso)  Anaios  (=  Annaeus).     C.  I.  L.  X.  8336. 

Compare  with  this  the  inscription  found  on  the  Esquiline,  Eco  C. 
Antonios,  Ann.  dell'  1st.,  1880,  p.  301. 

1  H.  Dressel,  Ricerche  sul  Monte  Testaccio,  in  Annali  dell'  1st.,  1878,  p.  118- 
192 ;  C.  /.  L.  IV.,  p.  171 ;  Ephem.  Ep.  I.,  p.  160. 


DEDICATORY   INSCRIPTIONS  275 

DEDICATORY    INSCRIPTIONS 
TITULI  SACRI 

1.  a)  Aecetiai l  pocolom.  c)  Salutes  pocolom. 
ft)  Fortunai  pocolo.                                             d)  Volcani  pocolom. 

a)  C.  I.  L.  I.  43.      On  a  patera  of  black  color  found  at  Volci,  Etruria, 

now  in  British  Museum. 
6)   C.  L  L.  IX.  258.     On  a  vase  of  dark  color,  now  in  private  house  at  Rome. 

c)  C.  L  L.  I.  49.     On  a  black  patera,  now  in  Gregorian  Museum  at  Rome. 

d)  C.  I.  L.  I.  50.     On  a  black  patera  found  at  Tarquinii,  now  in  Museum  at 

Berlin. 

1  Perhaps  Aequitia  or  Aequitas.     These  inscriptions  are  assigned  to  the  fifth 
century  A.C.C.  (350-250  B.C.). 

2.  a)  Cesula l  \  Atilia  |  dorm 2  |  dat  Diane.3 

b)  Matre     Matuta4     dono  dedro5  |  matrona.     M'  Curia  |  Pola 

Livia  |  deda.6 

c)  Fide.       d)  Salute. 

C.  L  L  I.  a)  108,  &)  177,  c)  170,  c?)  179.  Inscribed  on  cippi,  found  in 
a  sacred  grove  at  Pisaurum,  in  Picenum,  dating  about  500/254-550/2017 

1  Caesulla.    2  Note  omission  of  final  m.    3  Dianae.    4  a  dative.    6  ded(e}- 
ro(nt}.     6  Some  explain  as  dedant  (like  (j-)6rrai'Ti  =  &rTa<ri)  a  primitive 
3d  plural  perf. 

Tituli  Sacri,  Sixth  and  Seventh  Centuries  A.U.C.  (250-50  B.C.). 

3.  Apoline  I  L.  Carnius  C.  f. 

(7.  /.  L.  X.  7265.     Found  in  Sicily,  now  in  public  museum  at  Panormus. 

4.  Devas  |  Corniscas  l  \  sacrum. 

C.  L  L.  I.  814=  VI.  96.  Inscribed  on  a  stone  found  "trans  Tiberim," 
probably  near  the  site  of  a  sanctuary  of  the  corniscae  divae,  who  were 
said  to  be  in  tutela  lunonis.  l  Possibly  a  dative  plural  standing  for 
Deivais  Corniscais. 

5.  Orcevia  Numeri 1  |  nationu  2  cratia  |  Fortuna,3  Diovo  fileia 3  |  pri- 

mo  cenia,3  |  donom  dedi. 
C.  L  L.  XIV.  2863.     On  a  bronze  lamina  found  at  Praeneste.     1  Sc.  uxor. 

2  nationu  =  nationi(s} .    3  Datives.     Nationis  gratia,  in  the  opinion  of 
Mommsen,  signifies  propter  feturam  pecorum. 


276  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

6.  Sa.1  Burtio  V.  f.    lue 2  dono  |  ded.3  mereto. 

Mitt,  des  Earn.  Inst.,  1890,  p.  297.  Found  at  Avezzano,  near  Lake  Fucinus. 
1  Sa(lvios)  Burtio(s).  2  lue  =  lorn.  3  ded(et). 

7.  L.  Gemenio  L.  f.  Pel.1  |  Hercole  dono    dat  lubs.  merto  |  pro  sed. 

sueq. ; 2    ede.3  leigibus    ara  Salutus. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  2892.  On  a  cone-shaped  block  of  tufa,  found  near  Praeneste. 
1  Pel.  .  .  may  be  a  cognomen.  2pro  sedsue(s)q(ue).  3e(s~)de(m).  For 
the  syncope  in  the  Praenestine  dialect,  see  Lindsay,  Latin  Language,^.  177. 

8.  P.  Corn[efa'os]  |  L.  f.  coso[r]    proba[wf]  Mar[te  sacrom]. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  41  =  VI.  475.  On  an  altar  found  in  the  Quirinal  gardens  at 
Rome  (1626).  Consul,  518/236. 

9.  Hercolei  |  sacrom,  |  M.  Minuci  C.  f.  |  dictator  vovit. 

C.  /.  L.  I.  1503  =  VI.  284.  Inscribed  on  an  altar  found  near  Rome,  now  in 
the  Capitoline  Museum.  On  the  right  side  of  the  stone  there  is  inscribed 
IP  •  I  •  XXVI,  which  Ritschl  interprets  legiones  I  et  XXVI.  Wilmanns  thinks 
it  indicates  the  number  of  the  gift  in  the  temple  as  recorded  in  the 
register.  Minucius  was  dictator  537/217  (Livy  XXII.  25). 

10.  a)  M.  Claudius  M.  f.    consol  |  Hinnad 1  cepit. 

•  6)  Martei  |  \_M.~]  Claudius     \_M.  f.  c]onsol  ded[&]. 

C.  /.  L.     a)  I.  530  =  VI.  1281  ;  6)  I.  531  =  VI.  474. 

a)  On  a  stone  found  at  Rome,  near  the  baths  of  Trajan. 

6)  On  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  near  Porta  Capena,  now  in 

museum  at  Naples.     M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  who  captured  Henna, 

was  consul  543/211.     l  Ex  Hinna. 

11.  Pietatis  |  sacrum. 

C.  L  L.  XI.  2779.  On  a  round  marble  altar  found  at  Veil.  Note  the  geni- 
tive ;  ara  Neptuno  represents  the  more  common  form. 

12.  L.  Mummi 1  L.  f.  cos. 

Duct.2 1  auspicio  imperioque    eius  Achaia  capt.,3 
Corinto    delete  -Eomam  redieit  |  triumphans.4 
Ob  hasce  |  res  bene  gestas  quod  5    [is]  in  bello  voverat,  | 
Hanc  aedem  et  signu  Herculis  Victoris 
imperator  dedicat. 


DEDICATORY  INSCRIPTIONS  277 

C.  I.  L.  I.  541  =  VI.  331.  Inscribed  on  a  tablet  of  travertine  found  on  Mons 
Caelius,  Home,  now  in  Vatican  Museum.  L.  Mummius  was  consul  in 
608/146,  and  triumphed  in  609/145.  *  Mummi(s).  2  Duct(iC),  cf.  ductu 
imperio  auspicio  swo,  Plaut.  Amphit.  196.  3capt(a~).  *  A  very  early  use 
of  the  aspirate,  cf.  Corinto.  The  inscription  is  in  Saturnian  metre. 
5  quod,  although  short,  may,  as  accented,  take  the  place  of  the  long 
syllable.  Ritschl  supplies  is,  so  quod  is.  Livy  (XL.  52,  XLI.  28)  tells 
us  that  similar  tablets  were  placed  in  temples  by  triumphatores. 

13.  [^]orte  Forpwncw]  |  donum  dant     conlegiu  lani     piscinenses,1 

magistreis  |  coiraverunt  |  A.  Cassi  C.  1.  |  T.  Cornell  Oor.  I.2 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  167.  Inscribed  on  a  small  pedestal  found  near  Rome,  in  the 
grove  of  the  fratres  Arvales.  l  Lanii,  from  the  neighborhood  of  the 
piscina  publica.  2  Corneliae  libertus. 

14.  Q.  Caecilius  Cn.  A.  Q.  Flamini  leibertus  lunone  Seispitei  matri 

reginae. 

C.  L  L.  I.  110.  Inscribed  on  an  epistylium  found  near  Lanuvium.  Cf. 
Test.,  p.  343,  a.  14.  Sispitem  lunonem  quam  vulgo  sospitem  appellant 
antiqui  usurpabant. 

15.  sei  deo  sei  deivae  sac.    C.  Sextius  C.  f.  Calvinus  pr.,  |  de  senati 

sententia  |  restituit. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  632.  Inscribed  on  an  altar  found  on  the  Palatine  hill.  This 
may  be  C.  Sextius  Calvinus,  opponent  of  Glaucia,  praetor  654/100,  but 
with  more  probability  his  son,  of  the  time  of  Sulla.  The  altar  may  have 
belonged  to  the  temple  at  the  foot  of  the  Palatine,  near  the  temple  of 
Vesta,  built  in  honor  of  the  voice  of  the  god  heard  by  Aius  Locutius, 
who  announced  the  coming  of  the  Gauls  (Livy,  V.  50). 


16.  Felix  Publicus  Asinianus  pontific.1  Bonae  Deae  Agresti 
Felic.2  |  votum  solvit  itmicem  alba,  libens  ammo  ob  lumini- 
bus  restitutis,  derelictus  a  medicis,  post  menses  decem 
bineficio  (?)  dominaes  3  medicinis  senatus,  per  earn  restituta 
omnia  ministerio  Canniae  Fortunatae. 


278  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  68.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  on  the  Via  Ostiensis, 
now  in  Vatican  Museum.  lpontific(alis)  or  pontific(um) .  ~Felic(i). 
3  gen.  sing. 

17.  P.  Servilio  L.  Antonio  cos.1  |  a.  d.  IIII  k.  Sext.  |  locavit  Q. 

Pedius  q.2  urb.  murum  lunoni  Lucinae  rfS  ®  ©  ©  U  © 
(D  ©  eidemque  probavit. 

O.  7.  Z,.  VI.  358.  Inscribed  on  a  tablet  of  travertine  found  on  the  Esquiline, 
now  in  Villa  Albani,  Rome.  *  713/41.  2  q(naestor).  The  inscription 
belonged  to  the  temple  of  luno  Lucina,  on  the  Esquiline. 

18.  Laribus  publicis  sacrum  |  imp.  Caesar  Augustus  |  pontifex  max- 

imus  |  tribunic.  potestat.  XVIIII1  ex  stipe  quam  populus  ei  | 
contulit  k.  lanuar.  apsenti,  C.  Calvisio  Sabino  L.  Passieno 
Kufo  cos.2 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  456.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  cut  from  a  pedestal  found 
on  the  Palatine,  now  in  Museum  of  Naples.  l  duodevicesimum.  2  750/4 

19.  Saluti  perpetuae  Augustae  Genio  municipi  anno  post 
libertatique  publicae                        Interamnam  conditam 

populi  E-omani  BCCIIII  ad  Cn.  Domitium 

Ahenobarbum  !!!!!!! 
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!  cos l 

Providentiae  Ti.  Caesaris  Augusti  nati  ad  aeternitatem 
Eomani  nominis,  sublato  hoste  perniciosissimo 2  p.  R., 
Faustus  Titius  Liberalis  VI  vir  Aug.  iter. 
p.  s.  f.  c.3 

C.  L  L.  XI.  4170.  Found  at  Terni  (Interamna),  in  Umbria.  l  Cn. 
Domitius  Ahenobarbus  was  consul  with  M.  Furius  Camillus  Scriboni- 
anus,  32  A.D.  As  Scribonianus  was  declared  an  enemy  in  42  A.D.,  after 
he  began  a  revolt  in  Dalmatia,  his  name  is  erased.  2  Sejanus,  who 
was  killed  31  A.D.  3 p(ecunid)  s(ua)  f(aciundum)  c(uravti). 

20.  Carpus  Aug.  lib.  |  Pallantianus  |  sanctis  draconibus  |  d.  d. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  143.  On  a  marble  altar,  now  in  the  Kircherian  Museum, 
Rome.  Cf.  Tac.  Ann.  XI.  11.  The  fact  that  serpents  were  said  to 
have  guarded  the  cradle  of  Nero  may  account  for  this  inscription  by  a 
freedman  of  Caesar  and  a  former  slave  of  Pallas. 


DED1CATOKY  INSCRIPTIONS  279 

21.  Libertati  ab  imp.  Nerva  Ca[es]ar[e]  Aug.,  anno  ab  urbe  condita 

DCCCXXXXIIX1  XIII  [&.]  Oc|>],2  restitupoe]  s.  p.  q.  B,. 

C.  /.  L.  VI.  472.  Found  at  Rome  on  the  Capitoline,  existing  in  a  copy 
made  before  the  ninth  century.  l  The  year  848  of  the  Catonian  era 
corresponds  to  the  year  96  A. D.  2  Sept.  18th,  the  day  on  which  Nerva 
became  emperor  after  the  murder  of  Domitian.  Pliny,  Ep.  9.  13.  4, 
speaks  of  libertas  reddita.  Tac.  Agric.  3. 

22.  Bassa  Vitelli  |  [j)]ro  Q.  Vitellio  Q.  f.  filio  suo  |  [J^Jnoni  Lucinae 

v.  s.  1.  m. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  359.  On  a  pedestal  found  in  Rome  near  temple  of  luno  Lucina, 
existing  now  in  copy.  Cf .  Tac.  Ann.  II.  48. 

23.  Q.  Coelius  L.  f.  pr.,  |  aed.  pi.  Cer.,1  |  pro.  pr.  ex  s.  c.,  q.2  |  ex  voto 

suscepto  |  pro  incolumitate  |  Ti.  Caesaris  divi  Aug.  f.    August!  | 
pontific.  maxim.     Concordiae  d.  d.  auri  p.  XXV. 

C.  /.  L.  VI.  91.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  in  the  temple 
of  Concord,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  Rome.  l  Cer(ealis). 
'2  q(uaestor). 

24.  pro  salute  |  dominorum,    Genio  horreorum,  |  Saturninus  et  Suc- 

cessus    horreari    donum   dederunt  |  Caesare  Vespasiano  VI  | 
Tito  Caesare  imp.  IIII  |  cos. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  235.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus  found  at  Rome,  now  in  the 
Vatican  Museum.  Determine  date  from  table,  p.  129. 

25.  C[ere]ri  sacrum    \_D.  7%]nius  luvenalis  |  [trib.]   coh.   [7]   Del- 

matarum,  |  II   [vir~\   quinq.,   flamen     divi  Vespasiani  [  vovit 
dedicav[%]ue    sua  pec. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  5382.  Found  above  Aquino,  near  a  place  called  Roccasecca 
on  the  river  Melfi,  existing  in  a  copy  of  the  eighteenth  century.  In 
the  second  century  the  cohors  I  Dalmatarum  was  stationed  in  Britain. 
For  bearing  of  this  inscription  in  history  of  the  satirist  Juvenal,  see 
J.  Diirr,  Das  Leben  Juvenals,  p.  21. 

26.  d.  i.  m.    in  honor,  domus  divin.1    Eppius  Arimi|nensis  films. 


280  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  I.  L.  III.  4799.  Inscribed  on  a  small  altar  found  at  Toltschach  (Viru- 
num),  Noricum,  where  it  still  exists.  l  This  formula,  often  abbreviated 
i.  h.  d.  d.,  is  not  found  before  the  middle  of  the  second  century,  but 
becomes  very  common  after  the  time  of  Commodus  (Wiiinanns). 

27.  I.  0.  S.  p.  d.1  |  et  lunoni  sanctae    Herae  Castorib.  et  Apollini 

conservato|ribus,  Thrysus    pro  salute  patroni  sui    et  sua  suo- 

rumque  |  iussu  numinis  eorum  |  aram  d.,  |  salvis  candidatis 

hums  loci    per  C.  Fabium  Germanum. 

(On  the  left  side.)    Ded.  VI  idus    [0]ct  Peregrine  et    Aemiliano  ] 

cos.2 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  413.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  altar  found  at  Rome,  now  in 
Museum  of  Vatican,  belonging  to  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Dolichenus  on 
Aventine.  l  I(ovi)  O(ptimo')  S(pli)  p(raestantissimo)  d(igno).  2  244  A.D. 

28.  dis  magnis,  |  Ulpius  Egnatius  Faventinus  |  v.  c.1  augur  p.  v.  b.  p. 

R.  Q.2  pater  et  hieroceryx  d.  S.  i.  M.3  archibucolus  del 
Liberi,  |  hierofanta  Hecatae,  sa|cerdos  Isidis  percepto  |  tauro- 
bolio  criobolioq.,  idibus  Augustis  d.  d.  n.  n.  |  Valente  Aug. 
V.  et  Valentiniajno  Aug.  conss.4  feliciter 

Vota  Faventinus  bis  deni    suscipit  orbis 
Ut  mactet  repetens  aurata    fronte  bicornes. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  504.  Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  pedestal  found  at  Rome,  ex- 
isting only  in  copy.  l  v(ir}  c(larissimus~).  2  pub  (lieu  s)  p(opuli}  fi(omani) 
Q(uiritium).  3  d(ei)  S(olis)  i(nvicti)  M(ithrae).  4  376  A.D. 


DEDICATORY   INSCRIPTIONS   IN  VERSE 

Saturnian  Metre 

29.  M.  P.  Vertuleieis  C.  f.1 

Quod  re  sua  d[?/]eidens        asper    afleicta 
Parens  timens  |  heic  vovit,         voto  hoc    solutfo 
De]cuma  facta  |  poloucta2        leibereis  lube|tes3 
Donu  danunt  |  Hercolei         maxsume    mereto. 
Semol  te  |  orant,  se  [v]oti         crebro  |  condemnes. 


DEDICATORY  INSCRIPTIONS  281 

C.  I.  L.  I.  1175,  X.  5708.  Found  at  Sora  in  Italy,  now  in  the  gardens  of 
the  church  of  S.  Restituta.  ^M(arcus}  et  P(ublius}  Vertuleii  G(ai) 
/(i7«).  ^poloiicta,  cf.  Cato,  de  R.  R.  132  ;  Plaut.  Stick.  233  ;  Varr.  L.  L. 
VI.  54.  A  lube(ii)tes.  Ritschl  places  this  in  the  early  part  of  the 
seventh  century  A.U.C.  (150-50  B.C.)  The  letters  are  archaic,  and  the 
Saturnian  measure  is  indicated  on  the  stone  by  intervals. 


Iambic  Senarii* 

30.        Templum  hoc  sacratum  her[o£Zms,  qui]  quod  ger[im£] 
August!  nomen  felix  [illis]  remaneat, 
Stirpis  suae  laetetur  u[£  regno]  parens. 
Nam  quom  te,  Caesar,  tem[jms]  exposcet  deum 
Caeloque  repetes  sed[em,  qua]  mundum  reges, 
Sint  hei,  tua  quei  sorte  ter[rae]  huic  imperent 
R-egantque  nos  felicibu[s]  voteis  sueis 
(Written beneath)  L.  Aurelius  L.  f.  Pal.  Rufu[/]  primopilaris 
\[eg~\  XVI  militans  st imp.  Caesaris  ..... 

C.  L  L.  X.  3757.  Inscribed  on  a  stone  found  at  Acerrae.  Nissen.  has 
suggested  that  Claudius,  Nero,  and  Britannicus  were  referred  to  in  line  1, 
but  Mommsen  assigns  the  inscription  to  the  time  of  Augustus,  and  con- 
siders C.  and  L.  Caesar  as  the  heroes  to  whom  the  shrine  was  dedicated. 

Hexameter 


Numini  aquae  [  Alexandrianae  | ] 
Hanc  aram  Nymphis  extruxi,  |  nomine  Laetus, 
2  Cum  gererem  fasces  patriae    rumore  secundo ; 
Plus  tamen  est  mihi  gratus  j  honos,  quod  fascibus  annus 
Is  nostri  datus  est,  quo  sane | to  nomine  dives 
Lambaesem  largo  perfu|dit  flumine  Nympha. 

C.  I.  L.  VIII.  2662.  Inscribed  in  the  Nymphaeum  at  Lambaesis,  Africa. 
1  From  Severus  Alexander,  the  emperor  who  introduced  water  into 
Lambaesis  in  226  A.D.  Cf.  the  Aqua  Alexandriana  at  Rome,  thus  named 
for  a  similar  reason,  Lampridius  c.  25;  cf.  also  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  2658.  The 
word  was  partially  erased  after  his  death  in  235  A.D.  '2  As  duumvir  at 
Lambaesis.  For  similar  ending  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  VIII.  90. 


282  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS 

TITCLI  SEPULCRALES  . 

1.    a)  C.  Turpleio  C.  f.  c)  C.  Fouri  M.  f.1 

b)  Q.  Fourio  A.  f.  d)  Cn.  Fourio 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  2750,  2700-2707.  Four  inscriptions  on  cinerary  urns  from 
the  tomb  of  the  Furii  and  Turpleii  at  Tusculum.  They  belong  to  the 
fifth  century  of  the  City,  and  show  the  names  in  the  nom.  case.  l  C. 
M(arci) 


2.  a)  L.  Anicio  /)  Anicia  P.  f. 

6)  Maio  1  Anicia  C.  f.  g)  Mino  Cuinia  L.  f. 

c)  L.  Cupi  L.  f.  A.  n.  h)  Atlia  A.  1.  |  Lais 

d)  Maria  Fabricia  i)  Tert.  Coriaria 

e)  Titoleiai  M.  f.  j)  P.  Gessius  P.  f.  |  Vala 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  3046-3310.  These  inscriptions  are  selected  from  those  found 
in  the  sepulcretum  at  Praeneste,  and  date  in  the  sixth  and  seventh 
centuries  of  the  City.  The  cognomina  are  rare,  but  appear  alike  with 
names  of  men  and  women.  Note  also  the  praenomina  with  names  of 
women.  The  gen.  case  is  seen  in  e,  but  the  others  show  the  earlier  form 
of  the  nom.  case.  l  Maio(s)  =  Maior. 

3.  a)  L.  Aeli,1  |  a.  d.  Ill  idus  |  Octob. 

b)  Baebia  Q.  I.,2  a.  d.     IX  k.  Octobris. 

c)  L.  Caecilius,    a.  d.  VI  k.  Quictilis. 

d)  Aemiliai,  a.  d.  Ill  non.  Fe.2 

e)  P.  Claudi  M.  1.  Philocratis,  |  a.  d.  Ill  k.  Novbri.4 

C.  L  L,  VI.  8211-8397.  Inscribed  on  sepulchral  urns  found  in  the  vineyard 
of  San  Cesareo,  near  the  Porta  Capena,  Rome.  They  date  in  the  early 
part  of  the  seventh  century  of  the  City  (150-100  B.C.).  1  L.  Aeli(s}  \ 
a(nte')  d(iem  tertium)  idus  Octob(ris).  2l(iberta).  3  Fe(bruarias)  . 


4.  M.  Aebutius  M.  1.  |  Macedo  pater,  |  M.  Aebutius  M.  1.  Callistratus 
f.,  |  v.1  M.  Aebutius  M.  1.  Eros,  |  v.  lulia  L.  1.  Berenice  f.,  | 
lulia  L.  1.  Hesuchiuni,  |  Pomponia  L.  1.  Selene,  Clodia  O.2  1. 
Antiocis. 


SEPULCHRAL  INSCRIPTIONS  283 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  10588.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus  found  at  Rome,  now  in 
the  Capitoline  Museum.  lv(ivit)  or  v(ivus).  2  G(aiae),  i.e.  mulieris 
l(iberta). 

® 

5.  M.   Aurelius  M.  1.  |  Niceporus   patronu.   (sic),  |  Amelia  M.  1. 

Trupher.,    M.  Aurelius  M.  1.  Apollonius,  |  M.  Aurelius  M.  1.  | 
[^l/]exsander  M.  Aureli  ...... 

C.  L  L.  VI.  13163.  A  sepulchral  inscription  engraved  in  archaic  letters,  on 
travertine,  found  at  Rome,  now  in  the  Vatican.  For  so-called  theta 
nigrum,  see  page  231. 

6.  P.  Buxurius  P.  f.  |  Truentines.1  quie.2  |  coinomn  3  Tracalo,    arte 

tecta,4  salve. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  5279.  Inscribed  on  a  stone  found  near  Monte  Prandone,  in  east- 
ern Picenum,  now  in  the  curia  at  Ripatransone.  l  Truentine(n)s(is). 
2  quie(scit).  3  coi(=  quoi,  cui)  wom[e]n,  or  qui  e\_sf]  cocnomen  Tracalo. 
4  tecta  =  TfKTrjs  for 


7.  M.  Drusi  M.  1.  Philodami,  |  sibei  et  sueis,  |  veivont. 

C.  /.  L.  IX.  752.     Inscribed  on  a  stone  found  at  Larino  (Larinum),  in  Apulia. 

8.  P.  Critonius  P.  f.  Polio.  |  Mater  mea  mihi  |  monumentum  ;  coera- 

vit,  quae  |  me  desiderat  |  vehementer,  me  |  heice  situm  in-  | 
mature.     Vale,  salve. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  16606.  Inscribed  on  travertine  in  archaic  letters  of  the  seventh 
century,  found  at  Rome. 

9.  Ultuma   suorum  |  Cupiennia   L.  f.  Tertulla   fuueit  l  quius    lieic  | 

relliquiae  |  suprema2    manent. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  16614.  Found  at  Rome,  now  existing  in  a  copy.  *  fuueit 
probably  =  fult.  '2  suprema  (munera). 

10.    Sex.  Caesius  Sex.  |  lib.  Cinnamus  |  Iiml  vir  Augustalis  |  h.  s.  e.  | 
et  tibi  et  tu.1 

C.  L  L.  V.  552.  Found  at  Trieste,  where  it  exists  to-day  in  the  museum. 
1  et  tibi  (bene  sit)  are  the  words  of  the  passer-by  ;  et  tu  (vale)  represents 
the  reply  of  the  dead. 


284  LATIN  INSCRIPTION'S 

11.  Q.  Fabius  Q.'f.  Quirina  |  Fabianus  Ilurconen|sis  idem  Patrici- 

en  sis  ann.  XXXXIII  pius  |  in  suis  h.  s.  e.,  s.  t.  t.  1. 

C.  L  L.  II.  1200.  Found  at  Sevilla  (Hispalis),  Spain,  where  it  exists  to-day 
in  the  museum. 

12.  ave  |  Herennia  Crocine    cara  sueis  inclusa  hoc  tumulo.    Crocine 

cara  sueis.  Vixi  ego  |  et  ante  aliae  vixere  puellae.  lam  satis 
est.  Lector  discedens  dicat,  Crocine  sit  tibi  terra  |  levis. 
Valete  superi. 

C.  L  L.  II.  1821.    Found  at  Cadiz. 

13.  M.  Aemilius  Arterna  |  fecit  f  M.  Licinio  Successo  fratri    bene 

merenti  et  |  Caeciliae  Modestae  coniugi  |  suae  et  sibi  et  suis 
libertis  |  libertabusq.  posterisq.  eorum,  excepto  Hermete  lib. 
quern  veto  |  propter  delicta  sua  aditum  ambitum  ne  |  ullum 
accessum  habeat  in  hoc  monuinento. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  11027.    Found  at  Rome,  existing  now  in  copy. 

14.  P.  Lucius  Hilarus    ® 1  Graecus  sibi  |  et  Pompeiae  L.  f .  |  v.2  Ter- 

tullae  et  |  P.  Lucio  Graeci  1.  v.2  Philadelpho  et  |  Luciae 
Graeci  L.  1.  O1  Lepidae. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  4957.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus  found  at  Narbonne 
(Narbo),  existing  in  a  copy.  l  The  so-called  theta  nigrum  is  here  placed 
before  the  cognomen.  2v(ivit). 

©  vivit 

15.  P.  Voltilius  Eufio  et  Mamia  Ter[>]lla. 
C.  I.  L.  XII.  5255.    Found  at  Narbonne  (Narbo). 

16.  L.  Cartorius  P.  f.  Fab.  |  hie  sepultus  est,    hie  locus  patet  |  in 

frdnt.  p.  XX  et  a  media  fos.  |  inp]ro  vers.  p.  XXV.  |  Hunc 
locum  monimentumque  |  diis  manibus  do  legoque. 

(7.  /.  L.  V.  2915.    Found  at  Padua  (Patavium),  existing  in  copy. 

17.  C.   Sentio  Sat.  cos.1      k.   Sextilib.      dei  manes  |  receperunt  | 

Abulliam  N.  1.  Mgellam. 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS  285 

C.  /.  L.  II.  2255.  Inscribed  on  a  small  cippus  found  at  Cordova  (Corduba), 
Spain,  where  it  still  exists.  l  He  was  consul  without  colleague  in  735/19. 

18.  d.  m.  s.,  |  P.  Aelio  P.  f.  |  Crescentiano  [  notario  legati  in  officio 

Iuvena|lis  praef.  praetori  |  defuncto,  vixit  |  annis  viginti  duo 
et  militavit  an.  IIII,    Aelia  Processa  mater  filio  |  innocent!. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  2755.  Found  at  Lambaesis,  Africa.  Flavius  luvenalis  was 
praefectus  praetorio  under  lulianus  and  Severus.  Cf .  Vita  Seven,  c.  6  ; 
Vita  Getae,  24 ;  Hirschfeld,  Horn.  Verwalt.,  p.  230. 

19.  v.  f.1  |  C.  Novellius  C.  f.    Ouf.  Expectatus  |  dis  deabus  manibus 

nomine  meo  et  Atiliae  C.  f.  Crae |  uxori  pientiss[im]. 

(On  the  left)  have.      (On  the  right)  vale. 

C.  L  L.  V.  6053.    Found  at  Milan  (Mediolanum) ,  preserved  in  a  copy. 

lv(ivus)  f(ecit). 

20.  d.  m.    et  memoriae  |  L.  lul.  Accepti  qui  |  vixit  ann.  XV  m.  X  | 

dies  duos     M.  lul.  Euplus   et   lulia  Accepta  parentes  |  fil. 
unico  karissim.  |  et  sibi  vivi    posuerunt. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  1964.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Vienne  (Vienna, 
Gallia  Narbonensis),  existing  in  a  copy. 

21.  d.  m.  |  et  quieti  aeternae     Titiae  Seiae  defunctae  |  ann.  XXII 

mens.  V  dier.  XXV,  |  P.  Seius  Asclepiodotus  pater  |  filiae 
incomparabili. 

C.  /.'  L.  XII.  2013.  Inscribed  on  a  sarcophagus  found  at  Vienne  (Vienna, 
Gallia  Narbonensis),  existing  now  in  copy,  d  and  m  are  on  the  sides. 

22.  d.  m.    Titiae  Catiae  defunct.  |  annorum  VIII  m.  V  d.  VIII.  | 

Catia  Bubate  fil.  pissimae  |  et  sibi  vivae  posuit,  |  hoc  sax.  sub 
ascia l  ded.2  est. 

C.  /.  L.  XII.  2012.  Found  at  Vienne,  existing  in  a  copy.  *  sub  ascia  dedi- 
cavit  (S  •  A  •  D)  is  generally  understood  to  indicate  a  new  tomb  still  in 
charge  of  the  workmen.  The  object  of  the  phrase  or  representation  of 
the  ascia  was  to  indicate  that  the  right  of  reopening  the  tomb  without 
recourse  to  authority  was  retained.  This  is  the  opinion  of  Facciolali. 
See  Forcellini,  s.  v.  and  A.  de  Barthe"lemy,  Eecherches  sur  le  formule 
"sub  ascia"  2  ded(icatum} .  d.  and  m.  are  on  the  sides. 


286  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

23.  d.  m.,    Tertinio    Max-  jiian|o  Verilla  |  coniugi  |  posuit  |  s.  a.  d. 

C.  /.  L.  XII.  1715.  Inscri  *A  on  a  cippus  found  at  Eyzahut  (Canton  de 
Dieulefit),  France,  whe.e  it  still  exists. 

24.  have,  Naevi,  |  salvos  sis  quisquis  |  es,  |  Cn.  Naevio  [  Diadiimeno  | 

venaliciario  |  grae[#]ario. 

(7.  /.  L.  XII.  3349.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Nismes  (Nemausus), 
where  it  still  exists. 

25.  d.  m.  ;    lulius  Eumenes     vixit  ann.  XXII      lulia  Agrippina 

patron.1  alumno  et  corporate  |  utriculariorum,  quot  tu  nobis  | 
debuisti  facere,  |  et  mater  in|felicissirnae  posuerunt. 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  729.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Trinquetaille,  now  in 
museum  at  Aries,  France.  1  Join  patron(a)  and  et  mater  infelicissimae 
posuerunt  quo(d)  tu  nobis  debuisti  facere. 

26.  Sex.  Nerianus  |  Komulus  |  fecit  sibi  et  |  Cordiae  Helpidi  |  con- 

iugi karissimae  et  |  libertis  libertabusque  posteris^ue  eorum 
utriusque  sexus  |  ex  origine  nostra.  Si  quis  eum  titul.  adul- 
teravit  alienigenum  corp.  aut  ossa  aut  cineres  |  in  hoc  monum. 
inferre  volens  adhum.  non  haber.1  et  dare  debeat  a.  p.  R.2  hfS  L 
m.  n.,3  |  huic  mon.  dol.  mal.  abesto. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  22915.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  in  the  church,  S.  Paolo 
fuori  le  Mura,  at  Rome.  l  Read  aditum  non  haber  (et}.  2  a(erario} 
p^opuli)  H^omani}.  3  m(ilia)  n(ummum). 


27.  have,  Manila  |  Anthusa.  |  Bene  sit  tibi  qui  legis  |  et  tibi  qui 

praeteris    mini  qui  hoc  loco  monument,    feci  et  meis. 
C.  L  L.  X.  6616.     Found  at  Velletri  (Velitrae),  now  in  museum  at  Naples. 

28.  vivit    Q.  Caelius  Sp.  f.  vivi1    architectus  navalis,    vivit  |  uxor 

Camidia  M.  1.  |  Aprhodisia.  |  Hospes.  resiste  et  nisi  m|olestust 
perlege,  noli  |  stomacare,  suadeo  |  caldum  bibas,  moriu|n[d]ust, 
vale. 

C.  /.  L.  X.  5371.    Found  on  the  Liris  between  Interamna  and  Minturnae, 
existing  in  copy.     1  Probably  a  corrupt  reading. 


SEPULCHRAL  INSCRIPTIONS  287 

29.  d.  m.  s.,  |  chaere1  An|nonia  Paula  Uonjiunx  rarissime2      quae 

exemplo  esses  |  feminarum,  nisi  }  XXIII  annorum      erepta 
gravem  |  fletum  viro  |  reliquisses,    tu  s.  e. 

G.  I.  L.  VIII.  8854.    Found  at  Tiklat  (Tupusuctu)  Mauretania,  Africa, 
existing  in  copy.    1  x^Pe-    2  rarissima. 

30.  d.  m.,  |  M.  Munatius  |  Victor  |  v.  a.  XXX,  h.  s.  e.,  o.  e.  b.  q.1 

C.  I.  L.  VIII.  5682.     Found  between  Celma  (Calama)  and  Constantine 
(Cirta)  Numidia,  existing  in  copy.    1  o(ssa)  e(i)  b(ene')  q(uiescant). 

31.  d.  m.  s.,  |  lulia  Curvia  |  vixit  annis  LXX  |  o.  s.1  1.  b.  n.2  q.,  |  fecit 

filius  eius. 

C.  I.  L.  VIII.  9128.    Found  at  Sur  Roslan  (Auzia),  Mauretania.    l  o(s)s(o). 


32.  d.  m.  s.,  |  Q.  lulius  Lu|canus  Medi|conis  fil.,    ut  hanc  in  patriam  | 

pleims  laetitia  |  pervenirem  an  nos  LXXX  certan|do  vici,  iam 
quietus  |  ego  hie  Medico  |  semper. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  79.     Found  at  Hr.  Nebhana,  Africa,  existing  in  a  copy. 

33.  d.  m.  |  L.  Vibi  Cres|centis  vet.  |  coh.  IIII  pr.,-|  hie  s.  e.  s.  1.  1.  L,  [ 

Cara  Salvidie.1  |  tatae  2  b.  m. 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  3632.  Found  at  Tivoli  (Tibur),  inscribed  on  the  wall  of  the 
cwn'a,  where  it  now  exists.  l  Salvidie(na).  2  tatae  is  a  child's  name  for 
father. 

34.  d.  m.     Ulpiae  |  Epictesis,     Ti.  Claudius    Abascantus  |  coniugi 

benemerenti  |  fecit.  (On  the  right  side)  Locus  adsignatus  ab  |  Ti. 
Cl.  Hilaro  patrono  |  in  f  ronte  p.  f  s.1  in  agro  p.  II  s.2  |  acceptus 
k.  Aprilibus  |  C.  Bellicio  Torquato  Ti.  Cl.  Attico  Herode  cos.3 

O.  /.  L.  VI.  29335.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus  found  at  Rome,  now  in 
the  Lateran  Museum.  *  P(edes)  quinque  s(emissem).  2  p(edes)  duo 
s(emissem).  3  143  A.D. 

35.  a.  M.  Statilius  Mercuri|us  fecit  sibi  et  Liciniae  |  Yitali  coniugi 

Karissimae  et  Statilio  Geniali  et  Statiliae  Primitivae  |  liber- 
tis  meis  et  |  lib«rti«  l^b^rtp^usque  meis  |  posterisque  eoium  | 


288  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

introitum,  exitum  omnem|que  rem  possidere  quod  mini  |  con- 
cessum  est  a  T.  Flavio  Rufino  in  parte  dimidia  intrantibus 
parte  sinisteriore  in  f  ronte  pedes  XXXIII  in  agro  ped.  XXX. 
b.  Luphrosyno  |  et  Hercliano  |  ser.  C.  n.1  concessum  eis  ab  Flavio 
Eufino  |  in  monumento  luniano  quod  est  iuris  mei  intran|- 
tibus  parte  dexte[ra  in  triclinio  |  in  quo  pariete  sunt  ollae 
ossuaria  |  numero  XIIII  |  et  in  triclia  sarjcophaga  n.  Ill  |  quot 
cessi  eco  2  |  ambas  partes  et  |  Statilio  Mercuric  et  nominibus 
s.  s.3 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  1636.  Found  at  Ostia,  existing  now  in  copy.  A  custom 
existed  at  Ostia  of  placing  on  tombs  tablets  which  were  divided  into 
parts,  according  to  the  sharing  of  the  rights  of  the  tomb.  The  above  is 
a  tabula  bipartita,  containing  on  the  right  an  inscription  of  Statilius 
Mercurius,  and  on  the  left  that  of  two  slaves  of  Caesar.  1  C(aesaris} 
n(ostri}.  2  The  words  are  those  of  Flavius  Rufinus.  3  nominibus  s(upra) 
s(c,riptis).  Note  also  the  giving  of  introitus  and  exitus,  as  often  in  sepul- 
chral inscriptions  ;  thus  the  formula  reads,  ille  illi  locum  ilium  donavit 
cui  itum  ambitum  dedit. 

36.  per  deos  superos  |  inferosque  te  rogo  ne    ossuaria  velis  violare, 

M.  Calpurnius  M.  1.  Sulla,    Calpurnia  M.  1.  Fausta  liberta. 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  2535.  Found  on  the  estate  of  a  monastery  at  Grottaferrata, 
in  the  old  ager  Tusculanus,  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum. 

37.  d.  [m.],  |  Clodia  Domitia  |  fecit  sibi  et  Terentio  Regino  coiugi 

suo  |  et  Clodiae  Eeginae  |  filiae  suae  et  liber|tis  libertabusque  | 
posterisque  eorum  |  h.  m.  e.  h.  n.  s. 
C.  L  L.  XIV.  848.    Found  at  Ostia. 

38.  d.  m.,  |  C.  Voltilius  Cypaerus  et  Flavia     Primilla  fecerunt  C. 

Voltilio  Atimeto  f.  suo  dulcissimo  et  pientissi|mo  bene  merenti 
vixit  ann.  XVII  m.  V  |  d.  XX,  quisquis  huic  sepulchro  nocere  | 
conatus  fuerit  manes  eius  eum  exagitent. 

(7.  /.  L.  VI.  29471.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  now  in 
the  Lateran  Museum. 

39.  Longina  Diliges  (sic)   fee.  sibi  et  |  L.  Longinio  Fortunato  |  patrono 

b.  m.  et  Cassiae  |  Nice  matri  et  filiae  et  Cassis  Augustali  patri 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS  289 

et    filio  et  Florali  filio  |  et  lib.  libertab.  post,  eor.1    i.  h.  m.  i.  a. 
s.  c.  f.,  |  in  f.  p.  x,  in  a.  p.  x. 

(7.  /.  L.  XIV.  1270.  Found  at  Ostia,  now  in  Lateran  Museum,  Rome. 
1  post(eris)  eor(um}.  2  i(n}  h(oc)  m(onumentum')  i(tum)  a(ditum) 
s(acroruni)  c(aitsa)  /(ecere). 

40.   Ti.  Magio  Caeciniano  |  trierarcho  et  |  Alsiae  Postumae  uxori 
n.  f.,  n.  s.,  n.  c.1 

C.  L  L.  V.  1813.  Inscribed  on  a  cinerary  box  found  at  Gemona,  Italy,  now 
existing  in  copy.  l  n(ori)  /(MI),  n(on)  s(wn),  n(ori)  c(wro).  Cagnat 
refers  to  the  Greek  phrase,  oik  r/V"?",  eyeriwv,  OVK  eo-oyucu,  01)  /j.t\et  JJLOI. 


41.  d.  m.,  |  P.  Aelio  Aug.  lib.  |  Erasino  dulcissimo  et  pientissimo,  | 

Aemilia  Helene  coniunx  et  P.  P.  Aelii  Aug.  lib.  |  Musicus  et 
Helenus  fili  |  fecerunt  et  sibi  et  suis  libertis  liber|tabusque 
posterisque  eorum,  ita  ne  liceat  liunc  munimentum  vendere  | 
vel  donare,  quod  si  factuin  fuerit  |  utrisque  ark.  pontificum 
I+SXXX  in.  11.  poenae  nomine  inferet,  h.  m.  d.  m.  a. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1Q(582.  Inscribed  on  a  tablet  found  on  the  Janiculum,  Rom-  , 
now  in  the  museum  at  Oxford. 

42.  d.  m.,    L.  Aurelio  |  Eufo  |  ann.  XXVI    Emer.1  sepulto  |  Me  sito, 

|  Aurelia  Prisca  |  fil.  piissimo  p. 

C.  L  L.  II.  871.  Found  at  Condeixa  a  Nova  (Conimbriga,  Lusitania), 
Spain,  existing  now  in  copy.  l  Emer(itae).  Either  Rufus  was  buried 
at  Emerita  and  his  mother  brought  his  remains  to  Conimbriga,  or  his 
burial  place  was  at  Emerita  while  his  tomb  was  at  Conimbriga. 

43.  d.  m.,    M.   I  ul.   Serano  |  in  itinere   urb.1    defuncto  et  sepulto, 

Coelia  Komula  mater  filio  piissimo  |  et  Collegium  |  salu- 
tare  f.  c. 

C.  I.  L.  II.  379.  Found  at  Condeixa  a  Nova  (Conimbriga,  Lusitania), 
Spain,  existing  now  in  copy.  l  urfe(ano). 

44.  d.  m.,  |  Acutia  Tyche    luliae  Arche  f.,    vix.  a.  XXIIX,    et  in 

eo   mon  j  itu   act.    amb.    in|lat.    mort.    mort.  |  inferre    coron. 
sacrif.  sacrif.  fac.  |  ei  a.  q.  e.  r.  p.  p.  r.  I.1,    fil.  pientissimae. 
In  f.  p.  VII,  in  a.  p.  VI. 

LAX.  INSCRIP.  —  19 


290 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


C.  I.  L.  VI.  10562.  Found  at  Rome,  now  in  Vatican  Museum.  l  et  in 
eo  mon(umento)  itu(m')  act(um')  amb(itum)  inlat(ionem}  mort(ui 
habere)  mort(uum}  inferre  coron(are~)  sacrif(icare}  sacrif(icia}  fac(ere) 
ei  a(d)  q(uem}  e(a~)  »•(«»)  p(ertinef)  p(ertinebii)  r(ecte)  l(iceto}.  The 
comment  of  Mommsen  is,  Formulae  hae  ut  solent  ita  in  compendium 
redactae  sunt,  ut  parum  cohaereant. 

45.  M.  Lollius  Arphocras  |  v.  f.  s.  et  Paelinae  uxori  v.    et  lib.  liber- 

tab,  post.  q.  eorum  in.  s.  s.  e.  h.  n.  s.  |  neque  ulli  liquebit 
locationis  causa  in  annis  centum  quan|doq.  transvendere 
quod  si  qui  adversus  it  fecerint  |  eorum  bona  pertinere  | 
debebunt  ad  rem  publicam  Brundisinorum. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  136.  Found  at  Brindisi  (Brundisium),  now  at  Villanova  only 
in  a  fragment. 

46.  Q.  lulio  [  Servando  |  Ilml  vir  Aug.  |  c.  I.  P.  C.  N.  M./    Licinia 

Pallas  |  marito  optimo    inlatis  arcae    Illlll  vir  ob  tuitionem 
statuae  hf-S  n.  oo.  |  1.  d.  d.  Ilml  yir. 

C.  L  L.  XII.  4397.  Inscribed  in  letters  of  the  second  century  on  a  pedestal 
found  at  Narbo  (Narbonne),  Gallia  Narbonensis,  where  it  still  exists. 
1  C(oloniae~)  I(uliae}  P(aternae)  C(laudiae)  N(arbonis)  M(artiC). 

47.  C.  Catio  C.  f.  Men.  Balbo  j  Opetreiiae  C.  f.  Paullae.     Hds  de- 

curiones  fiinere  |  publico  de  foro  e  tribunali  |  efferendos  et  hie 
humandos  cens.  Fuficiae  A.  1.  Violae  j  C.  Catius  C.  f.  Men. 
Gallus  pareiitibus  et  uxdrii. 

C.  /.  L.  IX.  1783.    Found  at  Benevento  (Beneventum) ,  existing  now  in  copy. 


48.    Crescens    agit.  |  factionis    ven.,  |  natione     Maurus, 


annorum 


XXII.  |  Quadriga  primum    vicit  L.  Vipstanio  |  Messalla  cos. 

(i 
natale    divi   Nervae  miss.1   XXIIII    equis   his  :  Circio,  Ac- 

cep|tore,  Delicato,  Cotyno.    Ex  Messala  in  Glabrionem  cos.  in 

natale  |  divi  Claudi  miss,  ost.2  gCLXXXVI  vicit  XXXXVII.  \ 
Inter  sing.3  vie.  XIX,  binar  \  XXIII,  tern.  V,  praemiss.4  I,  | 
occup.  VIII,  eripuit  XXXVIII,  |  secund.  tulit  CXXX,  tert. 
CXI.  !  Quaest.5  ret.  rfS  ^V[  LVlTl  CCCXXXXVI.(i 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS 


291 


C.  I.  L.  VI.  10050.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus,  discovered  in  1878  during 
the  building  of  a  sewer  on  the  Via  Pace  in  Rome.  *  miss(u).  2  miss(us) 
ost(io).  s  inter  sing  (ularum)  vie  (it).  *  prat"miss(u)  sc.  alius  aurigae; 
Friedlander  reads  praemiss(it).  5  Quaest(nm)  ret(ulit).  °  1,558,346 
sesterces.  See  Friedlander,  Sittengeschichte,  II.,6  p.  517,  and  Momm. 
Ephem.  Ep.  IV.  247.  °  Nov.  8,  115  A.D.  6  May  10,  124  A.D. 

49.  L.    Afilano  L.  f.  \  An.  Provincial!      equo  p.   ornat.,  \  luperco 

desig.,    huic  ordo  statu|am  decrevit.  |  L.  Afilanus  Verecun|dus 
h.  u.  s.  r.,1    1.  d.  d.  d. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3442.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Praeneste,  where  it 
still  exists.  lh(onore)  u(sus)  s(umptnm)  r(emisit). 

50.  a)  d.  (Figure  of  an  ascia)  m.,  |  Venuleia  I  Pelagia   hie  adq.,   fil.  matr. 

piiss. 

b)  M.  Naevius  M.  f.  Gal.  Eestitutus  mil.  coh,  X  pr.  h.  aq.1  |  qui 
reliq.  testam.  coll.  fabr.  naval.  Pis.2  station!  |  vetustiss.  et 
piiss.  H-S  II  II  |  n%,3  ex  cuius  reditu  pa| rental,  et  rosar.  quot- 
ann.  at  sepulchrum  |  suum  celebrent.  Quot  si  factum  ab  eis 
non  |  esset,  tune  ea  ipsa  con|dicione  fabr.  tig.  Pis.4  accept,  pro 
poena  a  fabr.  nav.  H-S  IIII  ii.5  ipsi  |  celebrare  debebunt. 

C.  L  L.  XI.  1436.  Found  at  Pisa,  existing  now  in  copy.  *  7i(?c)  a(d}q(iii- 
escit).  2  coll(egio}  fabr(iim}  naval(ium)  Pis(anorum).  3  (milid) 

n(ummum).     4  fabri  tiy(narii')  Pis^ani).     5  accept(is) (mili- 

bus}  n(ummum~). 

51.  d.  m.  et  memoriae    aeternae  Hylatis,  |  dymachaero  sive    assi- 

dario J  p.  VII.2  ru  I.,3   Ermais  coniux  |  coniugi  karissimo  |  p.  c. 

et  S.  as.  d  ( Figure  of  an  ascia). 

Boissieu,  Inscr.  de  Lyon,  p.  469.  Found  at  Lyons,  existing  now  in  copy. 
iHylas  was  a  dimachaerus  and  essedarius  ;  cf.  Friedlander,  Sittengesch. 
II.,6  p.  533.  *p(ugnarum)  VII.  3  Not  understood. 

52.  d.  m.,  |  Muscloso    a.  f.  r.1    nat.  Tuscus    vie.  pal.2  DCLXXXII  | 

a.3  Ill  p.4  V.  v.5  II    r.6  DCLXXII,  |  Apuleia  Vere|eunda  con- 
iunx  m.  c.  p.7 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  10063.     Found  at  Rome,  where  it  still  exists.     l  a(yitatori) 
f(actionis)  r(nssatae^).   '2  vie  (if)  pal  (mas').   3  a  (Iba  factions).  *p(rasincf). 
6r(ussata).    ~  m(arito)  c(arissimo)  p(osuit). 


292  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

53.  M.  Aur.  Mollicius  Tatianus  |  natione  verna  qui  vixit  ann.  XX 
mens.  VIII  diebus  VII  qui  vie.  palmas  n.1  CXXV,  sic  in 
rus|seo  LXXXVIIII  in  prasino  XXIIII  |  in  veneto  n.  V  in 
albo  n".  VII  praemia  XXXX  il.2  II. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  10049.     Found  on  the  Via  Praenestina,  Rome,  now  existing  in 
copy.     ln(umero}.    2 praemia  (sestertium)  XXXX  (milium)  n(umero). 


COLUMBARIA 

54.  a)  d.   m.,  |  Blastus  Aug.   lib.   tabul|arius   fecit   aediclas      tres 

intrantibus  dext [eric-re  parte  a  parie  te  iunctas  duas  et  terti  a 
in  qua  titulus  fixus  est  *  s[i]bi  et  suis  1.  libertabusq.  posterisq.  | 
eorum. 

b)  L.  Cornelius  L.  1.  Kegillus  |  ollam  legavit  |  M.  Valerio  M.  1. 
Front  oni. 

c)  Q.  Mudasenus  I.  1.  Eros      emit  de  L.  Aufidio  |   Apollonio 
iuris  |  monumenti. 

d)  Quintiae  |  Crispinae    ollae  continuae  II. 

e)  L.  Veturi  Zophrus(?)2  |  L.  Pinarius  Rufus    dedit  ol.  I  quae 
fuit  |  L.  Viriasi  Lali. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  4889,  4930,  4983,  5013,  5045.  Inscriptions  from  columbaria  of 
the  Vigna  Codini,  between  the  Via  Appia  and  Via  Latina.  l  This 
inscription  is  in  tertia,  in  qua  titulus  fixus  est ;  in  the  other  two  places 
the  name  Blastus  was  painted  on  the  wall.  2  Zophrus  has  been  sub- 
stituted after  an  erasure.  Read  L.  Veturi(us)  Zopyrus. 

55.  Iiilia  Erdtis  femina  optima  hie  sitast 
Nullum  doldrem  ad  inferds  mecum  tuli, 
Viro  et  patrdno  placui  et  decessi  prior. 

C.  lulius  Blastus  C.  lulius 

C.  lulius  Celadus  divi  Aug.  1. 

Messius. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  5254.  From  the  columbaria  in  the  Vigna  Codini,  between 
Via  Appia  and  Via  Latina.  The  inscription  belongs  to  the  days  of 
Tiberius.  Note  the  iambic  senarii. 


SEPULCHRAL  INSCRIPTIONS  293 

56.  Musico  Ti.  Caesaris  August!  |  Scurrano  disp.  ad  fiscum  Gallicum  | 
provinciae  Lugdunensis,  ex  vicaris  eius  qui  cum  eo  Romae 
cum  decessit  fuerunt  bene  merito,  | 

Venustus  negot.1        Agathopus  medic.         Facilis  pediseq. 
Decimianus  sump.2    Epaphra  ab  argent.       Anthus  ab  arg. 
Dicaeus  a  manu         Primio  ab  veste  -Hedylus  cubicu. 

Mutatus  a  manu         Communis  a  cubic.       Firmus  cocus 
Creticus  a  manu        Pothus  pediseq.  Secunda3 

Tiasus  cocus 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  5197.  From  the  columbaria  in  the  Vigna  Codini,  now  in  the 
Lateran  Museum.  It  belongs  to  the  time  of  Tiberius.  l  negotiator), 
2sump(tuarius).  3  Probably  a  contubernalis. 

LAUDATIO  MURDIAE 

57  Murdiae  L.  f.  matris.  |  sed  propriis  viribus  adlevent  cetera,  quo 
firmiora  |  probabilioraque  sint.1  |  Omnes  filios  aeque  fecit  here- 
des,  partitione  filiae  data.  Amor  maternus  caritate  liberum, 
aequalitate  partium  constat.  Viro  certam  pecuniam  legavit, 
ut  ius  dotis  honore  iudici  augeretur.  Milii,  revocata  memoria 
patris  eaque  in  consilimn  et  fide  sua  ad|hibita,  aestumatione 
facta  -  certas  res  testamento  praelegavit,  |  neque  ea  mente,  quo 
me  fratribus  meis  quom  eorum  aliqua  contunielia  praeferret : 
sed,  inemor  liberalitatis  patris  mei,  |  reddenda  mihi  statuit, 
quae  iudicio  viri  sui  ex  patrimonio  |  meo  cepisset,  ut  ea  lisu 
suo  custodita  proprietati  meae  resti|tuerentur.  |  Constitit  ergo 
in  hoc  sibi  ipsa,  ut  a  parentibus  dignis  viris  data  matrimonia 
opsequio  probitate  retineret,  nupta  meriteis  grajtior  fieret,  fide 
carior  haberetur,  iudicio  ornatior  relinquerejtur,  post  decessum 
consensii  civium  laudaretur,  quoin  discriptio  partium  habeat 
gratum  fidumque  animum  in  viros,  aequalitajtem  in  liberos, 
iustitiam  in  veritate.  |  Quibus  de  causeis,  quom  omnium  bona- 
runi  feminaruin  simplex  simi|lisque  esse  laudatio  soleat,  quod 
naturalia  bona  propria  custo|dia  servata  varietates  verborum 
non  desiderent,  satisque  sit  |  eadem  omnes  bona  fama  digna 
fecisse,  et  quia  adquirere  |  novas  laudes  mulieri  sit  arduom, 


994  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

quom  minoribus  varieta[tibus  vita  iactetur,  necessario   com- 
munia  esse  colenda,3  ne  quod  |  amissum  ex  iustis  praecepteis 
cetera  turpet.  |  Ed  maiorem  laudem  omnium  carissirna  mihi 
mater   meruit,  quod     modestia   probitate   pudicitia  opsequio 
lanificio  diligintia  fide  |  par  similisque  cetereis  probeis  feminis 
fuit,  neque  ulli  cessit  vir|tutis  laboris  sapientiae  periculorum 
praecipuam  aiit  certe.4  ...... 

C.  /.  L.  VI.  10230.  Inscribed  in  letters  of  the  best  period  on  a  large  marble 
slab  found  at  Rome,  where  it  still  exists  in  the  Palace  of  the  Kondinini. 
Mominsen  places  this  inscription  in  the  Augustan  age,  not  later,  because 
of  the  orthography  of  quom,  meriteis,  arduom,  not  earlier,  because  of 
the  use  of  apices,  which  not  only  mark  the  long  vowels,  but,  placed 
between  the  letters,  serve  as  punctuation  marks.  l  Mommsen's  comment 
is  "  Haec  quo  pertineant,  parum  perspicitur,  nisi  quod,  cum  tempore  prae- 
senti  scriptor  utatur,  agi  videtur  non  de  matris,  sed  de  suo  facto  aliquo  ; 
puta  libertis  maternis  quiddam  eum  erogasse,  quod  ipsorum  contributio- 
nibus  ut  augeatur  desideret."  2  Rather  eaque  —  adhibita  et  fide  —facta. 
Mommsen  understands  thus,  cum  in  consilium  adhibuisset  memoriam 
patris  etfidem  suam.  3  Supply  intellegitur.  4  Mommsen  suggests  virtutis 
laboris  sapientiae  periculorum  (id  est  periculorum,  quibus  virtutem  labo- 
rem  sapientiam  comprobarit)  praecipuam  aut  certe  nulli  secundam  memo- 
riam sibi  parans. 

SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS   IN   VERSE 

Elogia  of  the  Scipio  Family 
58.    a)  \_L.  Corneli~\o  On.  f.  Scipio 


6)          Cornelius  Lucius  Scipio  Barbatus, 

Gnaivod  patre    prognatus,  fortis  vir  sapiensque, 
Quoius  forma  virtutei  parisuma    fuit, 
Consol,  censor,  aidilis  quei  fuit  apud  vos, 
Taurasia  Cisauna    Samnio  l  cepit, 
Subigit  omne  Loucanam  opsidesque  abdoucit. 

C.  L  L.  L  29,  30  =  VI.  1284-5.  See  page  232.  Inscribed  on  a  sarcophagus 
of  peperino  found  at  Rome  in  1780,  outside  of  the  Porta  Capena,  on  the 
Via  Appia,  now  in  the  Vatican  Museum.  The  name  of  the  dead  (a)  is 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS  295 

painted  in  red  coloring  (minium}  on  the  lid,  while  the  carmen  (6)  is  cut 
on  the  main  part  of  the  sarcophagus.  L.  Cornelius  Cn.  f.  Scipio  was 
consul  456/298,  censor  464/290.  Ritschl,  Opusc.  IV,  p.  222,  has  shown 
that  the  carmen  (6)  is  more  recent  than  (a),  and  the  inscription  of  the 
son,  No.  60.  The  date  is  not  later  than  234  B.C.  Another  inscription 
which  preceded  this  carmen  has-been  almost  entirely  erased,  only  C~\eso[r 
remaining.  The  metre  is  Saturnian,  with  verses  marked  by  transverse 
lines  cut  in  the  stone.  l  Samnio,  ablative,  according  to  Lachmann, 
Mommsen  and  Wilmanns,  but  see  other  ablative  in  d]  or  accusative, 
according  to  Ritschl,  but  note  other  endings  in  us.  Loucanam,  sc. 
terram.  See  Cic.  Tusc.  I.  7,  13  ;  Pro  Arch.  9,  22  ;  De  Legg.  II.  2,  27. 
Liv.  XXXVIII.  56  ;  XL.  38.  Pliny,  N.  H.  XXXIII.  7,  122. 

59.  \_L.~]  Cornelio  L.  f.  Scipio  [a]idiles,  cosol,1  cesor.2 

C.  I.  L.  I.  31  =  VI.  1286.  inscription  painted  in  red  on  a  fragment  of  a 
sarcophagus  of  peperino,  found  at  Rome  in  1781,  now  in  the  Vatican 
Museum.  1  495/259.  2  496/258. 

60.  Hone  oino  ploirume  cosentiont  R[oma£]  * 
Duonoro  optumo  fuise  viro,2 

Luciom  Scipione.     Filios  3  Barbati, 
Consol,  censor,  aidilis  hie  fuet  &[pud  vos.~\ 
Hec  cepit  Corsica  Aleriaque  urbe,4 
Dedet  Tempestatebus  aide  mereto 5 

C.  /.  L.  I.  32  =  VI.  1287.  See  page  236.  Inscribed  on  a  slab  of  peperino, 
broken  on  the  right  side,  found  at  Rome  in  1614,  now  in  the  Barberini 
Palace.  L.  Cornelius  L.  Barbati  f.  consul  495/259,  censor  496/258,  took 
Corsica,  destroyed  Aleria,  and  triumphed  over  the  Sardinians,  Corsicans, 
Phoenicians  (Zonar.  VIII.  11;  Flor.  I.  18,  10).  1  Eomae  (Sinnond), 
Eomai  (Ritschl)  ;  Rumani  (Grotefend),  Romane  (Mommsen).  2  Ritschl. 
metri  gratia,  supplies  viroro(m)  after  viro.  3  Wolfflin  reads  filiom  for 
fllios.  *  Ritschl  adds  pugnandod.  Wolfflin  (Revue,  de  Philol.  1890) 
considers  no  addition  necessary.  5  Grotefend  adds  lubenter,  Ritschl 
reads  meretod  votam,  Wolfflin  objects  to  any  addition.  Ovid,  Fasti,  VI. 
193,  relates  that  a  temple  of  the  Tempestatcs  was  dedicated  by  a  Scipio. 

61.  Quei  apice  insigne1  Dialps./fjaminis  gesistei,  | 
Mors  perfe[cft]  tua  ut  essent  omnia  |  brevia, 
Honos  fama  virtu sque    gloria  atque  ingenium, 
Quibus  sei  |  in  longa  licu[i]set  tibe  utier  vita,  | 


296  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

Facile  facteis  superases  gloriam    maiorum. 
Qua  re  lubens  te  in  gremiu,  |  Scipio,  recip[i]t 
Terra,  Publi,    prognatum  Public,  Cornell. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  33  =  VI.  1288.  See  page  240.  Inscribed  on  the  front  of  a 
sarcophagus  of  peperino  found  in  1780,  now  in  the  Vatican  Museum. 
P.  Cornelius  P.  f.  Scipio,  flamen  Dialis,  who  died  when  a  young  man, 
has  not  been  identified  with  certainty.  He  is  believed  by  some  to  have 
been  the  son  of  Africanus  Maior,  adoptive  fathei  of  Africanus  Minor, 
who  is  referred  to  in  Cic.  Cato  Maior,  2,  53  ;  De  Off.  I.  33,  121 ;  Brut. 
19,  77.  Veil.  I.  10.  1insigne  is  neuter.  2Join  tua  omnia.  3  Cf .  the 
Greek  yata  KO\TTOLS  e5e£aro,  Cic.  De  Legg.  II.  60.  Mommsen  places  the 
close  of  his  life  between  550/204  and  590/154.  The  double  consonants 
in  essent  and  terra,  point  to  the  latter  part  of  sixth  century  A.U.C., 
although  note  gesistei,  superases,  licuiset- 

62.  L.  Cornell.  L.  f.  P.[n]  [  Scipio,  quaist.,1    tr.  mil.,  annos  | 
gnatus  XXXIII  |  mortuos.     Pater    regem  Antioco  subegit. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  33  =  VI.  1296.  Inscribed  on  a  slab  originally  forming  part  of  a 
sarcophagus  of  tufa,  now  in  the  Vatican  Museum.  *  587/167  (Livy, 
XLV.  44). 

63.  Cn.  Cornelius  Cn.  f.  Scipio  Hispanus  |  pr.,  aid.  cur.,  q.,  tr.  mil.  II, 

X  vir  si.  iudik.  |  X  vir  sacr.  fac. 

Virtutes  generis  mieis  moribus  accumulavi, 
Progeniem 1  genui,  facta  patris  petiei. 
Maiorum  optenui  laudem,  ut  sibei  me  esse  creatum, 
Laetentur;  stirpem  nobilitavit  honor. 

C.  /.  L.  I.  38  =  VI.  1295.  Inscribed  on  three  tablets  of  peperino  found  at 
Rome  in  1782.  The  first  of  these  is  now  lost;  the  others  are  in  the 
Vatican  Museum.  Cn.  Cornelius  Scipio  Hispanus,  son  of  Cn.  Cornelius 
Scipio  Hispallus,  cos.  578/176,  was  sent  in  605/139  to  receive  the  arms 
from  the  Carthaginians  (Appian.  Lib.  80),  became  praetor  in  615/139 
(Val.  Max.  I.  3.  3,  where  he  is  styled  Hispallus).  1  On  the  stone  after 
progeniem  there  is  a  line  which  Mommsen  joined  with  the  preceding 
letter  and  read  progenie  mi  =  progeniem  mihi.  Ritschl  gives  the  above 
reading,  Opusc.  IV.,  p.  539. 

64.  L.  Cornelius  Cn.  f.  Cn.  n.  Scipio 
Magna  sapientia  |  multasque  virtutes 


SEPULCHRAL   INSCRIPTIONS  297 

Aetate  quom  parva  |  posidet  hoc  saxsum. 

Quoiei  vita  defecit,  non  |  honos  honore.1 

Is  hie  situs  quei  nunquam  |  victus  est  virtutei. 

Annos  gnatus  XX  is    d[w]eis2  m[a?i]datus 

Ne  quairatis  honore3  |  quei  minus  sit  mand[a^]u[s]. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  34,  VI.  1289.  See  page  235.  Inscribed  on  a  tablet  of  peperino 
from  a  sarcophagus  found  at  Rome,  now  in  the  Vatican  Museum. 
Visconti,  Mommsen,  and  Ritschl  have  conjectured  that  this  Scipio  was 
the  grandson  of  Calvus,  consul,  532/222  (Livy,  XXI.  32),  son  of  His- 
pallus,  who  died  in  the  consulship  578/17(>  (Livy,  XLI.  20),  and  the 
younger  brother  of  Cn.  Cornelius  Scipio  Hispanus  (No.  63).  l  honore, 
accusative  according  to  Lachmann,  Ritschl,  Buecheler ;  dative  according 
to  others.  2  Mommsen  reads  loceis  =  sepulcro,  Ritschl,  Diteist,  Lach- 
mann leto  est.  3  Visconti  interprets  honorem  quern  non  acceperit ; 
Ritschl,  cur  minus  honore  sit  mandatus.  Lachmann  (Lucr. ,  p.  245) 
expresses  it  thus,  honore  quei  minus  sit  mactus,  on  the  ground  that 
the  stone  cutter  has  repeated  mandatus  instead  of  inscribing  mactatus. 


Iambic  Senarii 

65.  Hospes,  quod  deico,  paullum  est,  asta  ac  pellege. 
Heic  est  sepulcrum  hau  pulcrum  pulcrai  feminae. 
Nomen  parentes  nominarunt  Claudiam. 

.Suom  mareitum  corde  deilexit  souo. 
Gnatos  duos  creavit.     Horunc  alterum 
In  terra  linquit,  alium1  sub  terra  locat. 
Sermone  lepido,  turn  autem  incessu  commodo. 
'  Domum  servavit.     Lanam  fecit.     Dixi.     Abei. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  1007  =  VI.  1534G.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  in  copy.  This 
carmen  belongs  probably  to  the  Gracchan  period.  1  The  writer  has 
avoided  altrum.  Buecheler's  (Anthologia  Latina,  Car.  Ep.  52)  comment 
is  par  huic  exemplum  haud  facile  inveneris  apiid  antiques,  nam  differunt 
talia  —  ex  alio  terrain  status  excipit  alter  (Lucret.  V.  832,  IV.  """"" 

Choliambus 

66.  luenis l  Sereni  triste  cernitis  marmor, 
Pater  supremis  quod  sacravit  et  frater 


298  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Pietate  mira  perditum  dolens  fratrem, 
Quern  flevit  omuls  planctibus  novis  turba, 
Quod  interisset l  forma,  flos,  pudor  simplex. 
Dole  meator,  quisquis  hoc  legis  carmen, 
2Et  ut  meretur  anima,  lacrimam  accomoda. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  1275.  Found  at  Nola,  preserved  in  copy.  Above  the  verse  is 
the  inscription,  M .  St  .  .  .  o  M.  f.  Pal(atincC)  P  .  .  .  co  Fisio  Sereno 
liutilio  Caesiano  II  viro  auguri,  vixit  ann.  XXXI  mensib.  XI  diebus 
XVIII.  —written  below,  ipsiits  pater  miser  rimus.  The  inscription  dates 
no  earlier  than  the  time  of  Hadrian.  1  Others  read  invents  and  interis- 
sent.  2  The  last  line  is  iambic  trimeter.  Buecheler  suggests  that  lacrimam 
adsperge  would  make  a  choliambus. 

Iambic  Dimeter 

67.  Genitor  lunonem  dedicat 

Alteque  Pompeiae  locat. 
Levameii  hoc  doloribus 
Lacrimisque  pausam  credidit. 
At  mine  videndo  iugiter 
Et  fletum  et  gemitus  integrat. 

C.  7.  L.  VII I.  251.  Suppl.  11405.  Inscribed  on  a  stone  found  at  Sbitla 
(Sufetula)  Africa.  Note  the  acrostic  Gallae. 


Hexameter 

68.  Vidi  pyramidas  sine  te  dulcissime  frater, 

Et  tibi  quod  potui/  lacrimas  hie  maesta  profudi 
Et  nostri  memorem  luctus  hanc  sculpo  querelam.2 
Sic  nomen  Decimi  Gentiani  pyramide  alta 
Pontificis  comitisque  tuis,  Traiane,  triumphis 
Lustra[g^e]  3  sex  intra  censoris  consulis  exst[e£].3 

C.  7.  L.  III.  21  ;  Suppl.  6625.  Inscribed  on  a  pyramid  at  Gize,  Egypt, 
existing  in  a  copy.  l  Catullus  68,  149.  Ovid,  Fasti,  V.  472.  2  Horace, 
Carm.  III.  11,  50.  3  These  are  conjectures  of  Buecheler.  The  second 
triumph  of  Trajan  occurred  in  106  A.D. 


HONORARY   INSCRIPTIONS  299 

Elegiac  Verse 

69.  Viva  Philematium  sum  |  Amelia  nominitata,  | 

Casta,  pudens,  volgei  |  nescia,  feida  viro  | 
Vir  conleibertus  fuit  |  eidem,  quo  careo    eheu !  | 
Ree  fuit  ee  vero  plus    superaque  parens.  | 
Septem  me  naatam  |  annorum  gremio    ipse  recepit ; 
Quadraginta  |  annos  nata  necis  potior.  |- 
Ille  meo  officio  |  adsiduo  florebat  ad  omnis. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  9499.  Inscribed  on  a  tablet  of  travertine  found  on  the  old  Via 
Nomentana,  Rome,  now  in  the  British  Museum. 

HONORARY   INSCRIPTIONS 

F^LOUIA 

1.  a)   L.  Aem(j7]ius   L.  f.  Paullus  |  co[s.  //],  cens.,  augur  |  tr[?']- 

umphavit  ter. 

b)  P.  Cornelius  Paulli  f«  Scipio    Africanus  cos.  II,  cens.,  |  augur 

triumphavit  II. 

c)  [Q]  Fabius  Q.  f.  Maxsumus  |  aed.  cur. 

d)  Q.  Fabius  Q.  f.  Maxsumus  aed.  cur.  rest. 

C.  L  L.  I.2  xxiv.,  xxv.,  xxvi. ;  d,  vol.  VI.  1303.  Inscribed  on  blocks  of 
travertine  found  in  the  Forum  Romanum  in  1546,  but  destroyed  in  the 
latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  hence  existing  only  in  a  copy. 
These  inscriptions  adorned  the  Arch  of  Fabius  built  by  Q.  Fabius  Maxi- 
mus  Allobrogicus,  consul  633/121,  and  restored  by  Q.  Fabius  Maxinms, 
curule  aedile  about  698/56.  This  restitution  is  referred  to  by  Cicero  in 
Oratio  in  Vatiniutn  11.  28  :  Nihil  Maximus  fecit  alienum  aut  sua  virtute 
aut  iUis  clarissimis  Paullis,  Maximis,  Africanis,  quorum  gloriam  huius 
virtute  renovatum  non  modo  speramus,  verum  etiam  iam  videmus. 
Paullus,  cos.  572/182  and  586/178,  was  the  father  of  Q.  Fabius  Maxi- 
mus Aemilianus,  cos.  609/135,  and  ancestor  of  Maximus,  who  restored 
the  arch.  From  his  being  saluted  imperator  three  times,  three  triumphs 
are  wrongly  assigned  to  him  instead  of  two,  as  here  and  in  Velleius  I.  9. 
Scipio  Africanus  Minor,  cos.  607/147  and  620/134,  was  the  son  of 
Paullus,  and  brother  of  Fabius  Maximus  Aemilianus. 

2.  Ap.  Claudius  |  q.  urb.,1  |  cos  2  cum  P.  |  Servilio  Prpsco]. 


300  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  L  L.  I.2  XXXI.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  in  copy.  J  Cf.  Momm. 
Staatsr.  II.8  533.  2  259/495. 

3.  a)  [P.  Claudius  Ap.  f.  P.  n.  Pulcher    colono^s  adscripsit  Gales, 

cos.1  cum  |  \_L.  Porcio,  III  vir~\  coloniam  deduxit  Graviscam.2 
b)  \_C.  Claudius  Ap.  f.  C.  n.  Pulcher']    q.,  Ill  vir  a.  a.  a.  f.  f.,  aed. 
cur.,  index  q.  veneficis,3  pr:  |  repetundis,  curator  vis  sternendis, 
cos.4  cum  M.  Perperna. 

C.  L  L.  I.2  XXXII.,  XXXIII.  Inscribed  on  a  stone  formerly  used  as  a  door- 
step of  the  Church  of  S.  Martino  ai  Monti,  Rome.  Fragments  of  this 
stone,  which  are  now  in  the  Capitoline  Museum,  were  found  near  the 
church  in  1879.  1  570/184.  2  Cf.  Livy,  XL.  29.  3  Cf.  Momm.  Staatsr. 
II.8  573.  4  662/92. 

4.  M.  Valerius  M.  f.  M'.  [n.]  |  Messalla,  pontife[af|,  |  tr.  mil.  II,  q., 

pr.  urb.,  co[s.],  |  V  vir  a.  d.  a.  i.,  interr[e#]  |  III,  censor. 

C.  L  L.  I.2  XL.  Inscribed  on  travertine,  found  behind  the  Basilica  of 
Constantine,  now  in  the  Palazzo  dei  Conservatori.  It  refers  to  M. 
Valerius  Messalla,  consul  693/61,  quinquevir  agris  dandis  adsignandis 
iudicandis  695/59  (Cic.  De  Prov.  Cons.  17,  41  ;  Ad.  Att.  2,  7,  4)  ; 
interrex  699/55,  701/53,  702/52  ;  censor  699/55-700/54.  On  the  same 

stone  appears M.  n.  |  .  .  .  inus,  referring  probably  to  his  son, 

M.  Valerius  Messalla  Corvinus,  consul  723/31. 

5.  C.  Octavius  C.  f.  C.  n.  C.  pr[orc.]     pater  Augusti,  |  tr.  mil.  bis.,  q., 

aed.  pi.  cum  C.  Toranio,  |  iiidex  quaestionum,  |  pr.,  pro  cos., 
imperator  appellatus  ex  provincia  Macedonia. 

C.  I.  L.  I.2  XXIX.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  existing 
in  a  copy.  The  following  remnant  of  another  inscription  given  with  the 
above  may  perhaps  be  assigned  to  C.  lulius  Caesar,  father  of  the  Dicta- 
tor,   Caesar  | i  | ic.  q.  pr.  | cos. 

in  Asia.  C.  Octavius,  father  of  Augustus,  was  praetor  in  693/61  ;  then 
obtained  Macedonia  as  his  province.  On  his  return  from  his  province 
he  died  (Suet.  Aug.  4).  This  and  the  two  following  inscriptions  Momm- 
sen  believes  to  have  belonged  to  a  sacrarium  of  the  domus  Augustae, 
where  the  imagines  of  the  imperial  and  allied  families  were  exhibited. 

6.  C.  lulius  L.  f.  Caesar      Strabo,  |  aed.   cur.,  tr.  mil.  bis,  X  vir 

agr.  dand.  adtr.  iud.,  pontif. 


HONORARY   INSCRIPTIONS  301 

C.  I.  L.  I.2  XXVII.  Found  at  Rome,  where  it  is  said  by  writers  of  the 
fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries  to  have  been  inscribed  on  a  wall  near 
the  Forum  Augusti,  existing  in  copy.  Strabo  was  curule  aedile  in 
064/90.  He  is  often  mentioned  by  Cicero.  Cf.  Teuffel-Schwabe-Warr, 
Hist,  of  Roman  Literature,  153,  3. 

7.  M.  Livius  M.  f.  C.  n.  Drusus  pontifex,  tr.  mil.,  X  vir  stlit.  iudic., 

tr.  pi.,  X  vir  a.  d.  a.  lege  sua  et  eodem  anno  V  vir  a.  d.  a.  lege 
Saufe[i]a,  in  magistrate,  occisus  est. 

C.  I  L.  I.2  XXX.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  in  a  copy  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  This  refers  to  the  famous  tribune  of  the  plebs  of  663/91,  in 
regard  to  whose  laws  see  Liv.  Ep.  71 ;  Appian,  B.  C.  I.  35  ;  De  Viris 
Illustrious,  c.  66. 

ELOGIA  OF  THE  FORUM  OF  AUGUSTUS 

8.  M'.  Valerius  |  Volusi  f.   |  Maximus,  |  dictator,1  augur.  Primus2 

quam  ullum  magistratum  gereret,  |  dictator  dictus  est.  Tri- 
umphavit  |  de  Sabmis  et  Medullinis.  Plebem  de  Sacro  monte 
deduxit,  gratiam  |  cum  patribus  reconciliavit ;  faejnore  gravi 
populum  senatus,  hoc  |  eius  rei  auctore,  liberavit.  Sellae  | 
curulis  locus  ipsi  posterisque  |  ad  Murciae  spectandi  caussa 
datus  est.  Princeps  in  senatum  semel  |  lectus  est. 

C. 1.  L.  I.2  V.  =  XI.  1826.  Inscribed  on  a  small  marble  base,  in  the  upper  part 
of  which  a  bust  was  probably  inserted;  found  at  Arezzo  (Arretium),  where 
it  exists  in  the  public  museum.  1 260/494  (Liv.  II.  30).  2  For  prius. 

V).  Appius  Claudius  C.  f.  Caecus,  |  censor,  cos.  bis,  diet.,  iiiterrex 
III,  pr.  II,  aed.  cur.  II,  q.,  tr.  mil.  III.  Com|plura  oppida  de 
Samnitibus  cepit ;  |  Sabinorum  et  Tuscorum  e>j£rci  turn  fudit ; 
pacem  fieri  cum  [P]yrrho  rege  prohibuit.  In  censura  viam  | 
Appiam  stravit  et  aquam  in  urbem  adduxit ;  aedem  Bellonae  | 
fecit. 

C.  /.  L.  I.2  X  =  XI.  1827.  Inscribed  on  a  small  marble  base  found  at 
Arezzo  (Arretium),  now  in  the  museum  at  Florence.  Fragments  con- 
taining a  few  letters  of  the  original  of  the  above  inscription  were  found 

in  the  Forum  Augusti  at  Rome  in  1889.     They  are a  oppi, m  et 

Tus , ri  cu , 1  aq , ae  fe .    Cf .  Lanciani,  Bull. 

Comun.  1889,  p.  77.  Appius  Claudius  was  censor  in  442/312  and  consul 
417/307  and  458/21^  Ci  r .ivy,  X.  22  ;  Cic.  Brut.  14,  55. 


302  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


10.    C.  Marius  C.  f.  |  cos.  VII,  pr.,  tr.  pi.,  q.,  augur,1  tr.  mil.2  |  Extra 
sortem  bellum  cum  lugurtha3    rege  Numid.4  cos.  gessit.    Eum 


cepit  |  et  triuniphan  s  in  secundo  consulatu    ante  currum  suiun 


duci  iussit.  Tertium  consul5  apsens6  creatus  est.  IIII  cos. 
Teutonorum  exercitum  |  delevit.  V  cos.  Cimbros  fugavit,7 
ex  |  ieis8  et  Teutonis  iterum  triumphavit.  |  Bern  p.9  turbatain 


seditionibus  tr.  pi.  |  et  praetor.,  quei 10-  armati  Capitolium 
occupaverunt,  VI  cos,  vindicavit.  |  Post  LXX  annum  patria 
per  arma  |  civilia  expulsus  armis  restitutus  VII  cos.  factus 
est.  De  manubiis  Cimbris  et  Teuton,  aedem  Honori  |  et 
Virtuti  victor  fecit.  Veste  |  triumphali  calceis  patriciis  [in 
senatum  venit]  .  .  . 

C.  /.  L.  I.,2  p.  195,  and  XI.  1831.  This  inscription,  found  at  Arezzo 
(Arretiuin),  exists  in  a  copy  made  in  the  fourteenth  century.  Part  of 
the  original  inscription  which  once  stood  in  the  forum  Augusti  at  Koine 
exists  on  small  fragments  of  marble,  one  of  which  was  found  in  the 
fifteenth  century  and  is  now  at  Naples  (VI.  1315),  the  others  were  dis- 
covered in  1876  in  the  Villa  Aldobrandini  (Ephem.  Ep.  IV.  1817).  The 
portions  of  the  inscription  which  appear  on  the  fragments  found  at  Rome 
are  indicated  by  the  lines.  The  readings  of  the  copy  from  Arretiuin 
differ  from  those  given  above,  as  follows  :  l  aug.,  2  tr.  militum.,  3  lugurta, 
4  Numidiae,  5cos.,  Gabsens,  ~  fudit,  8iJs,  gpub.,  10  qui.  C.  Marius  was 
consul  seven  times,  647/107  /1G4-654/100 ;  668/86,  praetor  639/115 
(Cic.  De  Off.  3,  20,  19),  t.  _u*  piebis  635/119  (Plutarch,  Mar.  4), 
tribunus  militum  a populo  (Sail.  Jug.  63),  augur  (Cic.  Ad  Brut.  1,  5,  3). 
For  the  vestis  triumphalis  cf.  Liv.  Ep.  67,  Marius  triumphali  veste  in 
senatum  venit,  quod  nemo  ante  eum  fecerat;  Plut.  Mar.  12. 


OTHER  ELOGIA  or  EARLY  ROMANS 

11.   Fert.  Erresius,1  |   rex   Aequeicolus.      Is  preimus      ius  fetiale 
paravit;    inde  p.  K.  |  discipleinam  excepit. 

C.  I.  L.  I.,2  p.  202.  Inscribed  in  letters  of  the  first  century  on  a  little 
column  of  peperino  found  on  the  Palatine,  now  in  the  Baths  of 
Diocletian.  This  is  an  inscription  of  the  imperial  period  affecting 
archaic  forms.  l  Mommsen  believes  that  Fertor  Eesius  was  intended. 
He  is  mentioned  as  the  inventor  of  the  ius  fetiale  in  De  Rm  Illustribus 
5,  and  in  De  Praenominibus,  §  1. 


HONORARY  INSCRIPTIONS  303 

12.  Lavinia  Latini  |  filia 

Silvius  Aeneas,    Aeneae  et  Lavi|niae  filius. 

C.  L  L.  I.,2  p.  189  =  XIV.  2067,  2068.  Inscribed  on  two  pedestals,  dating 
probably  in  the  second  century  A.D.,  found  at  Pratiea,  ancient  Lavinium. 

13.  Romulus   Martis       [/]ilius.      Urbem   Rdmam       [co?idf)dit   et 

regnayit  annds  duodequadraginta.  Isque  |  primus  dux  duce 
hostium  Acrone  rege  Caeninensium  |  interfecto  spolia 
opi[wa] l  |  lovi  Feretrio  consecra[t^J  receptusque  in  de- 
oru[?tt]  numerum  Quirinu[s]  appellatu[s  esf]. 

C.  I.  L.  I.,2  p.  189  =  X.  809.  Inscribed  on  "a  pedestal  found  at  Pompeii, 
now  in  the  public  museum  at  Naples.  l  Livy,  IV.  19.  Propert.  V.  10. 
Festus  under  opima,  p.  186.  Val.  Max.  III.  2,  3. 

14.  Quintus  Hortensius. 

C.  /.  L.  I.,2  p.  202  =  VI.  1309.  Inscribed  on  a  small  pedestal  now  in  the 
Villa  Albani.  This  inscription  belongs  to  the  first  century  A.D.,  or 
perhaps  dates  somewhat  earlier.  The  praenomen  written  in  full  points 
to  a  Greek  workman. 

15.  M.  Cicero,  an.  LXIIII. 

C.  L  L.  I.,2  p.  202  =  VI.  1325.  Inscrib  d  under  a  marble  bust  which  is 
preserved  at  Madrid,  Spain.  ?•  "°  i^?rnoulli,  Horn.  Ikonographie,  I., 
p.  135.  This  inscription  dates  about  the  time  of  Cicero,  who  was  born 
Jan.  3,  648/106,  and  died  Dec.  7,  711/43. 


ELOGIA  OF  THE  FORUM  OF  TRAJAN 

16.  M.  Claudio  \_TL~\  f.  Q[ta>.]  |  Fronton!  cos.,1  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
prdvinciarum  Daciarum  et  super,  simul  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr. 
provincia.  Daciar.  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  Moesiae  super.  Daciae 
Apulesis,2  simul  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  pro  vinciae  Moesiae  super.,3 
comiti  divi  Veri  |  Aug.,  donato  donis  militarib.  bello  Ar  meni- 
acd  et  Parthicd  ab  imperatore  Antdnind  Aug.  et  a  divo  Vero 
Aug.  corona  |  mural!  item  vallari  item  classica  item  aurea 
item  liastis  puris  IIII  item  v[e]xillis  |  IIII,4  curator!  operum 


304  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

locdrumq.  publicdr.,  misso  ad  iuventutem  per  Italiam  legen-| 
dam,5  leg.  Augg.  pr.  pr.  exercitus  legidnarii  |  et  auxilidr.6  per 
Orientem  in  Armeniam  et  Osrhoenam  et  Anthemusiam 7  ducto-| 
rum,  leg.  Augg.  legioni  primae  Minervi|ae  in  exspeditionem 
Parthicam  deducen|dae,  leg.  divi  Antonini  Aug.  leg,  XI  CL, 
prae|tdri,  aedili  curuli  ab  actis  senatus,  quae|stdri  urbano,  X 
viro  stlitibus  iudicandis.  Huic  senatus  auctor[e]  imperatore 
M.  Aujrelid  Antdnino  |  Aug.  Armeniaco  Medico  |  Parthico 
maximo,  quod  post  aliquot  se|cunda  proelia  adversum  Ger- 
manos  et  lazyges  ad  postremum  pro  r.  p.  fortiter  |  pugnans 
ceciderit,8  armatam  statuam  [poni']  \  in  foro  divi  Traiani 
pecunia  publica  cenjswY]. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1377.  Found  at  Rome  in  the  Forum  of  Trajan,  existing  only 
in  copy.  Claudius  Fronto,  according  to  Lucian,  was  mentioned  in  some 
history  of  the  Parthian  war  of  L.  Verus.  Another  inscription  found  in 
Dacia,  referring  to  him,  is  given  in  C.  I.  L.  III.  1457.  l  He  was  consul 
suffectus  in  166,  or  somewhat  earlier.  2  There  appears  to  be  some  con- 
fusion and  discrepancy  here.  Mommsen  has  suggested  as  the  reading  on 
the  stone,  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  provinciarum  Daciarum  trium,  prov.  Daciae 
Maluensis,  prov.  Daciae  Porolissensis,  prov.  Daciae  Apulesis.  For  this 
triple  division  of  the  province  of  Dacia  see  Marquardt,  Staatsv.  I.,2 
p.  309.  3  He  appears  to  have  been  legatus  of  Dacia  and  Moesia  Superior 
in  169  and  170.  4  The  number  of  the  dona  militaria  indicates  that 
Fronto  was  consularis  when  he  received  them.  5  See  Momm.  Staatsr. 
II.,3  p.  850,  note  3.  6  This  legatio  was  assigned  extra  ordinem.  See 
Momm.  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  853.  7  Anthemusia  is  a  district  of  Mesopotamia. 
8  Borghesi  declares  that  Fronto  did  not  die  before  170,  but  was  killed  in 
battle  while  he  was  in  charge  of  the  provinces  of  Dacia  and  Moesia. 

17.  \_Cl.~]  Claudiani  v.  c.1  |  [C7a]udio  Claudiano  v.  c.  tri[&M]no  et 
notario  inter  ceteras  [de]centes  artes  praegloriosissimo  | 
[po]etarum,  licet  ad  memoriam  sem|piternam  carmina  ab 
eodem  scripta  sufficiant,  adtamen  |  testimonii  gratia  ob 
iudicii  sui  |  [/]idem  dd.  nn.  Arcadius  et  Honorius  2  |  [/]eli- 
cissimi  ac  doctissimi  imperatores,  senatu  petente,  |  statuam 
in  foro  divi  Traiani  |  erigi  collocarique  iusserunt. 
/3ipyi\iOLo  voov  |  KOL  fjLovvav  'O/x^pov  KAavSiavov  ' 
e^ecrav. 


HONORARY   INSCRIPTIONS 

(7.  /.  Z.  VI.  1710.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  now  in  the 
museum  of  Naples.  l  v(iri)  c(larissimi).  2  395-408.  In  elogia  and 
honorary  inscriptions  of  the  later  period  there  frequently  appears  above 
the  inscriptions,  or  in  some  prominent  position  on  the  pedestal,  the  name 
of  the  person  to  whom  the  inscription  refers.  This  may  be  simply  a 
cognomen,  or  more  rarely  the  fuller  form  of  the  name  as  here,  and  may 
be  in  the  genitive  or  dative  case,  so  here  the  first  words  are  separate 
from  the  remainder  of  the  inscription.  The  cognomen,  if  thus  placed 
aside,  is  repeated  in  some  cases  or  omitted  in  the  repetition  of  the  name 
which  follows. 

TlTULI    HONORARII 

18.  Italicei    L.  Cornelium  Sc[/p]i[o>ie]m    honoris  caussa. 

(7.  /.  L.  X.  7459.  Found  near  Castel  Tusa  in  the  ruins  of  old  Halaesa, 
existing  in  a  copy.  Mommsen  believes  this  is  L.  Cornelius  Scipio,  after- 
wards termed  Asiagenus,  who  was  praetor  in  Sicily  in  561/193.  Livy, 
XXXIV.  54,  55;  Cic.  De  Orat.  II.  09,  280.  This  is  then  the  oldest 
honorary  inscription  attached  to  a  statue.  It  is  in  the  Greek  form.  See 
page  243. 

19.  L.  Manlius   L.  f.  |  Acidinus J   triu.   vir 2     Aquileiae   coloniae  | 

deducundae. 

C.  L  L.  I.  538  =  V.  873.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Padua,  whither 
it  had  been  carried  from  Aquileia,  existing  in  two  parts,  of  which  the 
upper  is  now  in  the  museum  at  Cattajo,  near  Padua,  the  lower  at 
Vicenza.  l  The  name  appears  in  the  Fasti,  L.  Manlius  L.  f.  Acidinus 
Fulvianus  (cos.  575/179).  2  In  the  year  573/181,  together  with  P.  Cor- 
nelius Scipio  Nasica  and  C.  Flaminius  (Livy,  XL.  34,  cf.  XXXIX.  55). 
The  inscription  probably  dates  not  long  after  the  founding  of  the  colony, 
judging  from  the  form  of  the  name  and  the  nom.  case  of  the  name  of  the 
one  honored. 

20.  C.  lulius  Caesar  pontif. 

0.  /.  L.  V.  4305.  Inscribed  on  the  epistylium  of  a  column  found  at  Brescia 
(Brixia),  where  it  still  exists,  though  broken  into  five  pieces.  As  there 
is  no  trace  of  the  abbreviation  Max.,  Mommsen  believes  that  Augustus 
is  here  referred  to,  and  that  the  inscription,  dating  710/44,  was  made 
immediately  after  his  adoption  by  the  dictator,  for  he  was  appointed 
pontifex  in  706/48,  after  the  battle  of  Pharsalia. 
LAT.  INSCRIP.  —  20 


306  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

21.  L.  Cornelio  L.  f.  |  Sullae  Felici    dictator!,  |  vicus  laci  Fund.1 

O.  I.  L.  I.  584  =  VI.  1297.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  of  travertine  found  at 
Rome  on  the  Quirinal  Hill,  now  in  the  museum  at  Naples.  Coins  and 
various  writers  inform  us  that  an  equestrian  statue  was  erected  in  front 
of  the  rostra  to  Sulla  the  dictator  in  674/80  or  675/79.  Appian,  B.  C. 
1.97;  Cic.  Phil.  IX.  6.  13;  Veil.  II.  61;  Suet.  Caes.  75.  1  vicus  laci 
Fund(anii).  Another  inscription  (Henzen,  7272)  refers  to  this  lacus, 
M.  Claudius  Priscus  redemptor  a  laco  Fundani. 

22.  Cn.  Pompeio  Cn.  f.  |  Magno  |  imper.  iter. 

C.  L  L.  XI.  2104.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  of  travertine  found  at  Chiusi 
(Clusiuin),vwhere  it  exists  to-day  in  the  museum. 

23.  M.  Acilio  M.  f.  Canino  |  q.  urb.  |  negotiatores  ex  area-|  Saturni. 

C.  L  L.  XIV.  153.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Ostia,  now  in 
the  Vatican  Museum.  Mommsen  has  set  the  date  as  earlier  than  726/28, 
in  which  year  the  cura  aerarii  Saturni  was  taken  away  from  the 
quaestors. 

24.  P.  Silio  leg.  pro  |  pr.  patrono,  |  colonel. 

C.  L  L.  II.  3414.  Found  at  Carthagena,  Spain,  where  it  is  still  preserved 
in  the  public  buildings.  The  reference  is  to  P.  Silius  Nerva,  consul 
734/20.  Cf.  Velleius,  II.  90.  The  brevity  of  the  inscription,  leg.  pro  pr., 
standing  for  leg.  Aug.  pro  pr.,  the  form  of  the  letters,  and  the  mention 
of  the  coloni,  point  to  a  date  near  that  of  his  consulship. 

25.  L.  Poplilio  C.  f.    Flacco  |  poplice  statuta. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  5845.    Found  at  Ferentino  (Ferentinum),  where  it  still  exists. 

26.  C.  Annio  L.  f .  |  Qnir.  Flavo,  luliobrigens.  |  ex  gente  Canta|brorum 

provincia  Hispa|nia  Citerior.  ob  causas  utilita|tesque  publicas 
fideliter  et  con|stanter  defensas. 

C.  I.  L.  II.  4192.  Found  at  Tarragona  (Tarraco),  Spain,  existing  only  in 
copy. 

27.  Aurelio  Sym|phoro  Aug.  lib.,      oficiali  veteri  a  memo|ria  et  a 

diplomatibus,  exornato  ornament.  decurionalibus,  |  ordo 
splendidissim.  |  civi  ob  amorem  et  instantiam  erga  |  patriam  I 
civesque. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  1727.  Found  at  Pozzuoli  (Puteoli),  where  it  is  preserved  in  the 
public  museum. 


HONORARY  INSCRIPTIONS  307 

28.  L.  Gabon!1  Arunculeio    Pacilio2  Fab.  Severe  c.  v,    iurid.  reg. 

Transpad.,  |  pro  cos.  desig.  prov.  |  Cypri,    avunculo  karissimo, 
suffragiis  ems  ad  fisci  |  advocationes  promotus  |  L.  Valerius  ) 
Marcellinus  |  1.  d.,  nepos,  d.  d. 

C.  I.  L.  V.  4332.  Found  at  Brescia  (Brixia),  existing  now  in  copy.  Cf. 
also  V.  4333,  an  inscription  of  the  father  of  Aranculeius.  l  The  nom. 
case  is  Gabo.  Wilmanns  reads  P.  Acilio. 

29.  C.  Vallio    Maximiano  |  proc.  provinciar.  |  Macedoniae  Lusi|taniae 

Mauretan.  Tingitanae,  fortis|simo  duel,  res  p.  Italicens.  ob  | 
merita  et  quot  |  provinciam  Baetic.  |  caesis  hostibus  |  paci 
pristinae  restituerit.  |  (On  the  right  side)  Dedicata  anno  |  Licini 
victoris  et  |  Fabi  Aeliani  II  viror.  pr.  kal.  lanuar. 

C.  L  L.  II.  1120.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Sevilla  (Hispalis), 
Spain,  where  it  is  preserved  in  the  museum.  Hiibner  believes  Maximi- 
anus  to  have  been  procurator  of  Marcus  and  Verus,  arid  refers  to  the 
words  of  Capitolinus  in  Vita  Marci,  c.  21,  cum  Mauri  Hispanias  prope 
omnes  vastarent  res  per  legatos  bene  gestae  sunt.  Wilmanns,  because  of 
the  form  kal,  which  dates  from  the  time  of  Commodus,  also  because  of 
e.  v.,  which  occurs  in  another  inscription  of  the  same  man  (II.  2015), 
and  dates  after  the  time  of  the  Antonines,  places  the  inscription  in  the 
reign  of  Severus  and  Caracalla. 

30.  honor!1    M.  Gavi  M.  f.  |  Fob.  Squilliani  |  eq.  pub.,  IIII  vir.  i.  d., 

IHIvir.  a.  p.,  v.  b.,2  |  curator!.3  Vicetinor.,  apparitores  et 
limocincti  |  tribunalis  eius. 

C.  I.  L.  V.  3401.  Inscribed  on  a  large  bronze  tablet  found  at  Verona, 
where  it  still  exists  in  the  museum.  l  This  form  belongs  to  the  third 
century.  2 quattuorvir  a(edilicia)  p(otestate),  v(iro~)  b(pno}.  scuratoris. 

31.  Aster!!.1  |  L.  Turcio  Aproniano  v.  c.,    filio  L.  Turci  Aproniani  v. 

c.  |  praefecti  urbi,2  nepoti  |  L.  Turci  Secundi  c.  v.  consulis,  | 
quaestor!,  praetor!,  quindecem|viro  sacris  faciundis,  correc|tori 
Tusciae  et  Umbriae,  omni  |  virtute  praestanti,  statuam  |  ex 
aere  ordo  Spoletinorum  |  ad  memoriam  perpetui  nominis  |  con- 
locavit,  |  curantibus  Flavio  Spe  v.  p.  et  Codonio  Tauro  iun.  | 
Post  Amanti  et  Albini  cons.3 


308  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1768.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Home,  where 
it  still  exists.  l  For  this  form  of  inscription,  which  dates  from  the  third 
century,  and  is  common  after  time  of  Diocletian,  see  page  305,  note. 
2praefectus  urbi  in  339  A.D.  3  The  year  346  is  referred  to. 

32.  singularis  integritatis  et  bonitatis  exsimiae 1  M.  Aur.  Consio 
Quarto  |  Iimiori  c.  v.  corrector!  Flaminie  et  Piceni,2  pontifici 
maiori,  promagistro  iterum,3  j  duodecim  viro ;  |  Anconitani  et 
Fanestres  clientes  |  patrono. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1700.  Inscribed  on  a  pedestal  found  at  Rome,  now  in  the 
Capitoline  Museum.  l  From  the  latter  part  of  the  third  century  lauda- 
tory words  were  often  placed  before  the  name  of  the  one  honored. 
2  Correctores  Flaminiae  et  Piceni  as  viri  clarissimi  are  found  from  313 
to  about  350  ;  afterwards  they  are  termed  consulares.  The  inscription, 
therefore,  belongs  to  the  former  period.  3  promagister  pontijicum; 
from  the  time  of  Aurelian  they  are  termed  pontijices  maiores  or  Vestae. 

INSCRIPTIONS   ON  PUBLIC   WORKS 

1.  Q.  Vibuleius  L.  f.    L.  Statins  Sal.  f.  |  duo  vir.  |  balneas  reficiund.  | 

aquam  per  publicum    ducendam  d.  d.  s.    coeravere. 
C.  L  L.  XIV.  3013.     P.  L.  M.  E.  LIII.  B.    Found  at  Praeneste,  in  the  ruins 
of  the  baths. 

2.  Q.  Lutatius  Q.  f.  Q.[n].  Catulus  cos.  |  substructionem  et  tabula- 

rium  de  s.  s.  faciuuduni  coeravit  [eijdemque  pYO\[bavit~]. 
C.  L  L.  VI.  1314.  Found  in  the  fifteenth  century,  in  the  building  known 
as  the  Tabulariuin,  on  the  Capitoline  Hill.  It  is  now  lost.  Lanciani 
(Bull.  Arch.  Mun.  III.,  p.  165)  suggests  that  the  substructio  was  the 
great  platform  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  which  temple 
Lutatius  Catulus,  cos.  676/78,  dedicated.  Tac.  Hist.  III.  72.  See 
Jordan,  Annali  delV  1st.  LIII.  1881,  p.  60  ff.,  and  Middleton's  Remains 
of  Ancient  Home,  Vol.  I.,  pp.  366  and  372. 

3.  T.  Aienus  V.  f.  Med.1  \_L\  Billucidius  L.  1.  Billo,  |  Q.  Caesienus 

Q.  f.  Post.2  C.  Opsius  C.  f.,  |  mag.  [»gi  de  v.  s.  f.  c.  i.  q.  p.3 
C.  /.  L.  IX.  3521.  Inscribed  in  archaic  letters  on  blocks  of  stone,  which 
probably  formed  the  arch  of  an  aqueduct  near  Barisciano  (Furfo),  Italy, 
still  in  existence.  l  Unknown  cognomen.  2  Post(umus}.  2mag(istri) 
pagi  de  v(ici)  s(ententia)  f(aciundum)  c(urarunt}  i(deiri)q(ue}  pr(o- 
barunt}. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON  PUBLIC   WORKS  309 

4.  L.  Betilienus  L.  f.  Vaarus  |  haec  quae  infera  scripta    sont  de 

senatu  sententia  |  facienda  coiravit  semitas  |  in  oppido  omnis, 
porticum  qua  |  in  arcem  eitur,  campum  ubei  |  ludunt,  horologium, 
macelum,  |  basilicam  calecandam,  seedes,  [TJocimi  balinearimn. 
lacum  ad  [p]ortam,  aquam  in  opidum  adou  l  (sic)  \  arduom 
pedes  CCCXd/  fornicesq.  fecit,  fistulas  soledas  fecit,  ob  hasce 
res  censorem  fecere  bis  |  senatus  filio  stipendia  mereta  ese 
iousit  populusque  statuam  |  donavit  Censorino.2 

C.  I.  L.  X.  5807.  Found  at  Alatri  (Aletrium),  Italy,  where  it  exists  to-day. 
The  inscription  dates  before  the  passage  of  the  Lex  Julia  de  Cimtate  of 
664/90,  since,  if  citizenship  had  been  received,  the  local  senate  could 
not  have  granted  immunity  from  military  service  to  their  fellow-citizen. 
The  doubling  of  the  vowels  gives  another  date,  see  p.  30.  1  Kitschl  sug- 
gests ad  que  (=  et  ad  arduum  —  in  arcem)  for  this  word  which  is  net 
understood.  2  This  word  is  due  to  his  having  held  the  censorship  twice. 

5.  a)  A.  Hirtius  A.  f.  M.  Lollius  C.  f.  Ces.  fundamenta  murosque  af. 

solo  faciunda  coeravere  eidemque  probavere  in  terram  funda- 
mentum  est  pedes  altum  XXXIII  in  terram  ad  idem  exemplum 
quod  supra  terra[m  silici\. 

b)  M.  Lollius  C.  f.  A.  Hirtius  A.  f.  Ces.  funda.  |  faciunda  coera- 
verunt  eidemque  probavere. 

c)  A.  Hirtius  A.  f.  M.  Lollius  C.  f.  Ces.  fundamenta  |  fornices 
faciunda  coeravere  eidemque    probavere. 

0.  /.  L.  X.  a)  5838,  6)  5839,  c)  5840.  These  inscriptions  are  in  various 
parts  of  the  old  citadel  of  Ferentinum  (Ferentino),  where  they  may  be 
seen  to-day.  The  first  inscription  is  repeated  on  another  wall  of  the 
building. 

6.  M.  Saufeius  M.  f.  Eutilus  |  C.  Saufeius  C.  f.  Flacus  |  q.1  |  culinam 
f.  d.  s.  s.  c.2  eisdem|q.  locum  emerunt  de  L.  Tondeio  L.  f. 
publicum ;  est  longu  p.  CXvi» VIIIS  latum  af .  muro  ad  |  L. 
Tondei  vorsu  p.  XVI. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3002.  Found  at  Praeneste,  where  it  still  exists.  J  q.  is  in 
the  margin  between  lines  1  and  2.  2  q(uaestores)  culinam  f(aciundam} 
d(e)  s(enatus)  s(ententia)  c(uraverunt). 


310  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

7.  Ansia  Tarvi  f.    E/ufa  ex  d.  d.  circ.    lucum  macer.    et  nmrum  et 

ianu.1  |  d.  s.  p.  f.  c. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  292.  Found  at  Diano  (Tegianum)  Lucania,  Italy,  existing  in  a 
copy.  l  ianu(am}  or  ianu(as). 

8.  s.  c.  balneum  Clodianum  |  emptum  cum  suis  aedificis    ex  pecunia 

Augustal.  H-S  t  (J^  |  Q.  Minuti  Ikari,  |  C.  Aufilli  Suavis,  C. 
Aiscidi  Lepotis  (sic),  \  N.  Herenni  Optati,  |  M.  Caedi  Chilonis,  | 
M.  Ovini  Fausti. 

C.  /.  L.  X.  4792.  Found  in  the  bell- tower  of  a  building  at  Tiano  (Teanum 
Sidicinum),  where  it  still  exists.  The  total  of  sixty  thousand  sesterces 
points  to  an  individual  payment  of  ten  thousand  sesterces. 

9.  M.  Herennius  M.  f.  Gallus  |  Q.  Veserius  Q.  f.  duo  vir.    quinq.  [ 

d.  d.  s.  f.  c.  eidemq.  prob.1    Arcitectus  Hospes  Appiai  ser. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  4587.  Found  in  an  old  gateway  at  Cajazzo  (Caiatia),  Italy, 
where  it  still  exists.  1  D(e)  d(ecurionum)  s(ententia)  f^aciundum} 
c(urarunt}  eidemq(ue')  prob(arunt). 

10.  C.  Aemilius  C.  f.  Serg.  Homullinus    dec.  col.  Murs.  ob  hono- 

rem  |  flaminatus  tabernas  L  cum  porticibus  duplicib.  in  quib.  | 
mercatus  ageretur  pecunia  |  sua  fecit. 

C.  L  L.  III.  3288.  Found  at  Eszeg  (Mursa),  Pannonia,  existing  now  in 
copy. 

11.  a)  M.  Agrippa  L.  f.  cos.  tertium  fecit. 

b)  imp.  Caes/L.  Septimius  Severus  Pius  Pertinax  Aug.  Arabicus 
Adiabenicus  Parthicus  Maximus  pontif.  max.,  trib.  potest.  X, 
imp.  XI,  cos.  Ill,  p.  p.,  procos.  et  |  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aurelius 
Antoninus  Pius  Felix  Aug.  trib.  potestat.  V  cos.,  procos.  Pan- 
theum  vetustate  corruptum  cum  omni  cultu  restituerunt. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  896.  The  first  of  these,  dating  727/27,  was  originally  inlaid 
in  bronze  in  the  frieze  of  the  entablature  of  the  Pantheon  at  Rome. 
The  inscription  can  still  be  seen,  as  the  sunken  matrices  remain.  The 
second,  in  smaller  characters,  is  inscribed  on  the  architrave  of  the 
portico  and  dates  202  A.D. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON  PUBLIC   WORKS  311 

12.  M.  Holconius  Rufus  d.  v.  i.  d.  tert.  |  C.  Egnatius  Postumus  d.  v. 

i.  d.  iter 1  ex  d.  d.  ius  luminum 2  opstruendorum  H-S  <x>  oo  <x>  | 
redemerunt  parietemque  privatiin  col.  Ven.  Cor.3  |  usque  at 
tegulas  faciundum  coerarunt. 

C.  L  L.  X.  787.  Inscribed  on  a  block  of  tufa  found  at  Pompeii,  now  in  the 
museum  at  Naples.  l  Before  751/3.  2  Schoen  has  shown  in  Bull.  Com. 
1860,  p.  11,  that  these  lumina  were  the  spaces  between  ten  pillars  by 
which  the  porticus  of  the  temple  of  Venus  was  separated  from  the  forum. 
These  spaces  are  now  filled  in,  so  that  a  continuous  wall  thus  takes  the 
place  of  the  row  of  pillars.  3  col(oniae)  Ven(eriae}  Cor(neliae). 

13.  Ti.  Claudius  Drusi  f.  Caesar     Aug.  Germanicus  pontif.  max., 

trib.  potest.  VI,  cos.  design.  HIT,  imp.  XII,1  p.  p.,  |  fossis 
ductis  a  Tiberi  operis  portu[s]2  caussa  emissisque  in  mare 
urbem  |  inundationis  periculo  liberavit. 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  85.  Inscribed  on  a  large  marble  tablet,  in  letters  formerly 
filled  with  bronze,  found  at  Porto  (Portus  Rom  anus),  Ostia,  where  it  still 
exists.  !  For  date  see  page  126.  2  See  C.  L  L.  XIV.,  pp.  5,  6.  Suet. 
Claud.  20.  Plin.  N.  H.  XVI.  40,  76.  Quintilian,  II.  21. 

14.  imp.  Caesares  M.  Aurelius  Antoninus  et  |  L.  Aurelius  Commodus 

Aug.  Germanici  Sarmatici l  f ortissimi  amphitheatrum  vetus- 
tate  corruptum  a  solo  resti|tuerunt  per  con.  VI  Commag.  |  a 
lulio  Pompilio  Pisone  Laevillo  leg.  |  Aug.  pr.  pr.  curante  Aelio 
Sereno  praef. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  2488.  Found  at  El  Outhaia,  in  the  Province  of  Numidia, 
Africa,  where  it  still  exists.  Inscriptions  describing  the  building  or  renew- 
ing of  structures  by  legions,  or  cohorts,  are  very  common.  1 177-180,  see 
page  135. 

15.  pro  sal.  imp.  Caesaris  L.     P.  Septimi  Severi  Pertina|cis  Aug. 

Pii  cos.  II,  p.  p.  et  M.  Aur.  Antonini  Caesa.,1  Tib.  Cl.  Claudi- 
anus  leg.  Aug.  pr.  pr.  praesidium  vetustate  |  coll.  mutato 
loco  manu  |  milit.  restitui  iussit. 

C.  I.  L.  III.  3387.  Found  at  Erd,  near  Buda,  Pannonia  Inferior,  now  in 
library  of  the  University  at  Pesth.  *  195-197,  for  Severus  was  styled  Pius 
from  195,  and  Caracalla  became  Augustus  in  198. 


312  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

16.  forum  populo  Romano  suo  [dono  dederunf]  \  domini  et  principes 
nostri  [imppp.  Caesss.]  Valentinianus  et  Valens  et  \_Gratianus 
Auggg~]]  curante  Flavio  Eupraxi[o]  l  v.  c.,  [praef.  urbi~]. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1177.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  only  in  a  copy  in  the  Ms. 
Einsiedlensis.  1  Eupraxius  was  praefectus  urbi  in  374  (  Cod.  Theod.  XL 
29,  5;  XL  30,  36;  XL  36,  21). 


17.  dd.  nn.  Arcadius  et   Honorius  [invicti  et]      perpetui 

theatrum  Pompei,  \_collapso~]  exteriore  ambitu,  magna  etiam 
[ex  parte~]  interior  [e]  r[^en]te,  convulsum,  \_ruderibus~]  sub- 
ductis  et  excitatis  invice[m/a6n'c£s  novis,  restituerunt]. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1191.  Found  at  Rome,  existing  in  a  copy  in  Ms.  Einsiedlensis. 
This  inscription  was  set  up  between  the  year  395,  in  which  Theodosius 
the  elder  died,  and  402,  in  which  Theodosius  the  younger  was  styled 
Augustus. 

18.  salvis  ddd.  nnn.  Valentiniano  Valente  et  Gratiano  |  victoriosis- 

simis  semper  Aug.,  dispositione  luli  v.  c.  com.,1  magistri 
equitum  et  peditum,  fabrijcatus  est  burgus  ex  fundamento 
inano  devo|tissimorum  equitum  VIIII  Dalm.,2  s.  c.  Vahali 
trib.,  in  consulatum  d.  n.  Gratiani  perpetui  Aug.  iterum  |  et 
Probi  v.  <€.3 

C.  L  L.  III.  88.  Found  at  Umm-el-Djemal,  in  the  Province  of  Arabia. 
lv(iro)  c(larissimi),  com(itis}.  2  equitum  nono  Dalm(atarutn)  s(ub} 
c(wra).  3371. 

AQUEDUCTS 

19.  a)  imp.  Caesar  divi  luli  f.  Augustus     pontifex  maximus,  cos. 

XII,  tribunic.  potestat.  XIX,1  imp.  XIIII  |  rivos  aquarum 
omnium  refecit. 

6)  imp.  Caes.  M.  Aurelius  Antoninus  Pius  Felix  Aug.  Parth. 
max.     Brit,    maximus  2  pontifex   maximus  |  aquam   Marciam 
variis  kasibus  impeditam,  purgato  fonte,  excisis  et  perforatis 
montibus,  restituta  forma,  adquisito  etiam  fonte  novo  Antoni- 
niano,    in  sacram  urbem  suam  perducendam  curavit. 

c)  imp.  Titus  Caesar  divi  f.  Vespasian  us  Aug.  pontif.  max.,  | 
tribuniciae  potestat.  IX,  imp.  XV,  cens.,  cos.  VII  desig.  IIX,3 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   PUBLIC   WORKS  313 

p.  p.  rivom  aquae  Marciae  vetustate  dilapsum  refecit  |  et 
aquam  quae  in  usii  esse  desierat  reduxit. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1244-6.  Inscribed  on  the  arch  of  the  Marcian  aqueduct,  over 
the  ViaTiburtina.  This  arch,  after  the  building  of  the  walls  of  Aurelian, 
became  a  part  of  the  Porta  Tiburtina,  now  the  Porta  S.  Lorenzo.  l  See 
table,  p.  124.  2  212  or  213,  since  Geta,  who  died  in  212,  is  not  mentioned, 
and  the  cognomen  Germanicus  is  missing,  which  was  assigned  to  Cara- 
calla  in  213.  3  see  table,  p.  129. 

20.  a)  Ti.  Claudius  Drusi  f.  Caisar  Augustus  Germanicus  pontif. 

maxim.,  |  tribunicia  potestate  XII,1  cos.  V,  imperator  XXVII,2 
pater  patriae,  aquas  Claudiam  3  ex  fontibus,  qui  vocabuntur 
Caeruleus  et  Curtius  a  milliario  XXXXV,  |  item  Anienem 
Novam 3  a  milliario  LXII  sua  impensa  in  urbem  perducendas 
curavit. 

6)  imp.  Caesar  Vespasianus  August,  pontif.  max.,  trib.  pot.  II, 
imp.  VI,  cos.  Ill,  desig.  IIII,4  p.  p.,  |  aquas  Curtiam  et  Caeru- 
leam  perductas  a  divo  Claudio  et  postea  intermissas  dilapsasque  | 
per  annos  novem  sua  impensa  urbi  restituit. 

c)  imp.  T.  Caesar  divi  f.  Vespasianus  Augustus  pontifex  maxi- 
mus,  tribunic.  |  potestate  X,4  imperator  XVII,  pater  patriae, 
censor,  cos.  VIII  aquas  Curtiam  et  Caeruleam  perductas  a 
divo  Claudio  et  postea  |  a  divo  Vespasiano  patre  suo  urbi  resti- 
tutas,  cum  a  capite  aquarum  a  solo  vetustate  dilapsae  essent, 
nova  forma  reducendas  sua  impensa  curavit. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1256-58.  Inscribed  on  the  double  arch  of  the  Aqua  Claudia, 
above  the  Via  Praenestina  and  Via  Labicana.  This  arch,  after  the  build- 
ing of  the  Aurelian  walls,  was  used  as  the  Porta  Praenestina,  now  known  as 
Porta  Maggiore.  1  See  page  126.  2  Claudius  had  the  highest  number  of 
imperial  salutations,  with  the  exception  of  Constantius,  son  of  Constan- 
tine.  3  See  Frontinus,  De  Aquae,  c.  13 ;  Jordan,  Topog.  I.,  p.  473 ;  Middle- 
ton's  Remains  of  Ancient  Rome,  II.  chap.  X.  '*  See  page  129. 

21.  Aquam  Titulensem  quam  ante  annos  |  plurimos  Lambaesitana 

civitas  in  terverso  ductu  vi  torrentis  amiserat,  |  perforate 
monte  institute  etiam  a  solo  novo  ductu,  Severinus  Apro- 
nianus  vp,  pplST,1  pat.  col.  restituit  cur.  Aelio  Eufo  v.  e.  fl. 
pp.,  cur.  r.  p.2 


314  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  2661.  Found  at  Lambaesis,  in  the  Province  of  Nuniidia, 
where  it  still  exists  in  the  Praetorium.  A  p(raeses}  p(rovinciae)  N(umi- 
diae) .  2  fl  (amine}  p  (er~)p  (etuo) . 

22.  M.  M.  Lartieni  Sabini  pater    et  films  quinquennales  aquam    in 

fanum  sua  inpensa  perduxerunt,  Salien|tes  quadrifaria  suo 
loco  restituerunt  canales  ve|tustate  corruptos  et  dissupatos 
restituerunt,  fistu|las  omnes  et  sigilla  ahenea  posuerunt,  tecta 
refe[c]e|ruiit,  omnia  sua  inpensa  fecerunt. 

C.  /.  L.  IX.  4130.  Found  at  Fiamignano,  near  Aequiculum,  in  the  country 
of  the  Aequi,  where  it  still  exists  in  the  monastery  of  the  Capuchin 
monks. 

23.  Annia   L.  f.  Victorina    [06]   |  memoriam   M.   Fulvi   Mo|derati 

mariti  et  M.  Fulvi  |  Victorini  f .  aquam  sua  omni  inpensa  per- 
duxsit  fac|tis  pontibus  et  fistulis  et  lacus  cum  suis  orna|men- 
tis  dato  epulo  dedicavit. 

C.  L  L.  II.  3240.  Found  at  S.  Esteban  del  Puerto  (Hugo),  Spain,  where 
it  still  exists.  Mommsen  considers  lacus.  an  error  of  the  stone-cutter  for 
lacubus  or  lacu. 

ROADS  AND  BRIDGES 

24.  L.  V |  cur.  viar.  |  e  lege  Visellia1  de   conl.  sent.2  | 

Cn.  Corneli,  Q.  Marci,  L.  Hostili,  C.  Antoni,  C.  Fundani,  C. 
Popili,  |  M.  Valerij  C.  Anti,  Q.  Caecili ;  opus  constat  n. 
4  A  0J_X.XII. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1299  =  I.  593.  P.  L.  M.  E.  LXXI  A.  Found  on  the  Caelian  Hill, 
Rome,  now  in  the  museum  of  Toulouse.  Ritschl  suggests  L.  Volcatius 
or  L.  Volceius.  *  For  this  Lex  Visellia  see  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  II.3  669. 
2  de  conl(egii}  (tribunorum  plebis)  sent(entia).  The  curator  viarum 
was  chosen  from  a  collegium  of  the  tribunes  of  the  plebs.  The  inscrip- 
tion dates  683/71,  since  three  of  the  names  here  given  appear  in  the 
index  of  the  Lex  Antonia  de  Termessibus  of  that  year. 

25.  a)  L.  Fabricius  C.  f.  cur.  viar.  |  faciundum  coeravit. 
*    6)  Eidemque  probaveit. 

c)  M.  Lollius  M.  f.  Q.  Lepi[c£ws  M\  /.]  cos.  ex.  s.  c.  probaverunt.1 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  PUBLIC   WORKS  315 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1305.  P.  L.  M.  E.  LXXXVII.  These  inscriptions  are  en- 
graved on  the  old  Pons  Fabricius,  known  in  middle  ages  as  Pons  ludaeus, 
and  to-day  as  Ponte  dei  Quattro  Capi,  which  crosses  from  the  Island  to 
the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber.  It  was  built  by  L.  Fabricius  in  692/62  B.C. 
and  consists  of  two  semicircular  arches  with  a  smaller  archway  over  the 
central  pier  for  high  water.  It  is  built  of  peperino  and  tufa  with  facings 
of  large  blocks  of  travertine. 

Inscription  a  appears  across  two  arches  on  each  side.  Inscription  b  is 
engraved  over  the  middle  arch  on  both  sides.  Inscription  c  is  illegible 
now,  but  was  engraved  under  a  on  one  of  the  arches  on  each  side.  It  is 
given  in  a  copy  by  Ligorio.  1  The  bridge  was  rebuilt  in  733/21. 

For  curatores  viarum  see  Mommsen,  Staatsr.  II.,3  p.  669.  For  Pons  Fabricius 
see  Middleton's  Remains  of  Ancient  Home,  II.,  p.  367. 

26.  honoris  ]  imp.  Caesaris  divi  f.  |  Augusti  pont.  maxim.,  |  patr. 

patriae l  et  municip.  |  Magistri  Augustales  |  C.  Egnatius  M.  1. 
Glyco,.  |  C.  Egnatius  C.  1.  Musicus,  |  C.  lulius  Caesar.  1.  Iso- 
chrysus,  Q.  Floronius  Q.  1.  Princeps  |  viam  Augustam  ab  via  | 
Annia  extra  portam  ad  Cereris  silice  sternendam  |  curarunt 
pecunia  sua  |  pro  ludis. 

C.  /.  L.  XI.  3083.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Civita  Castellana 
(Falerii),  existing  now  in  copy.  l  After  February  5th,  752/2,  for  on 
that  date  he  was  styled  pater  patriae. 

27.  ex  auctoritate  |  imp.  Caesaris    Traiani  Hadri|an.  Aug.  pontes  | 

viae  novae  Rusi|cadensis  r.  p.  Cir|tensium  sua  pecu|nia  fecit 
Sex.  lulio  |  Maiore  leg.  Aug.  leg.  Ill  Aug.  pr.  pr. 

C.  /.  L.  VIII.  10296.  Found  among  the  ruins  of  a  bridge  between  Philippe- 
ville  and  Constantine,  Africa. 


28.  imp.  Caes.  T.  Aelio  |  Hadriano  Antonino  |  Aug.  Pio  p.  p.  IIII 
et  M.  Aurelio  Caesare  II  cos.1  per  Prastina  Messalinum2 
leg.  |  Aug.  pr.  pr.,  vexil.  leg.  VI  Ferr.3  via  |  fecit. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  10230.  Cut  in  the  natural  rock  on  the  road  over  Mons 
Aurasius  at  Tiganimin,  Africa.  l  145.  2  For  C.  Trastina  Messalinus  see 
VIII.  2535  (144  A.D.),  2536  (145  A.D.).  3  vexil(latio)  leg(ionis)  VI 
Ferr(atae). 


316  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


MILESTONES 

29.  a)  M.   Aemilius    M.   f.    M.    n.  |  Lepidus    cos.1   |   CC_L  XIIX.2 

(On  the  side)  XV. 

b)  [M]    Aemilius    M.    f.    M.   n.    |    Lepid.1    cos.    |    CCXXCVI. 

(On  the  side)  XXI. 

c)  M.  Aemipms  M.  f.  M.  n.~\  \  Lepid.  [cos.]     CG  .  .  .  . 

C.  I.  L.  I.  535-536.  Three  milestones  of  the  Via  Aemilia  were  found  near 
Bologna  (Bononia),  where  they  are  still  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the 
University.  These  cippi  (a  and  6)  once  stood  on  the  Via  Aemilia 
separated  from  each  other  by  a  distance  of  18  miles.  The  numerals  cut 
on  the  sides  at  a  later  period  indicate  distances  on  another  road  where 
these  stones  were  afterwards  set  up.  l  567/187.  Mommsen  doubts 
whether  these  miliaria  are  of  the  age  indicated,  since  the  letter  P  is 
closed  ;  Aemilius  is  for  the  earlier  Aemilio,  cos  is  for  cowsoZ,  and  finally 
a  cognomen  is  added ;  the  form  of  the  cippi  does  not  conform  to  that 
of  other  miliaria  of  the  sixth  century  of  the  City.  See  Miliarium 
Popilianum,  p.  251.  2  The  number  of  miles  from  Rome  ;  later  the  miles 
were  counted  from  Ariminum. 

30.  S.    Postumius  S.    f.   S.  n.      Albinus   cos.1   [<7]/X[77]   Genua 

C[remonam]  ///XXVII. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  540  =  V.  8045.  Inscribed  on  a  milestone  of  the  Via  Postumia, 
now  at  Verona.  Borghesi  has  shown  that  this  refers  to  the  consul  of 
606/148.  Postumius  made  a  road  from  Genua  to  Cremona  M  •  P  •  CXXII 
and  from  thence,  i.e.  from  Cremona  M  •  P  •  XXVII  to  the  place  where 
the  cippus  once  stood. 

31.  T.  Quinctius  T.  f.    Flamininus    cos.1    Pisas  XXXII.2 

C.  L  L.  I.  559.  Inscribed  on  a  milestone  found  at  Pietrafitta  near  Florence. 
1  631/123.  2  The  number  is  not  legible  and  is  known  only  from  a  copy. 
The  miles  are  counted  to  the  end  of  the  road,  not,  as  is  customary,  from 
the  beginning,  as  in  Italy  from  Rome. 

32.  L.  Caecili  Q.  f.  |  Metel.  cos.1  |  CXIX  |  Roma. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  5953.  Inscribed  on  a  milestone  of  the  Via  Salaria  found  at 
S.  Oinero,  near  Asculum,  whero  it  still  exists.  The  stone  appears  to 
be  out  of  its  original  position,  or  the  road  running  to  the  shore  of  the 
Adriatic  once  ended  at  Castrum  Novuin  or  Hadria  and  not  at  Castrum 
Truentinum.  1  637/117. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  PUBLIC    WORKS 


317 


33.  C.  Calvisius  0.  f.  |  Sabinus  cos.  imp.    J.XXVIII.1 

C.  I.  L.  X.  6895.     Inscribed  on  a  miliarium  of  the  Via  Latina,  found  near 
Aquino  (Aquinum),  existing  now  in  copy.     1  Miles  from  Rome. 

34.  XXXVIII.  |  imp.  Nerva    Caesar  Augustus  |  pontifex  maximus,  | 


tribunicia  |  potestate,  cos   III/  |  pater  patriae 
curavit. 


faciendam 


C.  /.  L.  IX.  5963.    Inscribed  on  a  miliarium  of  the  Via  Tiburtina  or 
Valeria,  found  near  Arsoli,  where  it  still  exists.    l  97  A.D. 

35.  Ti.    Claudius    Drusi   f.       Caesar    Aug.    Germa|nicus    pontifex 

maxu|mus,  tribunicia  potesta|te  VI,  cos.  IV,1  imp.  XI,  p.  p., 
censor  viam  Claudiam    Augustam  quam  Drusus  |  pater  Alpi- 
bus  bello  pate|factis  derex[e]rat  munit.  ab  |  Altino  usque  ad 
flumen    Danuvium  in.  p.  CCC_L 

C.  I.  L.  V.  8002.     Inscribed  on  a  miliarium  found  six  or  seven  miles  from 
Feltre  (Feltria),  where  it  still  exists.     l  147  A.D. 

36.  a)  X.    imp.  Caesar  |  divi  Nervae  |  films  Nerva  |  Traianus  Aug.  | 

Germanicus  |  Dacicus    pontif.  max.,    trib.  pot.  XIIII,1  imj1. 


VI,  cos.  V,  p.  p.  XVIIII  silice  sua  pecunia  |  stravit.  |  LIII.  \ 
b)  ddd.  nnn.  FFF.  111.2    Theodosio  Arcadio    et  Honorio  PPI 


FFF.3    semper  AAA.  ggg.4 
c)  Constantino.5 


bono  reip.  |  natis. 


C.  L  L.  X.  6839,  6840,  6841.  Inscribed  on  a  miliarium  found  at  Terra 
cina,  existing  now  in  copy.  *  110.  2  Fl(avii).  A  P(ii)  F(elices) 
4  A(ii}g(usti).  5  In  inverted  letters. 

37.   imp.   Caesar     divi   Traiani  Parthici   f.   divi  |  Nervae  nepos  ( 
Traianus  Hadrianus    Aug.  pont.  max.,  trib  |  pot.  VII,  cos  III1  | 


viam  Appiam  per 
amis'sam  adiectis 


millia  passus    XV  [)CCL  longa  |  vetustate 


H-S  |Xl)  XL VII  ad  |  hrS  DLXIXC  quae  | 
possessores  agro|rum  contulerunt,    fecit. 

C.  L  L.  IX.  6075.     Inscribed  on  two  cippi  found  on  the  Via  Appia  at 
II  Passo  di  Mirabella,  near  Beneventum,  still  in  existence.     J  123. 


318  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

MILESTONES  OF  THE  PROVINCES 
38.    M>.  Aquillius   M'  '  f  .  |  cos.      CXXXI1  |  [M<£n]os   |»iJ\A[i]o« 


Maviov     uTraros  'Pw/AcuW  |  p\a.1 

C.  L  L.  III.  7183.  Inscribed  on  a  milestone  on  the  road  leading  from 
Ephesus  to  Pergamos,  found  not  far  from  Pergamos.  Similar  stones 
have  been  found  on  other  roads  in  Asia.  (C.  I.  L.  III.  479,  6177,  7184, 
7205.)  l  The  number  of  miles  from  Ephesus  to  the  location  of  the  stone. 
Strabo  XIV.,  p.  646,  states  that  M'.  Aquilius,  the  consul  625/129,  ruled 
Asia  after  it  was  brought  under  the  Romans  by  the  will  of  Attalus. 

39.   M'  Sergi  M'  [/]  |  procos.  |  XXI. 

C.  /.  L.  II.  4956.  Inscribed  on  a  miliarium  found  near  Barcelona  (Barcino), 
Spain,  existing  in  copy.  It  is  not  known  when  Sergius  was  proconsul  in 
Spain,  but  the  form  Sergi  for  Sergius  points  to  an  early  date.  The  road 
to  which  this  milestone  belonged  is  unknown,  as  well  as  the  place  from 
which  the  distance  is  reckoned. 


40.   imp.  Caesar  divi  f.  |  Augustus  cos.  XIII,  trib.  |  potest.  XXI, 
pontif.  max.  |  a  Baete  et  lano  August    ad  Oceanum    _LXIIII. 

C.  L  L.  II.  4701.  Inscribed  on  a  column  which  once  stood  on  the  road 
leading  from  the  Guadalquivir  (Baetis)  to  Cadiz  (Gades),  and  which 
was  found  at  Cordova,  where  it  is  still  preserved.  The  inscription  was 
set  up  in  752/2,  before  February  5,  at  which  time  Augustus  accepted 
the  title  of  pater  patriae. 


41.  imp.  Caes.  |  M.  Aurel.  Anto|nino  Aug.  pont    max.,  tr.  pot.  XVI,  | 

cos.  Ill  et  |  imp.  Caes.  |  L.  Aurel.  Vero  Aug.  |  tr.  pot.  II,  cos. 
II »;  I  a  col.  Agripp  |  m.  p.  XXX.2 

Brambach,  Inscrip.  Rhen.  1931.  Inscribed  on  a  miliarium  of  a  road  from 
Cologne  (Colonia  Agrippinensis)  to  Kemagen,  not  far  from  the  last- 
named  town.  !  162  A.D.  2  a  Col(onia)  Agripp (inensium)  m(ilia}  p(as- 
suum)  XXX. 

42.  imp.  Caes.  P.  \_Hdv\i~]®  Pertinace  |  Aug.  p.  p.,  trib.  p.,     cos  II,1 

L.  Nae|vio  Quadra|tiano  leg.  A|ug.  pr.  pr.2;  [a]  Lajmbaese    m. 

P-  L/// 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  10242.  Inscribed  on  a  square  cippus  found  at  Sba  Meghata, 
on  the  road  between  Lambaesis  and  Biskra,  Africa.  l  193  A.D.  2  Other 
stones  have  curante  or  curam  agente. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   PUBLIC    WORKS  319 

43.  ex  auctoritate      imp.  Caes.  T.  Aeli   Ha|driani   Antonini  |  Aug. 

Pii l  p.  p.  via  a  Mile|vitanis  munita  ex    indulgentia  eius  de  | 
vectigali  rotari.  |  II. 

C.  L  L.  VIII.  10327.  Inscribed  on  a  column  found  near  Mila  (Milev), 
Africa,  still  in  existence.  1  138-161  A.D. 

44.  imp.  Caes.  |  M.  Aurelio  Anto|nino  Invicto  Pio  |  Felici  Aug.1  p. 

m.,  |  trib.  p.,  cos.,  p.  p.,  |  procos.  r.  p.  m.  D.2 

(7.  /.  L.  VIII.  10381.  Inscribed  on  a  column  found  at  Henschir  el  Moghrab, 
near  'Ain  Zana  (Diana),  Numidia,  Africa.  l  Caracalla  or  Elagabalus. 
2  r(es)  p(ublica}  m(unicipii)  D(ianensium). 

BOUNDARY  STONES 

45.  C.  S[e]mpronius   Ti.  f.  Grac.  |  Ap.  Claudius   C.  f.  Pole.,  |  P. 

Licinius  P.  f.  Cras.    Ill  vir.  a.  i.  a.1 

C.  /.  L.  I.  552,  X.  3861.  A  cippus  found  at  Formia  (Formiae),  above 
Capua,  now  in  Museum  of  Naples.  This  boundary  stone  was  set  up 
after  the  death  of  Ti.  Gracchus,  621/133,  who  had  appointed  himself, 
his  brother  C.  Gracchus,  and  Ap.  Claudius,  his  father-in-law,  as  trium- 
viri agris  dividendis.  P.  Licinius  Crassus  takes  the  place  of  T.  Gracchus. 
1  tres  vir(i}  a(gris}  i(udicandis)  a(dsignandis}  or  adtribuendis.  On  the 
top  there  appear  the  lines  and  angles  of  the  kardo  and  decumanus,  i.e. 


kardo  undecimus,  decumanus  primus  (    *^    ).    The  date  is  622/132- 
623/131. 

46.   M.   Folvius   M.   f.   [^]ac.  |   C.    Sempronius   Ti.   f.    Grac.  |  C. 

Paperius  C.  f.  Carb.  |  III  vire  a.  i.  a. 

C.  L  L.  I.  554  ;  IX.  1024.  A  small  round  column  found  in  the  country  of 
the  Hirpini,  between  Aeclanum  and  Compsa,  near  Rocca  San  Felice. 
M.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  consul  629/125,  and  C.  Paperius  Carbo,  consul 
634/110,  were  substitutes  in  place  of  P.  Licinius  Crassus  and  Ap.  Clau- 
dius at  their  death,  in  624/130,  to  which  year  this  inscription  may 
belong.  It  is  possible  to  assign  it  to  the  year  625/129,  when  jurisdiction 
as  regards  the  land  was  taken  away  from  these  triumviri,  and  they 
ceased  to  be  termed  ab  agris  iudicandis.  An  inscription  found  on  the 
top  has  not  as  yet  been  explained. 


320  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

47.  M.  Terentius  M.  f.    Varro  Lucullus  |  pro  pr.  terminos  |  restitu- 

endos    ex  s.  c.  coeravit  |  qua  P.  Licinius,    Ap.  Claudius,  |  C. 
Graccus  III  vir.  |  a.  d.  a.  i.1  statuerunt. 

(7.  /.  L.  I.  583.  Found  between  Pesaro  (Pisaurum)  and  Fano  (Fanum), 
Umbria.  Borghesi  VII.,  p.  3-30-51,  places  this  inscription  between  the 
praetorship  of  M.  Terentius  Varro  Lucullus  in  the  year  678/76  and  his 
consulship  in  the  year  681/73,  when  he  was  in  Gallia  Cisalpina  as  pro- 
praetore.  Mcmmsen  assigns  it  to  the  year  672/82  or  673/81,  when,  as 
an  adherent  of  Sulla,  Varro  was  in  charge  of  the  army  in  Gallia  Cisalpina. 
1  a(gris')  d(andis}  a(dsignandis}  i(iidicandis)  . 

48.  a)  [Zr.   Caeicili^us  Q.  f.  pro  cos.  |  terminos  finisque  ex  senati 

consulto  statui  |  iousit  inter  Atestinos  |  et  Patavinos. 
b)  L.  Caeicilius  Q.  f.  pr|o  cos.  |  .  .  terminos  |  finisque  ex  senati  | 
consulto  statui    iusit  inter  Atestinos  |  Patavinosque. 

C.  /.  L.  I.  547,  a,  &,  V.  2491.  Found  on  Mt.  Venda,  one  of  the  Euganean 
hills,  in  the  Atestinian  district,  dating  013/141  ?  or  638/116? 


49.  a)  ......    senati  [c]o[wsw]lto  sta[ftu]  |  iusit. 

6)  L.  Caicilius  1  Q.  f.  pro  cos.  |  terminos  |  finisque  ex  senati  con- 
solto  |  statui  iusit  inter  |  Patavinos  et  Atestinos. 

C.  L  L.  I.  548,  a,  b  ;  V.  2492.  Inscribed  on  two  columns  found  on  the 
Euganean  hills,  near  Padua,  now  in  the  museum  at  Padua.  The  larger 
had  been  hollowed  out  to  receive  the  smaller.  *  Perhaps  L.  Caecilius 
Metellus,  who  was  consul  612/142  (Mouimsen). 

TERMINI  OF  THE  POMERIUM 

50.  Ti  Claudius  |  Drusi   f.   Caisar    Aug.  Germanicus  |  pont.  max., 

trib.  pot.  VIIII,1  imp  XVI,  cos  IIII,  |  censor,  p.  p.,  |  auctis 
populi  Romani  |  finibus  pomerium      amplia^/it  terminaj/it  q. 

(On  the  top)  Pomerium.       (On.  the  side)  VIII. 

Notizie  degli  Scavi,  1885,  p.  475.  One  of  the  four  known  examples  of  the 
cippi  set  up  by  Claudius  in  marking  out  the  pomerium.  (See  C.  I.  L. 
VI.  1231.)  This  was  found  in  its  original  location  near  Monte  Testaccio, 
Rome,  i  Jan.  25th,  49-50.  See  Tac.  Ann.  XII.  23.  For  the  numbers 
on  these  cippi  see  Huelsen,  Ffermes,  XXII.,  p.  621.  See  also  Detlefsen, 
Hermes,  XXI.  (1886),  p.  497.  O.  Richter,  Topographic  von  Rom,  in 
Muller's  Handbuch,  Vol.  III.,  pp.  773-775. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   PUBLIC   WORKS  321 

51.  ^imp.  Caesar  \  Vespasianus  Aug.  pont.   m]ax.,  trib.  pot.  VI,1  im[p 

XIII2'],  p.  p.,  censor,  cos  VI  desig.  V[//  et]  T.  Caesar  Aug. 
f.  |  Vespasianus  imp.  VI,  |  pont.,  trib.  pot.  IV,  censor,  |  cos. 
IV  design.  V,  auctis  p.  K.  |  finibus,  pomerium  |  ampliaverunt 

terminaverimtq.      (On  the  side)  XLVII.       (On  another  side)  p.  CCCXX 

.  .  .  VII. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1232.  Inscribed  on  a  tall  cippus  of  travertine  found  between 
Monte  Testaccio  and  the  Porta  San  Paolo.  *  July,  74-75 ;  but  the  num- 
ber of  the  consulship  shows  that  the  inscription  was  set  up  in  75.  2  See 
p.  129.  See  Pliny  N.  H.  III.  5,  66. 

52.  collegium  |  augurum  auctore  j  imp.  Caesare  divi  |  Traiani  Parthici 

f.  divi  Nervae  nepote  |  Traiano  Hadriano  Aug.  pont.  max., 
trib.  |  pot.  V,  cos.  Ill,1  procos.  terminos  pomerii  restituendos 

CUravit.       (0»  the  right  side)  V.      (On  the  left  side)  p.  CCCCLXXX. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1233.  Inscribed  on  two  cippi  of  travertine  found  at  Rome,  one 
of  which  is  still  in  existence.  1  121  A.  D. 

TERMINI  BETWEEN  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE  PROPERTY 

53.  C.  Clodius  Licinus    On.  Sentius  Saturninus  |  cos.1    terminarunt 

loc.  |  publicum  ab  privato. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1263.  Inscribed  on  a  tablet  of  travertine  cut  from  a  cippus 
found  at  Rome,  existing  on  a  copy.  l  Consules  suffecti  in  4  A.D. 

54.  [imp.  C^aesar  Augustu[s]  |  a  privato  in  publicum    restituit    in 

partem  dexteram  recta  |  regione  ad  proxim.  cippum  |  ped. 
CLXXXII  |  et  in  partem  sinistram  recta  regione  ad  proxim. 
cippum  |  ped.  CLXXVIII. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1262.  Inscribed  on  a  block  of  travertine  found  at  Rome, 
existing  in  copy. 

TERMINI  OF  THE  BANKS  or  THE  TIBER 

55.  a)  P.  Serveilius  C.  f.     Isauricus  |  M.  Valerius   M.  f.  |  M?.  n. 

Messall.    cens.1  |  ex.  s.  c.  termin. 

6)  M.  Valerius  M.  f.  M'.  .n.  Messall.  |  P.  Serveilius  C.  f.  | 
Isauricus  cens.  |  ex.  s.  c.  termin.  | 

LAT.   INSCRIP. 21 


322  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

(7.  /.  L.  VI.  1234.  Inscribed  on  a  number  of  cippi  found  on  the  banks  of 
the  Tiber,  Rome,  some  of  which  exist  to-day.  l  699/55-700/54. 
Borghesi  (GEuvres,  IV.  21)  has  referred  to  the  fact  that  the  bank  of  the 
Tiber  was  finally  determined  after  the  flood  in  700/54.  Cf .  Dio  Cassius, 
XXXIX.  61. 

56.  C.  Marcius  L.  f.  Censorirms    C.  Asiiiius  C.  f.  Gallus  |  cos.  ex  s. 

c.  terrain,  r.  r.1  prox.  cipp.  p.  XX.  Curatores  riparuin  qui 
primi  terminaver.  |  ex  s.  c.  restituerunt. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1235  f.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Tiber,  existing  now  in  copy.  Censorinus  and  Gallus  were  consuls  in 
B.C.  8.  i  r(fcto)  r(igore),  cf.  Bull.  Com.  1890,  p.  326,  and  Ulp.  Dig. 
XLIII.  15.  I.  5,  ripa  ita  recte  definietur  id  quod  flumen  continet 
naturalem  rigorem  cursus  sui  tenens. 

57.  imp.  Caesar  divi  f.  |  Augustus  |  pontifex  maximus,     tribunic. 

potest  XVII  |  ex.  s.  c.  terminavit;  |  r.  r.  prox.  cipp.  ped. 
CLXVIS. 

C.  I.  L.  VI.  1236  i.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Rome,  existing  in  a 
copy.  A  number  of  cippi  with  similar  inscriptions,  but  different  num- 
bers, have  been  found,  some  of  which  exist  to-day.  The  numbers  denote 
the  distances  between  the  stones.  See  C.  L  L.  VI.  1236  a-i,  and  Notizie 
degli  Scam,  1890,  p.  82. 

58.  L.  Caninius  Gallus,1     L.  Volusenus  Catulus  f.,     C.  Caedicius 

Agrippa,  |  M.  Acilius  Memrnius  Glabrio,  Q.  Fabius  Balbus  | 
curatores  riparum  et  alvei  Tiberis  ex.  s.  c.  |  reficiundam  cura- 
ver.  idemque  probaverunt. 

Bull.  Com.  1889,  p.  165.  Inscribed  on  a  large  block  of  travertine,  found 
near  the  bridge  Cestio-Graziano,  Rome.  These  are  the  five  curatores  of 
the  senatorial  order  of  the  collegium  established  by  Tiberius  in  15  A.D. 
1  Perhaps  the  consul  of  2  B.C. 

59.  ex.  auctoritate    imp.  Caesaris  divii    Nervae  fili  Nervae  |  Traiani 

Aug.  Germanic,  pontificis  maximi,  trib.  |  potest.  V,  cos.  II  II, 
p.  p.  |  Ti.  lulius  Ferox  curat.  |  alvei  et  riparum  Tiberis  et  | 
cloacarum  urbis  terminav.  |  ripam.  r.  r.  proximo  cippo  |  p. 
CLXXXIIIIS. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  PUBLIC   WORKS  323 

(7.  /.  L.  VI.  1239  a.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  of  travertine  found  on  the  bank 
of  the  Tiber,  now  in  the  Vatican  Museum.  A  number  of  stones  with 
similar  inscriptions  have  been  found,  G.  I.  L.  VI.  1239  a-h. 


BOUNDARY  STONES  OF  AQUEDUCTS 


60.  Virg.1  |  Ti.  Caesar.  Aug.  |  pontif.  maxim.,  |  trib.  pot.  XXXVIII,  | 

cos.  V,  imp.  Vm.2  |  IIII.  |  p.  CCXL.3 

G.  I.  L.  VI.  1253  b.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  of  Alban  stone  found  at  Rome, 
now  in  the  Vatican  Museum.  l  Virg(o  Aqua).  '2  30-37  A.D.  3  This  is 
the  fourth  stone  from  the  place  of  the  distribution  of  the  water,  and 
between  the  several  stones  the  intervals  are  240  feet  in  length. 

61.  lul.  Tep.  Mar.1    imp.  Caesar  |  divi  f.  |  Augustus  |  ex  s.  c.  |  XXX.  | 

p.  CCXL. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1249  c.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  of  travertine  found  at  Rome, 
existing  now  in  copy  only.  l  Iul(ia}  Tep(ula)  Mar(cia). 

62.  imp.  Caes[ar]  divi  f.  |  Augustus  |  ex  s.  c.  |   ocCdJI  p.  CCXXvL. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  1251  a.  Inscribed  on  a  large  cippus  of  travertine,  now  at 
Tivoli  (Tibur). 

63.  iussu  imp.  Caesaris  |  Augusti  circa  eum  |  rivom  qui   aquae  | 

ducendae  causa  |  factus  est  octonos  |  ped.  ager  dextra  |  sini- 
straq.  vacuus  |  relictus  est. 

C.  I.  L.  X.  4843.  Inscribed  on  several  cippi  which  were  found  near  the 
aqueduct  of  Venafrum,  traces  of  which  still  remain,  extending  over  a 
distance  of  14  miles  from  Venafrum  to  the  source  of  the  Volturnus. 
These  inscriptions  exist  in  copies. 

#4.   iussu  imp.  Caesaris  |  qua  aratrum  ductum  |  est. 

G.  I.  L.  X.  3825.  An  inscription  on  several  large  cippi  found  at  Capua,  one 
of  which  is  to  be  seen  in  the  museum  at  Naples.  These  boundary  stones 
mark  the pomerium  of  a  colony,  cf.  Lex  Coloniae  Genetivae,  c.  73 :  ne  quis 
intra  fines  oppidi  colon(iae)ve,  qua  aratro  circumductum  erit,  hominem 
mortuom  inferto.  Cf.  Cic.  Phil.  II.  40,  102. 


324  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

65.  ex  auctoritate     imp.  Caesaris     Vespasiani  Aug.     loca  publica 

a  privatis  |  possessa  T.  Suedivs  Clemens  tribunus,  causis 
cognitis  et  |  mensuris  factis,  rei  |  publicae  Pompeianorum  | 
restituit. 

C.  /.  L.  X.  1018.  Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Pompeii,  now  in  the 
museum  at  Naples.  T.  Suedius  Clemens  in  Tac.  Hist.  I.  87  and  II.  12  is 
called  a  primipilaris  and  in  an  Egyptian  inscription  of  79  A.D.  is  spoken 
of  as  praefectus  castrorum. 

66.  fin[?']s  inter  Neditas  et  Corinienses  derectus,  mensuris  actis  iussu 

Meceni  Gemini1  leg.  per  A.  Resium  Maximum  0  legionis 
XI  principem  posteriorem  co[r.]  2  I  et  per  D.  A[e]butium  | 
Liberalem  0  eiusdem  leg.  astatum  posteriorem  chor.  I. 

C.  I.  L.  III.  2883.  Found  at  Karin  (Corinium)  in  Dalmatia,  existing  in  a 
copy.  l  Moinmsen  reads  here  M.  Duceni  Gemini,  believing  that  he  is  the 
legatus  referred  to.  Tacitus  refers  to  him  as  of  consular  rank  in  62  A.D. 
(Ann.  XV.  18),  and  as  prefect  of  the  city  in  69  A.D.  (Hist.  I.  14). 


67.  termini  positi  inter  |  Igilgilitanos  in  |  quorum  finibus  kas|tellum 

Victoriae  |  positum  est,  et  Zimiz.1  ut  sciant  Zimizes  |  non  plus 
in  usum  |  se  haber.  ex  auctojritate  M.  Vetti  La|tronis  proc. 
Aug.  qua  in  circuitu.  a  muro  kast.  p.  |  B2;  pr.3  LXXXIX 
Tor|quato  et  Libone  cos.4 

C.  /.  L.  VIII.  8369.  Inscribed  on  a  large  stone  found  at  Djidjelli  (Igilgili), 
in  Africa,  where  it  still  exists.  l  Zimiz(es).  '2  p(assus  qningentos). 
3  (anno}  pr(ovinciae).  4  128  A.D. 

68.  ter.  August.1  dividit  |  prat.2  leg.    IIII  et  agr|um  Iulio|brig. 

C.  L  L.  II.  2916.  Inscribed  on  several  cippi  found  near  Ketortillo,  in  the 
northern  part  of  Spain.  l  ter  (minus)  August(alis).  2prat(um).  Ac- 
cording to  Hiibner  this  is  legio  quarto,  Macedonica,  known  from  the 
coins  of  the  colony  Caesaraugustana,  which  was  quartered  in  Spain  from 
the  time  of  Augustus  until  the  time  of  Claudius,  who  withdrew  it  to 
Germany.  This  gives  some  knowledge  of  the  date. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS  325 

INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS 
WEIGHTS  AND   MEASURES 

1.  O)    vl,  b)    ^y  (On  tipper  face.) 

C-CAESAVG-P-P    (0»  outer  edye.) 

C.  I.  L.  II.    a)  49(32,  1  ;   6)  4962,  4. 

a)  A  weight  of  black  marble,  with  bronze  handle,  weighing  16253  grammes ; 
therefore  the  libra  =  325.06  gr.,  since  the  mark  denotes  quinquaginta 
librae.  Another  weight,  entirely  of  bronze,  found  at  the  same  place,  is 
marked  X  and  weighs  325.4  gr.,  hence  the  libra  =  325.4.  These  results 
do  not  differ  much  from  the  normal  estimate  of  the  libra  =  325.8  gr. 

&)  Bronze  s(enri)u(ncia)  with  inserted  letters,  found  at  Cordova.  The 
weight  is  12.88  gr.,  so  that  the  libra  is  319.12  gr.,  hence  very  light. 

2.  L     •      H    A    T    I    L    I    V    S 

X 

FELIX-    MAG-    NAT 
DSD 

C.  L  L.  X.  8067,  11.  A  ten-pound  weight  of  3249.6  gr.  found  at  Pompeii, 
now  in  the  museum  at  Naples.  l  Mommsen  reads  magnar(ins}, 
(j.eya\€fj.iropos,  disregarding  the  point.  Dressel  reads  mag '(ister)  mar 
.  .  .,  not  explaining  the  latter. 

3.  PHILOXENVS-Lv 
AED-L-FAM-D-D1- 

<7.  /.  L.  X.  8067,  12.  A  weight  of  travertine  equal  to  9.6  kilog.,  now  in  the 
museum  at  Naples.  ll(ibertus)  aed(ituus}  L(aribus)  fam(iliaribus) 
d(onum}  d(edit). 

4.  y  i  a 

Q  •   G  R  Al 
C.  I.  L.  X.  8067,  9.    A  weight  of  marble  =  9400  gr.,  found  at  Pompeii. 

Diph(ili)  Q.  Grant. 
5.  Ill 

CATAPLVS- L. ET 
L  I  M  E  N   -    F  .    L1 
ET    -    F    .    D   .    D 

C.  L  L.  X.  8068,  3.  A  stone  weight  of  1000  gr.,  now  at  the  Cagliari 
Museum,  Sardinia.  l  Limen  f(Uiiis)  l(ibertis)  et  /(amiliae). 


326  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

6.  TI-CLAVD-CAES-iV      < 
L  •  VITELL.  Ill  •  COS      < 

EXACT     AD     A  R  T  I  C1    J, 

I  V  S     A  E  D2  ^ 

_j 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.  4124, 1.  A  marble  weight  found  at  La  Serpentara  (Fidenae). 
1  Artic(uleiana}  (pondera).  Articuleius  was  one  of  the  aediles  in  47 
A.D.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  aediles  to  examine  weights  and  measures 
(Dig.  I.  48,  10  ;  32,  31).  After  Trajan  this  function  fell  to  the  prefect 
of  the  city.  2  aed(iliuiri).  3  L.  Fl(avius)  Ana(tellon)  was  the  owner. 
The  date  is  47  A.D. 

7.  TI-CLAVD-CAES-TV-L-VIT-rTT 

L 
IVSSV  .  AED  -  EXACT  .  AD  .  ARTIC  .  I  .  C1 

C.  /.  L.  XIV.  4124,  2.  A  weight  of  white  marble  found  at  Praeneste. 
1  Perhaps  i(n}  C(apitolio}. 

8.  TI-CLAVDCAES     ////     V  I  T  E  L   • 
III    •  COS  •    EX  ACTA     AD   -    ARTIC   • 

CVRA-AEDIL 

C.  I.  L.  X.  8067,  2.  On  the  shaft  of  a  statera  found  at  Herculaneum,  dating 
47  A.D. 

9.  a)EME  ETHABEBIS 
&)/VR-CAVE  MALVM 

C.  L  L.  X.  8067,  5,  6.     On  lead  weights  found  at  Pompeii. 

GLADIATORIAL  TESSERAE 

1.  MENOPIL-ABI-L-S 

(Figure  of  a  thunderbolt.} 

SPECTAVIT 
C  -  \Aj  -  M  •  I-E  R 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS 


327 


Ephem.  Ep.  III.  p.  203.  Found  near  Terracina,  in  ancient  Latium. 
Date  661/93.  Menop(h)il(u8)  Abi  L(uci)  s(ervus).  C.  Val(erio)  M. 
Her(ennio}  (consulibus} . 

2.  PILOTIMVS 

H  0  ST  !  L  I 
SP •  PR • N  -  SEX . 
P  -  LEN  •  CN  -  ORE 

C.  /.  L.  I.  720.  Found  at  Rome.  Date  683/71.  Hostili(i)  (servus).  The 
consuls  are  P.  Lentulus  and  Cn.  Orestes. 

3.  PAMPHILVS 
S  E  R  V  I  L  I    .   M   .    S 
S   P   E1  .   K  .    F  E  B 
C- CAES -  M .  LEP- 

C.  L  L.  I.  736.  Found  at  Rome.  Date  708/46.  *  Servili(i)  M(arci) 
s (emus')  spe(ctavit). 

4.  M  A  X  I  M  V  S 

V   A    L    E    R   I 
S  P  I  D  I  A  N 

T-CAES-AVG  •  F-m-AELIAN-FT 

C.  /.  L.  I.  774.     Found  at  Rome.     Date  74  A.D. 


LEAD  SLING  SHOTS 

1.  If  •   P  I  S  0  •  I/  .   F)         (COS 

C.  /.  L.  I.  642.  From  Castro  Giovanni  (Henna)  in  Sicily,  dating  621/133, 
in  which  year  L.  Calpurnius  Piso  waged  war  in  Sicily  and  stormed 
the  towns  of  the  Mamertines.  Valerius  Maximus,  II.  7-9,  states  that 
Piso  employed  funditores  in  this  war, 


328  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

2.     a)  FIR1         6)  F  E  R  l\       /POMP2         c)  F  V  G  I  T  I  V  1 3 


P  E  R  I  S  Tl  S 
d)  T  A  M   E  N       e)  LEG-   XI 
E VO  M  E  S 
0  M  N  E  M 

C.  I.  L.  IX.  6086.  a)  vi,  6)  ix,  c)  xn,  d)  xxviu,  e)  xxi.  Inscriptions 
on  lead  bullets  found  near  Ascoli  (Asculum)  and  Corropoli,  or  in 
the  Castellano  river  near  Ascoli.  In  the  year  664/90  the  Romans 
fought  against  the  people  of  Ficenum  who  had  instigated  a  revolt  among 
the  Italians.  The  Roman  leader,  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo,  meeting  at  first 
with  defeat,  finally  besieged  and  after  a  desperate  battle  captured  the 
city  of  Asculum.  The  above  inscriptions  are  from  some  of  the  lead 
sling  shots  which  were  used  in  this.,  the  Social  war,  and  which  have  been 
obtained  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  battle.  *  Many  glandes  with 
this  inscription  have  been  found.  It  is  variously  explained  as  Fir  (mo 
missa}  or  Firmani  (funditores) .  '2  The  reference  is  to  Pompeius  Strabo 
the  besieger  of  the  town.  3  The  term  fugitim  was  probably  applied  by 
the  Romans  to  the  rebels.  It  has  been  suggested  that  the  term  was 
applied  by  the  socii  to  the  libertini  who  for  the  first  time  took  part 


3.         a)         k  .  ANTONI    CAKVIIN         /C  -  CAIISARVS 
PIIRISTI  )         \         VICTORIA 


6)  L  .  Xll1^  /PR  •  Pllf 

SCAEVA/  V 

C.  I.  L.  I.  685,  700 ;  Ephem.  Ep.  VI.,  p.  59.  Inscriptions  on  lead  bullets 
found  at  Perugia  in  Italy.  In  the  year  713/41  L.  Antonius,  the  consul, 
with  Fulvia,  his  brother's  wife,  betook  himself  to  Perusia,  where  he 
was  besieged  by  Agrippa  and  Salvidienus  Rufus,  and  finally  by  Caesar 
himself.  In  March  714/40  he  surrendered.  Appian,  V.  36,  informs  us 
that  glandes  plumbeae  were  used  in  this  war,  and  his  testimony  is 
supported  by  the  finding  of  the  above  missiles.  l  l(egio]  XII.  Scaeva, 
Pr(imus~}  pil(us),  perhaps  M.  Caesius  Scaeva,  honored  by  Caesar  in  the 
Civil  War,  706/48.  Caesar,  B.  C.  III.  53  ;  cf.  Valer.  Maximus,  III.  2,  23. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS 


329 


0 

UJ 

1  1 

o  o 

>    0 

<    CC 
•     CL 

Nl  AVGG  T  GETAE  CAESAR 

OFF  T  FLAVI  TIRIDATIS  LIB 

CQ 
CO 

0 

LU 

h- 

LU 

0 

i 

EX  OFF  EPICTETI  LIB 

•2 

.0 

1 

cc 

.s 

o 
<£> 

X 

1 

Z. 

CD 

CC 
h 

o 

h- 

co 

LU 

0 
CC 

Z 

CC 
CL 

CC 
0 

m 
o 

0 

o 

h- 
h- 

fi 

d 

1 

<    CO 

=; 

X 

CL 

CQ 

A 

~z_ 

LU 

0 

o 

HO 

H 

CO 
LU 

E   Zi 

Q       • 

0 

K 

LU 

LU 
CO 

Ij 

1 

0 

< 

CO 
CO 

oT 

PH 

1C 

o 

1    > 

z. 

CO 

Zi 

a 

0 

fl 

0 

E 

CC 

LU 

o 

— 

N 

^. 

>- 

h- 

Z       . 

cc 

O 

CL 

> 

"^ 

JS 

h- 

o 

ed 

^ 

> 

LU 

_     LU 

^ 

0 

3 

< 

'C 
o 

cc 

CL 

• 

. 

1 

K"*^ 

O 
«$ 
w 

K5 

CO 
> 

O 

cc 

cc   -i 

H   >- 

CO       ' 

s 

h- 

co 

I— 
LU 

—  y 

O 

o 

en 

CL 

KH 
1 

V 

CO 

CO 

0 
0 

0 

CC 
O 
z. 

i 

r& 

LU  cc 

CJ    O 

CL  m 

?    CO 

1  SEVERI 

z: 

O 
0 

ANTONIh 

VICTORIS 

1 

ctT 

0 

CO 
LU 

ANTONIN 

i 
cc 

LU 

CL 
0 

1 

d 

o 

o 

^_ 

cc 

1 

Oi 

^^ 

K 
rH 

CL 

LU 

CL 

h- 

LU 

cr 

* 

5 

O 

LU 

h- 

LU 

CC 
CL 

I-H 

CO 

LT 

^ 

05 

^ 

'  — 

• 

^ 

• 

cc 

^ 

<; 

•g. 

tr 

~ 

,-T 

_j 

cr 

LU 

o 

> 

CO 

CL 
CL 

o 

CO 

CL 
CL 

fr 

s  i 

z. 

CL 

cc 

LU 

CC 
0 

T* 

I 

^ 

CO 

5 

o 

.  v 

^ 

LU 
CO 

O 

^s 

330  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

3.  a)     IMP  •  DOMIT    AVG    GERM  .  XVI  -  COS1 

b)  IVLI/E    MAMI/E    MATRIS    AVG  •  N 

c)  FAVIA    GLYCERA    FEC2 

d)  AVR  -  IRENE  -  FEC2 

e)  CORNELIAE    PRAETEXTATAE    C    F3 

/)     PLVTIOR    NICEFORI    NICEFORIAN    ET    FILIORV3 

Lanciani,  'Comentarii  di  Frontino,  Silloge  Epigrafica  Aquaria,  Nos.  106, 
324,  563,  131,  402,  505.  Inscriptions  on  lead  pipes  found  in  various 
parts  of  Rome.  J  93-4  A.D.  2  These  women  probably  owned  a  plumber's 
officina,  and  hired  slave  labor.  3  These  are  the  names  of  the  owners  of 
private  houses  who  have  water  rights. 

4.  C  -  A/REL  .  AARlN  -  T  .  Q  •  I  -  MERCAOR  •  L1  .  F 

(7.  I.  L.  XII.  5701,  26.  Inscribed  on  a  lead  pipe  found  at  De'cines  in  the 
De"p.  de  ITsere,  France,  now  at  Lyons.  l  L(ugduni). 

5.  COL-  AVG  •  NEM1  •  TIBERINVS  •  L  .  F-  F-  S  -  F 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  5701,  58.  Inscribed  on  a  lead  pipe  found  at  Balaruc-les-Bains, 
now  at  Montpellier  in  the  museum.  1  Col(oniae)  Aug(ustae)  Nem^au- 
sensiurti)  L.  F  .  .  .  F  .  .  .  s(enw«)  f(ecit). 

6.  a)     REI  •  PVB  -  SALON 

6)     REIPVBLICAE  .  MVNICIPIVM  .  CANVSINO 
SVB  •  CVRA  -   L  .   EGGI   •   MARVLLI 

c)     FELIX  •  PVBL-  TERG  -  F 

Wilmanns,  2818.  Inscribed  on  lead  pipes  found  at  (a)  Salona,  (b)  Canosa 
(Canusium),  (c)  Trieste  (Tergeste). 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON  MOVABLE   OBJECTS  331 

ARTICLES  OF  BRONZE,  SILVER,  AND  GOLD 

1.  C  E  R  •    F  l   (On  handle,  in  raised  letters.) 
B  R  I C 0  N  I  S    (Scratched  with  a  stilus.-) 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  5698,  4.  On  a  bronze  patera  found  at  Forest  St.  Julien, 
France.  1  Cer(ialis}  f(ecit). 

2.  .  V  R  0  R 

AMOR 
E  T  V  0 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  5698,  18.  On  a  bronze  fibula  found  at  Geneva,  where  It 
is  preserved  in  the  museum. 

3.  CORIIKIA  -  NYPII  .  AVRV  .  hAIV1  (sic)  XX 

C.  /.  L.  X.  8071,  1.  Inscribed  in  litterae  punctatae  on  the  inside  of  a  gold 
bracelet,  in  form  of  a  serpent  with  three  coils,  found  at  Pompeii,  now  in 
the  museum  at  Naples.  Corelia  Ny(m}p(h}e  auru(m)  p(ondo)  .... 
XX.  The  bracelet  weighs  170.85  gr.  and  XX  Attic  didrachma  =  174.6 
gr.  i  This  word  is  unintelligible. 

4.  M  .  MASCAl  .  P  .  Vn1 

C.  I.  L.  X.  8071,  12.  Inscribed  on  a  silver  patera  weighing  549.85  grams, 
found  at  Pompeii,  now  in  the  museum  at  Naples.  1p(ondo)  V  semunciam 
(scriptulum)  I  or  1655  gr.,  so  that  three  paterae  were  weighed  at  the 
same  time. 

5.  CORNELIAS  •  CHEliDONI 

C.  I.  L.  X.  8071,  38.  Stamped  on  both  handles  of  a  bronze  urn  found  at 
Pompeii,  now  at  Naples  in  the  museum. 

6-  IHOVWOOiN  •  IdIO  •  d 

SORS  -  MERCVRI 

C.  I.  L.  III.  6017,  9.  Inscribed  on  the  handle  of  a  large  bronze  vase  found 
on  the  bed  of  the  river  Laibach.  A  similar"  motto  occurs  on  a  vase 
found  at  Herculaneum.  Bergk  (Bull.  deW  Inst.  1859,  p.  229)  comment- 
ing on  the  phrase  K\rjpos  'E/s/uoO  states  that  among  the  Greeks  it  implied 
the  best  lot,  so  here  means  good  luck  to  the  purchaser. 


332  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

7.  TI-ROBILI-SI1 

C  -  EILI  -  HANN-ON 

C.  I.  L.  III.  6017,  12.  Inscribed  on  the  handle  of  a  large  bronze  vase,  in 
letters  of  the  best  period,  found  near  Teplitz,  in  Bohemia.  The  names 
probably  indicate  the  maker  and  the  owner.  l  Si(ta)  .  .  . 


SlGNACULA    OF    BRONZE 

1.  SEXcsAEBVTI 

P  Y  T  H  I  A  E 

C.  L  L.  XII.  5690,  5.  Inscription  of  a  bronze  stamp  found  at  St.  Martin 
de  Castillon,  France.  The  letters  are  raised  and  run  from  right  to  left, 
as  is  common  with  these  signacula.  A  palm  branch  is  engraved  on  the 
handle. 

2.  E  V   M   0   L   P   I     5D 
PCS  CALPVRNI 
A  T   I    L   I  A   N    I    Os 

C.  L  L.  XII.  5690,  4o.  Inscription  of  a  bronze  stamp  found  at  Ge'menos, 
France,  now  at  Marseilles.  A  palm  branch  is  engraved  on  the  other  side. 

3.  PAREGORVS 
COELI  .  AVIT/E1 

C.  I.  L.  XII.  5690,  101.  Inscription  of  a  bronze  stamp  found  at  Toulouse, 
where  it  is  preserved  in  the  museum.  l  Coeli(ae')  Avitae. 

4.  M  A  R  C  I  A  N  I 

A     V     G     N     .a 

C.  L  L.  X.  8059,  256.  A  bronze  stamp  found  at  Sassari,  Sardinia,  now  in 
possession  of  Mr.  ( )lcott,  Columbia  College,  New  York.  The  inscription 
given  in  C.  I.  L.  is  a  copy  and  shows  S  as  the  last  letter,  but  with  com- 
ment postremum  siynum  corona  videtur  esse.  The  original  shows  a 
wreath  and  not  a  letter. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  MOVABLE   OBJECTS  333 

OCULISTS'  STAMPS 

1.  M    IVL   SATYRI    DIASMYR|N£S    POST    IMPET    LIPPIT1 
M    IVL  SATYRI    PENI  CIL'2   LENE   EX   OVO 

M    IVL   SATYRI    DIA  LEPIDOS   AD   ASPR3 

M    IVL   SATYRI    DIALl|BANV4   AD   SVPPVRAT5 

Revue  Archeologique,  3  Ser.,  21,  1893,  p.  306.  Found  in  England,  now  in 
British  Museum.  llippit(udinis}.  '2penicil(lum).  3  aspr(itudinem). 
4  dialibanu(rti) .  5suppurat(iones). 

2.  L  •  CAEMI  •  PATERNI  .  AVTHElMER1  -  LEN  .  EX  .  O2  -  ACR  -  EX  •  AQ3 
L  •  CAEMI  •  PATERNI    STAC|TON   AD  .  C  •  SC  .  ET  .  CL* 

L  •  CAEMI  .  PATERNI    CRO|COD5  .  AD  -  ASPRITVDIN 
L  •  CAEMI  •  PATERNI    CHE|l_ID'5  •  AD  .  GENAR  •  CICA7 

Eemie  Archeologique,  3  Ser.,  22, 1893,  p.  30.  Found  at  Lyons,  France,  exist- 
ing in  a  copy.  l  authemer(um').  2o(vo).  s  acr(e~)  ex  aq(ua).  4  ad 
g(enas}  sc(abras)  et  cl(aritatem').  bcrocod(es).  6chelid(onium).  'ad 
genar(um)  cicatrices'). 

3.  ALBVCI  •  CHELID    AD   CALIG    GEN1   SCABR 
ALBVCI  •  DIAPOBALS'2  |  AD   OMN  .  CALIG    DELAC8 
ALBVCI  •  MELIN     DELAC  •  EX  .  EM  •  PVL4 
ALBVCI  .  TRIT5    AD   CLARITVD 

Revue  Archenlogique,  3  Ser.,  22,  1893,  p.  145.  Found  at  Naix  (Meuse),  now 
in  museum  at  Bcsan§on.  1  (et)  gen(as).  2  dia(o)pobal8(amum).  3  de- 
lac  (rimatorium} .  4  ex  em(endato')  pul(vere).  btrit(icum). 

INSCRIPTIONS  ON  BLOCKS  OF  MARBLE 

1.        a)    C  C  I    I    I  C)    N      D  C  C  X   X   I    (On.  one  side) 

C  0  R   NH      C  fi.  S2     C   (On  other  side) 

6)NCDXCII1  d)PVTEOLANI     C/£3 

C.  I.  L.  VIII.  a)  14598,  6)  14599,  c)  14590,  d)  14593.  On  blocks  of  marble 
found  near  quarries  at  Hr.  Schemtu  (Simitthus),  Africa.  The  numerals 
indicate  the  number  of  the  block  among  those  ready  at  the  port  to  be 
shipped  to  Rome  in  a  certain  year.  l  n(umero).  2  Corinthi(i)  Caes(aris) 
(servi).  3  C'a[^.s(om)]  (servi)  or 


334 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


2.    EX.M.N^CAESARIS-N.R.D.A-SVB.CVR.C-CERIALS-PR3 
SVBSEQ4.SERGIO.LONG0.7.LEG.XXII.PRIMIG-PROB 
CRESCENTE-  LIB5  N  VMM 

(On  one  (tidt)       N     VMM 
(On  another  side  painted  in  minium}       CX  X  X     N    VMM 

Bruzza,  Iscrizioni  dei  Marmi  Grezzi  (Annali  dell'  1st.  1870),  1.  On  a  block 
of  Carystian  marble  found  at  the  Emporium,  Koine.  *  ex  m(etaUo} 
n(ovo).  2  n(ostri~)  r(ationis)  d(ominicae)  A(ugustae). 
4  subseq(uente~).  5prob(ante)  Crescente  lib  (erto)  . 


3.      IMP    VESPASIANO    VI  (On  the  other  face)    EX     RAJ-    L/£T    SER 

TITO  C/ES-  Mil   COS1  N3  LXXXV 

Bruzza,  Iscrizioni  (Annali,  1870),  147.     On  a  block  of  Chian  marble  found 
at  the  Emporium,  Rome.    *  75  A.D.    2  ex  ra(tiune).     3  n(umero). 


4.  a)   C   XVI   COS1 
XV 


c)  c/ARO  II  T  SEVER  COS4 
LOCO   CCXXX 
B    TERT5 
OFF    PELA6 


d) 


M 
RAW  III  COS2 

XII          - 
CXVICOS3  ^ 

c  xxxxv 

LARG  T   MeSSAL  COS7 
LOCO   XXXVII    REPR8 
OFF    ASIAT 


C.  /.  L.  III.  «)  7000,  6)  7011,  c)  7025,  cZ)  7027.  On  blocks  of  Phrygian 
marble  found  at  Itschki  Karahissar  (Docimum),  Phrygia.  l  C(aesare} 
XVI  cos  =  92  AD.,  i.e.  Domitian.  *[T]raiano  III  co(n~)s(ule}  =  100 
A.D.  3  C(aesare')  XVI  cos  =  92,  i.e.  Domitian.  Blocks  marked  with 
two  consulates  are  common  in  Phrygia.  4  (Sfxto}  (Erucio)  [Cl~]aro  II 
et  Sever (o)  co(n)s(ulibus}.  5  b(raccJihdn)  tert(ium).  6  Pela(gii). 
1  Larg(o)  et  Messal(a).  8  repr(obatum)  ? 


OK    r*t« 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS\JD/r 

5.  AVGV^N    -   COS1  (Ononeside)    LXXXR 

L.    LXXX     ft2  (On  another  side)    N     LXV 

N 


Bruzza,  Iscrizioni  (Annali,  1870),  6.  On  a  block  of  Carystian  marble  found 
at  the  Emporium,  Rome.  l  132.  2  r(a}t(ionis}.  As  Z(oco)  indicates 
the  portion  of  a  quarry,  this  block  numbered  80  in  the  quarry,  but  65  at 
the  port. 

6.  L  .  AELIO 
CAESARE    NUT    BAL 
BIND  •  COS1    RATIONIS 
VRBICAE    SVB    CVR    IRENAEI 
AVG   LIB   PROC  CAESVRA  TVLLI 
SATVRNINI    V    LEG    XXII    PRIM 

(On  the  lower  part  of  shaft.) 
(On  Vie  middle  part.}  (On  the  tipper  part.) 

LOCVS2  N    II  CIA3  OFF    PA4    N    LXXXVI 

LOC  XVI   B3 

Bruzza,  Iscrizioni  (Annali,  1870),  258.  Or  a  column  of  Synnadic  marble 
found  near  the  Tiber.  x  137  A.D.  2  T  jcus,  as  well  as  bracchium,  indi- 
cates the  section  of  the  quarry  ;  in  this  case  the  section  is  numbered. 
3  CIA  and  B  thus  far  defy  explanation.  4  Pa(piri). 

7.  N    CCCV    OF1   GENII    MONTIS 

IMP   COMMODO   AVG    Till  T    VICTORINO    [/]!    COS 
CAESVRA    MAXIMI    PROC 

C.  I.  L.  VIII.  14588.  On  a  large  block  of  marble  found  at  Hr.  Schemtu 
(Simitthus),  Africa.  lof(ficina).  Date,  183  A.D. 

PIGS  OF  LEAD 

1.  M  -  P1-  ROSCIEIS  •  M  •  F.  MAIC2 

C.  L  L.  II.  3439.     More  than  thirty  pigs  of  lead,  with  similar  inscriptions, 
have  been  found  in   mines   near  Cartagena,   Spain.      1  M(anius)    (cO 
(tribu). 


336  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

2.  BRITANNIC;  •  AVG  •  Fi1  V.ET-PS 

C.  I.  L.  VII.  1202.  Found  near  Blagdon,  Somerset,  England,  now  in 
British  Museum.  1f(ilii).  '2  Probably  V(eranio)  et  P(ompeio).  Date, 
49  A.D. 

3.  HEROES    A/G     EX     K     IA/    mi    COS1    BRt2        (On  upper  face.) 
eXK     IVL     P  •    M   •  GS3  (On  one  side.) 

EX    ARGENT 

CAPASCAS4  5>  (On  another  side.) 

XXX 

C.  /.  L.  VII.  1203.  Found  near  Stockbridge,  England  :  now  in  British 
Museum.  Date,  59  A.D.  lex  k(alendis)  lan(uariis')  HII  co(n)s(ulis). 
2  Bntannicum.  3  ex  k(alendis)  Iul(iis)  p(ontificis')  m(cm'wu')  co(n)- 
s(ulis).  4  Unintelligible. 

4.  IM3  •  VESP  •  VM  -  T  •  IM>  -  V  •  COS  1     (On  »pp*rfac*) 

DE     CEA2  (On  the  side.) 

C.  L  L.  VII.  1205.  Found  near  Lichfield,  England,  now  in  British  Museum. 
Date,  76  A.D.  1  co(n}s(idibus).  2  de  Cea(ngis). 

5.  IMP  •  CAES  •  HADRIANI  -  AVG  -  MET  -  LVT1 

C.  L  L.  VII.  1208.  Found  near  Matlock,  Derbyshire,  England,  now  in 
British  Museum.  Date  117-138.  l  met(alloruiri)  Lut(udensium  ?). 

PIGS  OF  SILVER 

1.  E  X      0  F     F  L 

H  0  N  0  R  I  N  I 

-    C.  L  L.  VII.  1196.     Found  in  Tower  of   London  together  with  coins  of 
Arcadius  and  Honorius,  now  in  British  Museum,    ex  of(ficina)  Fl(avii?\ 

2.  EX    OF    PA 

T    R    I    C    I 

C.  I.  L.  VII.  1198.    Found  near  Coleraine,  Ireland,  now  in  British  Museum. 


1. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS  337 

INSCRIPTIONS  ON  TILES  AND  BRICKS 


a) 

COS 

CN  .  OC  •  C  - 

SC1 

C-  /W 

2 

&) 

L  . 

NAEV3-  | 

C08  - 

L  COTT  |  L  . 

MAN 

c) 

M  • 

COCCIO 

L  .  GELLIO 

COS 

4 

|  L  I/IAEVI  - 

L  • 

F 

d) 

M  . 

CRASSO 

CN  • 

LbJV 

COS5 

|  L  -  N>£VI  • 

FELIC 

C.L 

L.  I 

a 

)  777,  6)  784,  c) 

795,  d}  797.     Stamped  inscriptions 

on  bi 

found  at  Veleia,  Italy,  now  in  the  museum  at  Parma.  1  co(n)s(iilibus) 
Cn.  Oc(tavio)  C.  Sc(ribonio),  678/76.  2  C.  M u  .  .  .  .,  the  name  of  the 
figulus  who  alone  made  stamps  "with  letters  sunk  beneath  the  surface 
while  the  others  made  inscriptions  in  relief.  8  L.  Naevius  figulus  of 
686/68-710/44.  4  718/36.  5  740/14. 

BRICKS  FOUND  IN  ROME 

1.  ^         OP    DOL    EX    PR    AIACIA    AR\L    EPAGft1 

MAXIM    ET    AVIT   COS2 

C.  L  L.  XV.  9.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  on  the  Esquiline,  Via  Latina, 
and  elsewhere  in  and  about  Rome.  l  expr(aedis)  Aiacia(nis)  Arul(eni) 
Epagath(i}.  2 144. 

2.  ^        M    R    L1   Q   AQVILIO    NIGRO    M    REBVLO 

APRONIANO   COS2 
BRV3 

C.  /.  L.  XV.  25.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  in  walls  between  the  Pantheon 
and  Baths  of  Agrippa.  *  M.  E(utili)  L(upi).  2  117.  *  Bru(tiana\ 

3.  O     a)  OP    DOL    EX    PR    C    FVL    PLAVT    PR    PR 

C   V1   COS    II    FIG    BVCCONIA 

cm   6)  L-NVMER 

IVSTVS - FEC 

C.  1.  L.  XV.  47.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  in  tearing  down  the  church  of 
S.  Peter  and  Marcellinus,  near  the  Lateran.  l  ex  pr(aedis}  C.  Ful(vi) 
Plaut(iani)  pr(aefecti)  pr(aetorio)  c(larissimi}  v(iri).  The  date  is 
between  203  and  205.  b  is  on  the  same  brick  as  a,  but  in  a  differently 
shaped  stamp. 

LAT.   IN8CRIP. 22 


338  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

4.  EX    PRAEDI    ANNI    LIBO  •  OPV 

I — I  SALA1    EX    OF    ANNI    DECEMB2 


SERVIANO    III     ET    VARO 

C.  I.  L.  XV.  512.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  in  the  Gardens  of  Sallust 
and  elsewhere  in  Home,  also  at  Ostia.  l  opu(s)  Sala(rese).  2  ex 
of(flcina)  Anni  Decemb(ris).  The  date  is  134. 

5.  ^        EX  -  OFIC  •  OP  •  DOL  .  EX  .  PR  •  CAES  -  "N 

Q  -  OPPI  -  PROCVLI1 

C.  L  L.  XV.  364.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  in  many  places  in  and  about 
Rome,  e.g.  on  the  Esquiline,  Via  Appia.  J  op(us')  dol(iare)  ex  pr(aedis) 
Caes(aris)  n(ostri'),  (ex  officina)  Q  Oppi  Proculi. 

6.  ^  OP  -  DOL  .  EX  .  PRAED    AVG    N    FIG 

OCEANAS    MAIORES 

C.  L  L.  XV.  371.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  oh  the  Esquiline,  on  the  Via 
Ardeatina,  Via  Appia,  etc.  This  dates  in  the  time  of  Severus. 

7.  O   EX  .  PRAEDIS  HEREDVM  •  CC  VV  PASSENI 

AE  PETRONIAE  .  NEG  -  VAL  -  CATVLLO 
C  F 

C.  I.  L.  XV.  419.  Impressed  on  bricks  found,  among  other  places  in  Rome 
on  the  banks  and  in  the  bed  of  the  Tiber,  in  the  cemetery  of  S.  Peter 
and  Marcellinus,  also  in  the  Stadium  of  Domitian,  near  the  temple  of 
Juppiter  Stator.  ex  praedis  heredum  (duorum)  c(larissimorum)  v(ir- 
orum)  Passeniae  Petroniae  c(larissimae)  f(eminae},  neg  (otiatore)  Val- 
(erio)  Catullo.  This  dates  in  the  time  of  Commodus. 

8.  EXFIGDOMITIAE 
DOMITIANI    SVLPICIANV1 

C.  L  L.  XV.  550.  Impressed  in  liUerae  cavae  on  bricks  found  in  the 
Forum  Romanum  near  Basilica  lulia,  near  the  Baths  of  Diocletian, 
and  elsewhere  in  and  about  Rome.  J  iSulpicianu(m)  (opus).  The  date 
is  about  123  A.D. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS  339 

9.    ^       DE    FIG    PEDANIES    QVINTILL>£   CONDV1 
C    LABERIVS    ZOSIMV 

G.  L  L.  XV.  643.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  on  the  Palatine,  and  on  the 
banks  arid  in  the  bed  of  the  Tiber.  This  dates  in  the  early  part  of  the 
reign  of  Hadrian.  l  conductor  or  (quas)  condu(xit). 

10.  ^         TEG  •  TVN   •    DOL1  .  EVTVCHVS  •   SE  • 

IVLIAE    PROCVL/E2 

C.  L  L.  XV.  647.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  on  the  Palatine  and  Esquiline, 
also  in  and  about  the  Tiber.  1  teg(ula)  Tun(neiana)  dol(iaris). 
2  se(rvus)  luliae  Proculae  (fecit). 

11.  ^       VALER    NICE1    EX  "PR    PL  .  AVG2   OP  .   D 

P/£TIN    ET    APRON 

SOO 

C.  L  L.  XV.  692.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  in  extensive  ruins  perhaps  of 
the  baths  of  Agrippa  or  of  the  temple  of  Minerva,  in  the  Gardens  of 
Sallust,  and  elsewhere  in  Rome.  The  date  is  123.  l  Valer(iae) 
Nice(nis).  *  Pl(otinae}  Aug(ustae)  or  Aug(usti). 

12.  ^     OPVS    DOL    EX  -   PR    AVRELI    CAES    T    FAVS 

TINAE    AVG  •  VLPI  -  ANE 
CETIANI 

C.  L  L.  XV.  719.  Impressed  on  a  brick  now  in  museum  at  Paris.  The 
date  is  about  100. 

13.  ^  DOL  .   ANTEROTIS    SEVERI1 

CAESARIS    N 
C.  I  L.  XV.  811.     Impressed  on  bricks  from  the  Pantheon.    *  Severi(ani). 

14.  ^  EX  -   FIG  -  Q  •   ASINI   •   MARCELLI 

D  •  OP  •    F  .  C  .    NVNFORTVNA.1 

Q  •   ART    P>£    ET    FRONA 

COS 


340  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

C.  I.  L.  XV.  847.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  on  the  Falatine,  in  the 
Gardens  of  Sallust,  on  the  Esquiline  and  elsewhere  in  Rome.  1  C. 
Nun(nidius}  Fortuna(tus}.  The  date  is  123. 

15.  OP  •   DOL  .   EX  .   P  •   DOM   -   LVC  •   EX 

FIG  -  QVARTIONIS 

C.  L  L.  XV.  1063.  Impressed  on  a  brick  found  on  the  Via  Tiburtina.  The 
date  is  about  140. 

16.  ^  VAL   QVI   -   FEC1 

CN    DON/f  -   AAANDI 

C.  I.  L.  XV.  1097.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  on  the  Palatine.  The  date 
is  about  75-108.  l  val(eat)  quifec(it). 


17.  a)   LEG    II    ADI    P    F 

b)   LEG    II    ADI    P    F    ANT1 

C.  I.  L.  III.  3750.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  in  many  places  in  Pannonia 
Inferior,  principally  at  Buda  and  Se'te'ny.  l  Ant(oniniana}. 

18.  a)   LEG    X  •  G  •   P  •   F 

b)  LEG    XIII    GUM    IV 

c)  LEG  •   XIII   •  GE  -   R/FI1 

C.  L  L.  III.  a)  4659,  6)  and  c)  4660.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  in 
Pannonia  Superior.  l  The  officer  in  charge  of  the  manufacture  of  bricks. 

19.  a)   LEG    XXII    P  -   P  •   F1 

IVL  •   PRIMVS  -   F2 

Brambach,  /riser.  Ehen.  1491.  Impressed  on  bricks  found  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Mainz.  l  p(rimigenia}  p(ia)  f(idelis').  .  2/(ecft).  That  Julius 
Primus  was  figulus  for  this  legion  is  shown  by  the  frequent  occurrence 
of  his  name  on  the  bricks  stamped  XXII. 

20.  VEXIL1  -   LEGIONVM 


I   •  VIII   •   XI   -   Xllll   .   XXI 

Bull.   Epigraph.,  Vol.  IV.  1884,  p.  66.     Impressed  on  bricks  found  at 
Mirebeau.    1  vexil(lationes). 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON    MOVABLE   OBJECTS 


341 


21.  a)  COM    •    I   .  \LP  .    P1 

6)  COM  .  VII    BR    AN2 

(7.  /.  L.  III.  3756,  3757.    Impressed  on  bricks  found  at  Buda  in  Pannonia 
Inferior.     l  P(annoniorum?).    '2  Br(eucorum)  An(toniniana)* 


Dolia. 
1. 


(Caduceus) 


VESSELS  OF  CLAY 


D  .   F1  •   C  •  CLVENTI    * 
AMPLIATI > 


branch,        /~r»D  I  MT  U\/C C        C2  \  (Crescent,  palm  branch, 

hv^    •     O    •     I" I  wreath) 

C.  I.  L.  X.  8047,  7.    Impressed  on  dolia  found  at  Pompeii.    x  de  f(iglinis)  ? 
2  s(ervus)  f(ecit). 

2.  PHILEROS 

M.FVLVI-SER 

C.  I.  L.  X.  8047,  15.     Impressed  on  a  dolium  found  at  Pompeii. 


3.  S  E  R  -  A  L-L1 

/EC  I  T 

C.  L  L.  XII.  5684, 1.    Impressed  on  a  dolium  found  at  Nismes.    l  Unknown 
women. 


Amphorae. 
4. 


M  .   S  A.  N  A  N    S  A"1 


C.  I.  L.  XII.  5683,  267.     Stamped  on  an  amphora  found  at  Ste-Colombe, 
now  at  Lyons.    J  Sat(urnini'). 


5.  SAXOFERREO 

C.  L  L.  XII.  5683,  272.     Stamped  on  an  amphora  in  the  museum  at  Aries. 


342  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

6.  M  .  H  CC  I  .   L  .   F  -  "ft  O1 

G  A_  E  0  N  V  S2 

G.  L  L.  XII.  5683,  296.  Stamped  on  an  amphora  found  at  Uzes  (Ucetia), 
France,  perhaps  brought  from  Italy.  l  Tro(mentina).  2  Qaleon[i]s. 

7.  C  •  POMPONiO  •  C  •  ANICIO  COS 

EX  •  FVNDO    BADIANO 
BISF-  ID  •  AVQ  •  BIMVM 

G.  L  L.  IV.  2551.  Painted  in  white  coloring  on  the  fragment  of  an  amphora 
found  at  Pompeii,  where  it  is  still  preserved.  It  is  unknown  to  what 
year  the  consuls  should  be  assigned.  An  Anicius  Cerialis  was  consul  in 
65  A.D.,  and  his  colleague  is  not  known,  hence  some  assign  the  amphora 
to  this  date.  The  third  line  seems  to  indicate  that  the  wine,  already  two 
years  old,  was  placed  in  the  amphora  on  the  Ides  of  August.  Cf.  Hor. 
Car.  III.  8,  9.  BISF  is  inexplicable.  Schoene  suggests  DIFF  (usum). 

8.  F  A  V  S 


T  I    •    C  L  A  V  D  I  0     MM 
COS 


L    •    V  I  T  E  L  L  I  0     Ml 

C.  L  L.  IV.  2553.  Painted  in  red  on  an  amphora  found  in  Pompeii,  where 
it  still  remains.  We  know  from  Pliny,  N.  H.  XIV.  62,  that  the  Faus(ti- 
anum}  vinum  was  the  best  kind  of  Falernian  wine.  The  date  is  47  A.D. 

9.  SV?  R 

X  X  I 

VESPASIANO     Ml 
ET-FILIO-C^S 

C.  L  L.  IV.  2555.  Painted  on  the  neck  of  an  amphora  found  at  Pompeii, 
existing  in  copy.  Since  Vespasian  was  consul  III  in  71,  with  Cocceius 
Nerva  as  colleague,  and  Domitianus  and  Pedius  Cascus  were  the  suffecti 
of  the  same  year,  Mommsen  suggests  that  II  should  stand  in  place  of 
III.  But  in  Pliny,  JV.  H.  II.  57,  we  find  imperatoribus  Vcspasianis 
patre  tertiumfilio  II  or  iterum  (Paris  Ms.  eius}  consulibus.  Henzen  has 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS  343 

suggested  that  Pliny  and  the  writer  of  the  inscription  carelessly  named 
as  colleagues  those  who,  though  consuls  of  the  same  year,  did  not  hold 
office  at  the  same  time.  In  the  quotation  from  Pliny,  II  or  iterum  must 
be  rejected. 

10.  L  I  Q  V  A  M  E  N 
0  P  T  I   M   V   M 

C.  /.  L.  IV.  2592.  Painted  in  black  coloring  on  a  small  pitcher  found  at 
Pompeii,  now  in  museum  at  Naples. 

11.  PRESTA  -    Ml   -   SINCERV-  SIC  -  TEAMET  •  QVECVSTO- 

DIT  •  ORTVVENVS 

C.  L  L.  IV.  2776.  Inscribed  with  a  graphium  in  the  clay  before  baking  on 
the  bowl  of  a  vase  found  at  Pompeii,  now  at  Naples.  Presta  mi  sin- 
ceru(m')  ;  sic  te  amet  qn(a)e  custodit  (Ji)ortu(m}  Venus.  Cf.  Varro,  De 
1$.  E.  I  1,  6.  Item  adveneror  Minervam  et  Venerem  quarum  unius  pro- 
curatio  oliveti  alterius  hortorum. 

12.  G  E  N  I  0     P 

0  P  V  L  I  F  E 
L  I  C  I  T  E  R 

C.  L  L.  XII.  5687,  44.  Stamped  on  the  flange  of  a  red  earthen  vase  found 
at  Vienne,  France.  Similar  expressions  are  found  on  other  vases,  e.g. 
mihi  et  meis  feliciter  (46),  Sequanis  feliciter  (50). 

On  one  side.    (Marsyas  stands  playing  on  a  double  flute.    Apollo,  sitting,  holds  the 
lyre  and  plectrum.     Gods  and  goddesses  are  gathered  about.} 

13.  PALLADOS    EN    STVDIO    DIDI 
CISTI     MARSYAS     CANV1    DV 
MQVE    TIBI    TITVLVM    QVAE 
RIS     MALA     POENA     REMAS2 

On  the  other  side.    (Hercules  ;•  Bacchus  and  Ariadne  sitting  on  a  couch ;  two  satyrs, 
Silenus,  a  Bacchanet ;  on  the  right  leg  of  Hercules  is  inscribed  the  following:) 

APOLLINAR3 
CERA 


344  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

G.  I.  L.  XII.  5687,  9.  Stamped  on  a  large  flask  which  was  probably  found 
in  the  south  of  Gaul,  now  in  +,he  museum  of  S.  Germain.  l  Cantu(m). 
2  rema(n)s(it).  3  Apollinar(is),  the  name  of  the  artist. 

14.  (Onone*ide)  OSPITA    REPLE    LAGONA    CERVESA 

(On  me  other  side)    COPO    CNODITV    ABES    EST    REPLENDA 

Mowat,  Inscriptions  de  Paris,  p.  69.  Painted  on  a  vase  found  at  Paris. 
(H)ospita,  reple  lagona(m)  cerves(i)a!  Copo,  conditu(m)  (h)abes,  est 
replenda. 

Paterae. 

15.  a)  SEX  -  |  ANNI,   SEX  •  ANN,  ANNVS  etc. 

b)  CN  .  ATEI,  CNEEI,  GN  .  /£,  ATEI,  ATE  etc. 

c)  ATTICVS  [  L*  ANNI,  OF  ATICI,  7TTI  etc. 

d)  FELIX-  F,  FELICIS  NAN,  FELICIS  M,  FELIX  FEC  etc. 

Wilmanns,  2833.  Stamped  inscriptions  found  on  paterae  and  other  clay 
vessels,  particularly  throughout  Spain  and  Italy. 

16.  a)  ALBINVS,  ALBINI,  ALBINI   MA,  ALBINVS  FE  etc. 

b)  OF  •  CALVI 

c)  GERMANVS,  GERMAN  •  F 

d)  IVCVNDVS,  OF  IVCVND 

e)  PRISCVS,   PRISCI   MAN 

Wilmanns,  2833.  Stamped  inscriptions  found  in  general  in  Britain,  Gaul, 
Germany,  and  Illyria. 

Pelves. 

17.  APOLLONI-ET 

(Palm  branch)       I   S   M   A   R   I   •   C   N      CN       (Palm  branch) 

DOMITIORVM 
C.  I.  L.  X.  8048,  7.     Stamped  on  a  shallow  bowl  found  at  Pompeii. 

18.  CN-DOMITIVS 
sECVN  DVS .  FEC 

C.  L  L.  X.  8048,  18.     Stamped  on  the  flange  of  a  bowl  found  at  Pompeii. 


INSCRIPTIONS   ON   MOVABLE   OBJECTS  345 

Lamps. 

19.  a)  C  •  OPPI  •  RES    b)  C  COR  VRS    c)  L  CAE  SAE 

d)  FORTIS 

C.  I.  L.  a)  II.  4969,  41 ;  6)  IX.  6081,  22 ;  c)  6081,  13 ;  d)  6081,  33. 
Stamped  inscriptions  on  lamps  found  generally  in  Italy  and  Spain. 
They  frequently  exhibit  the  tria  nomina. 

20.  a)    FORTIS  b)   STROBILI  c)    ATIMETI 

d)  COMVNIS  e)  CRESCE 

C.  L  L.  XII.  5682.  a)  50 ;  6)  110 ;  c)  9 ;  d)  VII.  1330,  10 ;  e)  III.  12012,  6. 
Stamped  inscriptions  on  lamps  found  generally  in  Britain,  Gaul,  and 
Illyricum. 

21.  0  B 

C  I  V  I  S 
S  E  R1 

(7.  /.  L.  II.  4969,  2.  Stamped  inscription  on  a  lamp  found  in  Sevilla 
(Hispalis),  Spain  ;  also  found  in  Italy.  l  str(vatos). 

22.  A  N  N  V  M 

N  0  V  M    •    FA/ 
ST  V  M    •    F  E  L 
I  C  E  M    •    M  I  H 
H  V  C1 

(7.  L  L.  II.  4969,  3.  Stamped  on  lamps  found  frequently  in  Italy  and 
Spain.  l  mih(i}  hu(n)c. 

23.  EX   0 

Fl1    VIC 
T  OR  I  S 

C.  L  L.  II.  4969,  54.     Stamped  in  a  circle  on  a  lamp  found  at  Tarragona 

(Tarraco),  in  Spain.     *  ofi(cina). 


346  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

Vascula  Catena. 

24.    a)    If  •  CANol^EloS  •  \i  •  F  -  FECIT  .  CAl/ENoS 

b)  C  •  GABINIO/  /•  T  •  N  •  CALIINO 

c)  RIITVS  •  GABINIO  •  C  •  S  •  CAHIBVS  •  MIIC  •  Til1 

d)  RIITVS  -  GABINIO  -  C  •  s  •  CAI/EBVS  -  FECIT  •  E 

e)  L  .  GABINIVS  •  L  .  F  -  FIICIT 

/)   SIIRVIO   QABINIO  .  T  •  S  -  I'MCIT 

C.  L  L.  X.  8054.  These  inscriptions  are  stamped  with  bas  reliefs  on  the 
inside  of  the  bowls  or  paterae  found  at  Calvi  (Gales  in  Campania),  now 
in  various  museums  at  Rome,  Paris,  and  St.  Petersburg.  The  form  of 
the  letters  points  to  a  period  prior  to  the  second  Punic  war.  J  Perhaps 
fec(i£)  te(stam). 

THE   DUENOS  INSCRIPTION 

love  Sat.  deivos  qoi  med  mitat,  nei  ted  endo  cosmis  virco  sied, 
asted,  noisi  Ope  Toitesiai  pakari  vois.  Duenos  med  feced  en  manom, 
einom  dze  noine  med  mano  stated. 

An  earthen  vase  found  in  1880  at  Rome  on  the  Quirinal,  now  at  Rome  in  the 
possession  of  H.  Dressel.  The  purpose  of  the  bowl  and  its  inscription  has  been 
variously  explained  by  scholars,  but  without  satisfactory  and  conclusive  results. 
See  page  16. 

H.  Dressel  in  Ann.  delV  1st.  1880,  p.  158.  H.  Jordan,  Bull.  delV  1st.  1881, 
p.  81;  Hermes,  XVI.  1881,  p.  225;  Vindidae  Sermonis  Latini  Antiquissimi, 
Konigsberg,  1882.  Fr.  Buecheler,  Rhein.  Mus.  XXXVI.  1881,  p.  235.  H.  Ost- 
hoff,  Rhein.  Mus.  XXXVI.  1881,  p.  481.  M.  Breal,  Gomptes-rendus  des 
Seances  de  VAcademie  des  Inscriptions  et  Belles- Lettres,  Paris,  1882,  IV  series, 
vol.  X.  p.  23 ;  Revue  Archeol  VII.  1882,  p.  82.  C.  Pauli,  Altitalische  Studien, 
I.  Hannover,  1883.  E.  Baehrens,  Neue  lahrb.  129,  1885,  p.  833. 

Comparetti,  IS  Iscrizione  de  Vaso  Dressel,  Museo  Italiano  I.  Firenze,  1885. 

The  various  interpretations  are  as  follows : 

qoi  med  mitat  =  qui  me  mittat  Dressel,  Buecheler,  Osthoff,  Jordan. 
mittat  =  optative,  Dressel ;  future,  Buecheler  ;  potential  =  quisquis  mittat, 
Jordan. 


INSCRIPTIONS  ON  MOVABLE  OBJECTS  347 

love  Sat.  deivos  =  lovi  Sat(urno)  deis,  Dressel,  Buecheler  ;  =  lovei,  Jordan  ; 
—  Iove(m)  Sat(urnom)  deos,  Osthoff ;  loveis  at  deivos  =  Iiippiter  aut  deus  ! 
Breal. 

nei  ted  endo  cosmis  virco  sied  =  ne  te  intus  comes  virgo  sit,  Dressel,  Bue- 
cheler ;  ne  in  te  comis  virgo  sit,  Jordan  ;  netted  endo  cosmis  vir  cosied  =  nitat, 
i.e.  nitatur  (curet}  intus  comis  vir  consit,  Osthoff  ;  nei  ted  endo  cosmisu  irco, 
sied,  i.e.  ne  te  endo,  commissi  ergo,  sit,  Br&il. 

asted  noisi  ope  toitesiai  pakari  vois,  i.e.  adstet,  nisi  Opi  Ttttesiae  pacari  vis, 
Dressel,  Buecheler,  Osthoff ;  ast  nisi,  etc.  =  Jordan  ;  ast  ted  nois,  io  peto,  ites 
iai  pakari  vois  =  ast  te  nobis,  eo  penso,  Xtrcus  Us,  pacari  vclis,  Bre'al. 

Duenos  med  feced  =  Duenus  me  fecit,  Dresstl,  Buecheler,  Jordan,  Bre'al ;  en 
manom,  i.e.  proper  mortuum,  Dressel,  Buecheler  ;  ad  manium  sacrum,  Jordan  ; 
in  bonum,  Bre'al. 

einom  dze  noine  med  mano  statod  =  et  die  nono  me  mortuo  sistito,  Dressel, 
Buecheler ;  igitur  die  noni  me  mano  sistito,  Jordan  ;  einom  duenoi  ne  med  malo 
statod  =  nunc  Dueno  ne  me  malo  sistito,  Bre'al. 

Conway,  in  the  American  Journal  of  Philology,  X.  1889,  p.  445,  regards  the 
inscription  as  an  exsecratio,  and  interprets  thus  : 

Io.  Vei.  Sat.  deivos  qoi  med  mitat  nei  ted  endo  cosmis  virco  sied.  Asted  noisi 
Ope  Toitesiai  pacari  vois.  Duenos  med  feced  en  Manom,  einom  Duenoi  ne  med 
malo  statod. 

May  the  gods  Jove,  Vejove,  Saturn  (grant)  that  Proserpine,  to  whom  they 
suffer  this  vase  to  be  dispatched,  show  thee  no  favour.  Unless  thou,  indeed,  art 
willing  to  make  thy  peace  with  Ops  Toitesia.  Duenos  made  me  (as  a  curse) 
against  Maims,  and  let  not  evil  fall  to  Duenos  from  me. 


CHAPTER    VIII 

DOCUMENTS 
INSTKUMENTA 

EPIGRAPHIC  material  may  be  divided,  as  has  been  shown  above, 
into  two  great  classes.  The  first  class,  tituli,  has  been  treated  in 
what  has  just  preceded.  It  now  remains  to  consider  the  second 
class,  instrumenta. 

These  are  documents  which  have  been  placed  for  publication  and 
preservation  on  stone  and  metal,  and  which  have  an  importance  in 
themselves  and  in  the  information  which  they  convey,  apart  from 
the  objects  upon  which  they  appear.  They  are,  however,  of  such 
a  character,  as  to  place  them  in  the  field  of  Eoman  literature  and 
law,  rather  than  in  the  domain  of  epigraphy. 

Since,  however,  such  documents  have  been  preserved  for  us  in 
inscriptions,  as  well  as  in  the  works  of  ancient  writers,  it  belongs  to 
the  student  of  epigraphy  to  consider  what  documents  have  thus 
come  down  to  us,  their  formal  presentation  as  well  as  the  principles 
which  appear  to  have  controlled  their  individual  form  and  arrange- 
ment. 

LAWS  AND  PLEBISCITES 

(Leges  et  Plebi  Scita) 

The  word  lex,  originally  a  special  term  Denoting  the  enactments 
of  the  comitia  centuriata,  after  the  equalization  of  the  legislative 
authority  of  the  comitia  tributa  with  that  of  the  patrician  comitia, 
and  the  recognition  of  plebi  scita  as  leges  through  the  passage  of  the 
Lex  Hortensia,  467/287,  became  a  generic  term  applicable  alike  to 
the  enactments  of  both  bodies.  Hence  we  find  in  the  Lex  Latina 
Tabulae  Bantinae,  1  (dating  between  621/133-636/118),  and  the  Lex 
Agraria,  2  (643/111),  the  phrase  ex  hace  lege  plebeive  scito. 

348 


LAWS   AND   PLEBISCITES  349 

Leges  and  plebi  sdta  are  arranged  in  three  divisions.  I.  Index  or 
Praescriptio;  II.  Rogatio,  the  body  of  the  law;  III.  Sanctio,  the 
conclusion. 

I.  The  index  or  praescriptio  sets  forth  in  stereotyped  form  the 
name  of  the  proposer  (rogator)  of  the  law,  the  office  of  the  same,  the 
place,  the  day  of  the  month,  and,  finally,  the  name  of  the  body 
(centuria,  tribus)  entitled  to  vote  first,  and  the  name  of  the  man 
casting  the  first  vote. 

As  no  complete  praescriptio  has  been  preserved  for  ns  in  the 
inscriptions,  we  obtain  our  knowledge  of  its  form  from  that  of  the 
Lex  Quinctia  de  Aquaeductibus l  given  by  lulius  Frontinus  in  c.  129. 

T.  Quinctius  Crispimis  consul  [_d(e)  s(enatus)  s(ententia}~\  populum 
iure  rogavit  populusque  iure  scivit  in  foro  pro  rostris  aedis  divi  lulii 
pr(idie)  [A:.]  lulias.  Tribus  Sergio,  principium  fuit,  pro  tribu  Sex. 
L.  f.  Virro  [primus  scivit~\. 

When  the  law,  a  plebi  scitum,  was  proposed  by  a  plebeian  magis- 
trate, i.e.  tribunus  plebis,  the  expression  in  the  praescriptio  was 
plebem  rogare. 

The  first  line  of  the  praescriptio  was  written  in  larger  letters  than 
the  body  of  the  law.2 

II.  Rogatio.     The  text  of  the  law  was  divided  into  sections  or 
chapters  which  were  indicated  either  by  spaces,  after  which,  in  some 
cases,  the  first  word  or  a  part  of  the  first  word  of  the  paragraph 
extended  into  the  margin  (Lex  Cornelia  de  XX  Quaestoribus 3)  or  by 
numbers  adjoining  the  spaces  as  in  Lex  Rtibria*     The  titles  of  the 
sections  were  in  some  instances  introduced  by  the  letter  E-  =  rubrica, 
as  in  the  municipal  law  known  as  Lex  Malacitana  (see  p.  351). 

III.  Sanctio.     This  is  in  reality  the  conclusion  of  the  law,  and 
contains  provisions  against  its  infraction,  and  states  the  penalties 
for  those  who  transgress.     The  sanctio  might  also  contain  a  declara- 

1  Bruns,  Fontes  Juris  Romani  Antiqui?  1893.  p.  115. 

2  See  Kitschl,  P.  L.  M.  E.,  for  representations  of  bronze  law  plates. 
8  O.  7.  L.  I.  202.     Kitschl,  P.  L.  M.  E.  tab.  29. 

*  C.  L  L.  I.  205 ;  XL  1146  ;  P.  L.  M.  E.  tab.  32. 


350  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

tion  annulling  any  previous  act  against  which  this  particular  statute 
was  directed.1  The  lex  was  then  termed  perfecta,  but  if  such  a 
declaration  were  lacking  it  was  termed  imperfecta.  Non-interference 
with  previous  enactments  was  denoted  by  the  formula  EX  •  H  •  L  • 
N  •  R  =  ex  h(ac)  l(ege)  n(ihiluni)  r(ogatur).  See  Lex  liubria,2 
XXI.  24. 

The  principal  laws  and  plebiscites  which  have  come  down  to  us 
in  inscriptional  form  are : 

Lex  Acilia  Repetundarum,  631/123  or  632/122.  This  was  engraved  on  a 
bronze  plate  and  provided  for  the  institution  of  a  court  where  charges  of  extor- 
tion brought  by  the  socii  against  Roman  magistrates  might  be  considered. 
C.  L  L.  I.  98 ;  P.  L.  M.  E.  tab.  23-25. 

Lex  Agraria,  643/111.  This  is  engraved  on  the  reverse  of  the  bronze 
tablet  on  which  the  Lex  Acilia  is  preserved.  It  is  the  last  of  the  three  laws 
passed  after  the  death  of  C  Gracchus  annulling  his  agrarian  laws.  C.  I.  L.  I. 
200 ;  P.  L.  M.  E.  tab.  26-28.  • 

Lex  Cornelia  de  XX  Quaestoribus,  673/81.  This  law,  engraved  on  a  bronze 
tablet,  was  the  eighth  of  the  laws  of  Sulla  and  referred  to  the  introduction  of 
additional  quaestors.  C.  /.  L.  I.  202  ;  P.  L.  M.  E.  tab.  29. 

Lex  Antonia  de  Termessibus,  683/71.  A  plebi  scitum  on  a  bronze  tablet  by 
which  the  autonomy  of  Termessus  was  confirmed.  C.  L  L.  I.  204  ;  P.  L.  M.  E. 
tab.  31. 

Lex  Rubria  de  Cimtate  Galliae  Cisalpinae,  705/49.  A  bronze  tablet  found 
among  the  ruins  of  Veleia,  near  Piacenza.  By  means  of  this  law.  jurisdiction 
of  municipal  magistrates  in  Gallia  Cisalpina  was  established.  C.  I.  L.  I.  205  = 
XL  1146 ;  P.  L.  M.  E.  tab.  32. 

Lex  lulia  Municipals,  709/45.  This  law,  commonly  termed  Tabula  Hera- 
cleensis  from  the  place  of  its  discovery,  Heraclea,  is  engraved  upon  a  bronze 
tablet,  on  the  opposite  side  of  which  is  a  Greek  psephisma.  It  treats  of  the  dis- 
tribution of  corn,  duties  of  aediles  in  Rome,  and  rules  of  municipal  government. 
C.  L  L.I.  206  ;  P.  L.  M.  E.  tab.  33  and  34. 

In  the  imperial  period  legislation  was  in  the  hands  of  the  senate 
and  emperor,  so  that  the  leges  assumed  the  form  of  senatus  consulta 
and  constitution.es  of  the  emperors. 

1  Dig.  XLVIII.  19,  41  Sanctio  legum  quae  novissime  poenam  irrogat  Us  qui 
praeceptis  legis  non  obtemperaverint.     Cicero,  Ad  Att.  III.  23. 

2  Bruns,  Fontes  luris  Romani,  p.  101. 


LAWS   AND   PLEBISCITES  351 

The  Lex  de  Imperio  Vespasiani  (67  A.D.),  a  specimen  of  the  leges  de  imperio 
which  conferred  the  various  powers  of  the  principate  upon  the  emperor  on  his 
accession  to  the  throne,  sets  forth  the  decree  of  the  senate  as  a  senatus  consultum 
and  yet  assumes  in  some  respects  the  character  of  a  lex.1 

The  term  lex  was  also  applied  to  the  constitutions  given  by  those 
in  authority  to  dvitates,  based  upon  traditional  principles  once 
applied  to  the  government  of  coloniae  and  municipia.  They  are 
similar  to  the  leges  which  were  given  to  the  people  of  Campania 
when  they  became  Roman  citizens,  by  L.  Furius,  praetor  436/318 
(Livy,  IX.  20,  5). 

The  following  are  of  this  character  : 

Lex  Coloniae  Genetivae  luliae  sive  Ursonensis,  710/44.  A  colony  of  Roman 
citizens,  known  as  Colonia  Genetiva  Julia,  was  established  by  M.  Antonius, 
under  the  direction  of  Julius  Caesar,  at  Urso  (now  Osuna)  in  Spam.  The  lex 
given  by  Antonius  to  this  colony  originally  consisted  of  no  less  than  eight 
tabulae,  of  which  only  four  remain,  and  those  in  a  fragmentary  state.  C.  7.  L. 
II.  5439;  Ephem.  Ep.  II.  105,  221. 

Lex  Municipalis  Salpensana,  81-84  A.D.  A  portion  of  a  lex  municipalis 
given  by  the  emperor  Domitian  to  the  municipium  Salpensa,  inscribed  on  a 
bronze  tablet  found  near  Malaga,  Spain.  C.  I.  L.  II.  1963. 

Lex  Municipalis  Malacitana,  81-84  A.D.  A  similar  law  given  by  Domitian 
to  the  municipium  Malaca,  inscribed  also  on  bronze  and  found  in  the  same 
place.  C.  I.  L.  II.  1964. 

Lex  Metalli  Vipascensis.  Given  by  one  of  the  Flavian  emperors  as  a  con- 
stitution for  a  mining  settlement  in  Portugal.  Ephem.  Ep.  III.  165. 


X  INI  &I$  QVI   NVNC-JVNT  JTIAMX- 

JQ7"  DnNC£PS'lAj*lo-XAVMj  apio.TTviRa 

A  portion  of  the  Lear  Malacitana. 

R(ubrica)  LII.    De  comitiis  habendis.  \  Ex  II  viris  qui  mine  sunt,  item  ex  is, 
qui  |  deinceps  in  eo  municipio  II  viri  erunt,  \  uter  maior  natu  erit  ....... 

comitia  II  mr(is},  item  aedilibus,  item  quaestoribus  rogandis  subrogandis 
h(ac)  l(ege)  habeto. 

1  This  is  termed  Senatus  Consultum  de  Imperio  Vespasiani  in  Bruns,  Fontes 
luris  Eomani.  See  Momm.  Staatsr.  23,  876-9,  as  to  whether  it  is  a  lex  or 
senatus  consultum.  C.  L  L.  VI.  930. 


352  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

DECREES  OF  THE  SENATE 
(Senatus  Consulta) 

These  decrees  of  the  senate  of  the  Roman  people,  written  down 
under  the  direction  of  the  presiding  officer  in  presence  of  witnesses, 
have  been  preserved  for  us  in  literature  and  in  small  numbers  in  a 
monumental  form.  They  are  arranged  as  follows  : 

I.  Introductory  portion,  consisting  of  the  name  of  the  relator  with 
the  phrase  senatum  consuluit,  the  date,  i.e.  day  and  month  (not  later, 
however,  than  707/47),  and  place  of  assembly,  names  of  witnesses 
with  phrase  scribundo  adfuerunt. 

[Q].  Marcius  L.  /.,  S(p.)  Postumius  L.  f.  cos.  senatum  consoluerunt 
n(pnis)  Octob.  apud  aedem  Duelonai.  —  Sc(ribundo)  arf(uerunt)  M. 
Claudius)  M.  /.,  L.  Valerias)  P.  /.,  Q.  M\nuci(s),  C.  f.  (Senatus 
Consultum  de  Bacchanalibus,  568/186  ;  C.  /.  L.  I.  196). 

II.  The  statement  of  the  relatio,  i.e.  the  question  proposed,  intro- 
duced by  the  formula  quod  (ille)  consul  verba  fecit  or  quod  verba  facta 
sunt  de  ilia  re.     This  formula  verba  fecit  may  be  followed  by  an 
infinitive  clause  expressing  the  purpose  of  the  relatio.    The  formulaic 
ending  of  this  statement,  quid  de  ea  re  fieri  placeret,  Q  •  D  •  E  •  R  •  F  •  P, 
occurs  first  in  decrees  of  the  Augustan  period. 

III.  The  sententia  of  the  senate,  introduced  by  the  formula  de  ea 
re  ita  censuerunt,  D  •  E  •  R  •  I  •  C.     At  the  close  of  the  consultum  the 
word  censuerunt  (censuere)  is  repeated  either  in  full  or  represented 
by  the  letter  C.     The  same  word  occurs  after  each  section  when  the 
vote  was  taken  upon  each  article. 

The  senatus  consulta  which  had  reference  to  Greek  people  were 
translated  into  that  language,1  and  these  are  the  oldest  documents  of 
this  kind  which  have  been  preserved  to  our  time. 

The  earliest  senatus  consultum  written  in  Latin  which  has  been  preserved  is 
a  fragment  of  the  Latin  version  of  the  S.  C  de  Asclepiade  Clazomenio  Sociisque, 
676/78,  of  which  the  Greek  translation  has  also  been  preserved.  It  refers  to 


list  of  these  documents  see  Bulletin  de  Correspondence  Hellenique, 
1887,  p.  225  ;  and  for  the  formulae,  the  vol.  of  1885,  p.  455.  Paul  Viereck, 
Sermo  Graecus  quo  S.  P.  Q.  72.  usque  ad  Tiberii  Caesaris  aetatem  in  scriptis 
publicis  usi  sunt  examinatur.  Gottingen,  1888. 


IMPERIAL   DOCUMENTS 

three  Greek  captains  who,  on  account  of  their  services  to  the  state,  are  declared 
amid  populi  Romani.  C.  I.  L.  I.  203. 

Other  senatas  consulta  date  from  the  latter  part  of  the  first  century  B.C. 

Two  fragments  of  these  documents,  referring  to  the  ludi  saeculares,  are  pre- 
served on  marble  tablets.  They  date  May  23,  737/17.  S.CC.  de  Ludis 
Saecularibus.  Ephem.  Ep.  VIII.  225.  See  also  C.  I.  L.  VI.  877. 

8.  CC.  de  Aedificiis  non  Diruendis.  Two  decrees  inscribed  on  the  same  tablet 
which  refer  to  the  destruction  and  rebuilding  of  houses  in  Rome,  the  first  dating 
between  44-46  A.D.,  the  second  in  the  year  56.  0.  /.  L.  X.  1401. 

8.C.  de  Nundinis  Saltus  Beguensis,  138  A.D.  Inscribed  on  two  stones  found 
at  Henschir  Begar,  Africa,  containing  a  permit  for  a  market  in  the  district 
Saltus  Beguensis.  C.  7.  L.  VIII.  270,  and  Sup.  11451. 

8. C.  de  Cyzicenis,  138-160  A.D.  Inscribed  on  a  stone  tablet  found  in  the 
ruins  of  Cyzicus,  now  in  the  British  Museum.  C.  L  L.  III.,  Sup.  7060. 

S.C.  de  Sumptibus  Ludorum  Gladiatorum  Minuendis,  176-7  A.D.  Inscribed 
on  a  bronze  tablet  found  in  1888  near  Italica,  a  city  of  Hispania  Baetica. 
O.  /.  L.  II.,  Sup.  6278 ;  Momm.  Ephem.  Ep.  VII.  388. 

The  two  documents  familiarly  known  as  S.C.  de  Bacchanalibus 
and  S.  C.  de  Tiburtibus  are  letters  of  magistrates  written  in  the  form 
of  senatus  consulta.  See  page  359. 

IMPERIAL  DOCUMENTS 
(Instrumenta  Imperatorum) 

Many  state  documents  of  imperial  authorship,  embodying  the 
enactments  of  the  Roman  emperors  when  acting  with  legislative 
authority,  form  most  valuable  and  interesting  epigraphic  remains. 

These  documents  assume  several  forms : 

Orationes.  These  were  addresses  before  the  senate  made  in  per- 
son or  by  messenger,  which  formed  the  means  whereby  the  emperor 
presented  a  bill  or  proposition  to  the  senate  as  the  legislative 
body,  so  that  in  the  form  of  a  senatus  consultum  it  might  become  a 
law.  Subsequently  the  oratio  itself  was  recognized  as  a  law  when 
the  empty  formality  of  reference  to  the  senate  was  appreciated. 
A  certain  form  of  oratio  is  seen  in  the  speech  of  the  Emperor  Clau- 
dius in  the  senate,  bearing  upon  the  admission  of  Gallic  citizens  to 
the  honores.  This  was  engraved  upon  a  bronze  tablet,1  a  portion  of 

1  Boisseau,  Inscriptions  de  Lyon,  p.  136  ;  Bulletin  Epigraphique,  vol.  2,  1882  ; 
Dessau,  p.  52. 

LAT.    INSCRIP. 23 


354  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

which  was  discovered  at  Lyons,  where  it  is  still  preserved.     An 
abstract  is  given  by  Tacitus  in  Annales,  XI.  23-25. 

A  small  portion  of  an  oratio  of  Vespasian  appears  in  the  sepul- 
chral inscription  of  Ti.  Plautius,  upon  whom  the  emperor  proposes 
to  confer  triumphal  honors.  C.  L  L.  XIV.  3608. 

Constitutiones. 

1.  Edicta.     These  were   general   directions   of    legislative   force 
made  on  the  analogy  of  the  republican  magisterial  edicts.     They 
were  introduced  by  names  and  titles  of  the  emperors,  followed  by 
dixit. 

Edictum  Augusti  de  Aquaeductu  Venafrano,  giving  water  privileges  to  the 
colonia  established  by  Augustus  at  Venafrum.  This  is  inscribed  on  a  marble 
tablet  found  at  Venafrum,  where  it  is  still  preserved.  C.  L  L.  X.  4842. 

Edictum  Claudii  de  Civitate  Anaunorum,  46  A.D.  Inscribed  on  a  bronze 
tablet  found  near  Tridentum.  C.  L  L.  V.  5050. 

Edictum  Diocletiani  et  Collegarum  de  Pretiis  Eerum  Venalium  (301  A.D.)  is 
written  in  Latin  and  Greek,  and  gives  the  prices  of  all  kinds  of  merchandise 
throughout  the  Roman  Empire.  C.  L  L.  III.,  p.  801 ;  Ephem.  Ep.  V.,  p.  87  ff  ; 
Hermes  XXV.  1890,  p.  17. 

2.  Deer  eta.     Decisions  of  the  emperor  in  his  judicial  capacity. 

Decretum  of  Commodus  relating  'to  the  colonists  of  the  Saltus  Burunitanus 
in  Africa.  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  10570,  Sup.  14464  ;  Ephem.  Ep.  V.  470. 

Decretum  M.  Aurelii  et  Commodi  (176-180)  propter  controversial  quae  inter 
mercatores  ortae  erant.  Copies  of  this  decree  were  probably  placed  at  each  one 
of  the  gates  of  Rome.  The  one  found  before  the  Porta  Salaria  has  come  down 
to  us  entire.  C.  L  L.  VI.  1016 ;  Ephem.  Ep.  IV.  787. 

3.  Rescripta.     Provisional  decisions  on  consultation  with  magis- 
trates or  private  persons.     These  take  the  form  of  epistulae,  intro- 
duced by  (ille)  salutem  ditit,  and  closing  with  valete. 

Epistula  Vespasiani  ad  Vanacinos  (72  A.D.).  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  plate 
found  in  Corsica.  It  refers  to  a  boundary  dispute.  C.  I.  L.  X.  8038. 

Epistula  Vespasiani  ad  Saborenses  (78  A.D.).  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  plate 
found  in  the  town  Cafiete,  between  Malaga  and  Sevilla,  Spain.  C.  L  L.  II. 
1423. 

Epistula  Domitiani  ad  Falerienses  (82  A.D).  Addressed  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Falerii  and  referring  to  their  difficulties  with  the  Firmani.  C.  I.  L.  IX.  5420. 


MILITARY   DIPLOMAS  355 

Epistula  Severi  et  Caracallae  ad  Tyranos  (201  A.D.).  A  marble  tablet  found 
on  the  bank  of  the  river  Dniester,  in  Bessarabia,  containing  directions  to  the 
officials  Heraclitus  and  Tertullus,  and  relating  to  the  confirmation  of  privileges 
granted  to  the  Tyrani,  a  people  of  Illyria.  C.  I.  L.  III.  781,  and  p.  1009. 

4.  Instruments  Conferring  Rights  of  Citizenship  and  Marriage 
upon  Veteran  Soldiers  (Privilegia  Militum  Veteranorum  de  Civitate 

et  Conubio). 

» 

Among  the  constitutiones  of  the  emperor  should  also  be  classed  the 
documents  familiarly  known  as  diplomata  militaria.  These  were 
formal  documents  issued  upon  completion  of  the  term  of  service, 
conferring  upon  foreign  soldiers  the  privileges  of  citizenship,  and 
upon  Roman  citizens  legal  marriage  even  with  foreign  women. 
These  constitutiones  were  engraved  upon  bronze  tablets  and  set  up  at 
first  on  the  Capitol,  but  after  the  time  of  Domitian  on  the  Palatine. 
The  names  of  the  soldiers  to  whom  the  constitutio  applied  were 
written  underneath.  These  bronze  tablets l  have  perished,  but  special 
certified  copies  of  many  of  them  which  were  made  for  the  individual 
soldiers  have  been  preserved;  they  differed  from  the  original  in 
that  they  contained  only  the  name  of  the  soldier  for  whom  the  copy 
had  been  made. 

These  copies  were  engraved  on  two  tablets  of  bronze  of  oblong 
shape,  about  4f  inches  by  6  inches,  bound  together  into  diptychs  by 
bronze  threads  passing  through  two  holes  set  in  the  edge.2  Two  other 

1  Some  fragments  remain,  because  those  who  made  the  copies  of  constitutiones 
of  the  years  243  and  248  used  the  original  tablets  of  earlier  constitutiones  which, 
though  cut  in  pieces,  still  show  traces  of  the  earlier  writing. 

Those  diptychs  which  are  extant  are  given  in  C.  I.  L.  III.  p.  844  seq. ; 
Ephem.  Ep.  II.  p.  452-466  ;  IV.  p.  181-187,  495-515  ;  V.  p.  92-100,  610-617, 
652,  and  C.  L  L.  III.  Sup.  See  also  Arneth,  Zwolf  Eomische  Militardiplome, 
Vienna,  1843,  and  Leo  Renier,  Eecueil  de  Diplomes  Militaires,  Paris,  1876. 

The  fac-simile  on  p.  358  is  from  Cagnat's  Cours  d'Epigraphie,  p.  269,  origi- 
nally from  Renier' s  work  just  mentioned. 

2  Paulus,  Sent.  V.  25,  6.     Amplissimus  ordo  decrevit,  eas  tabulas,  quae  publici 
vel  privati  contractus  scnpturam  continent,  adhibitis  testibus  ita  signari,  ut  in 
summa  marginis  ad  mediam  partem  perforatae  triplici  lino  constnngantur,  atque 
impositae  supra  linum  cerae  signa  imprimantur,  ut  exteriori  scripturae  fidem 
interior  servet ;  aliter  tabulae  prolatae  nihil  momenti  habent. 


356  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

holes  were  used  for  fastening  and  sealing  the  diptych.  Through 
these  holes  bronze  threads  of  triple  thickness  were  drawn,  and 
fastened  on  the  outside  by  the  seals  of  seven  Roman  citizens  whose 
names  were  engraved  alongside  of  the  seals.  While  the  seals  them- 
selves have  perished,  parts  of  the  thread  are  still  seen  in  the  holes 
of  some  diptychs.  This  was  the  legal  method  of  fastening  these 
documents. 

The  text  of  the  constitutio  was  written  both  on  the  inside  and 
outside  of  the  diptych.  On  the  outside  of  the  second  tablet  the  lines 
run  in  the  direction  of  the  shorter  side,  on  the  inside  of  both  tablets, 
in  the  direction  of  the  longer  side.  The  outside  of  the  first  tablet 
held  the  names  of  the  witnesses,  the  groove  for  the  threads  and  seals 
dividing  each  name  into  two  parts.  Probably  in  the  earliest  diptychs 
only  one  copy  of  the  constitutio  was  given,  and  that  on  the  inside. 
One  of  these  diptychs  (Dessau,  Inscriptiones  Latinae,  1994)  is  still  in 
existence.  The  object  of  the  repetition  of  the  constitutio  outside  was 
the  avoidance  of  the  opening  of  the  diptych.  This  custom  seems  to 
have  resulted  in  the  gradual  neglect  of  the  inner  copy  which  in  real- 
ity was  the  important  part  of  the  document,  for  some  diptychs  are 
found  in  which  the  inside  inscription  is  scarcely  legible.  The  largest 
number  of  these  documents  which  remain  to  us  are  assigned  to  vet- 
erans from  the  alae  and  the  auxiliary  cohorts,  a  much  smaller  num- 
ber belong  to  the  dassiarii,  and  still  fewer  relate  to  Roman  citizens 
discharged  from  the  praetorian  and  urban  cohorts.  No  diplomata  of 
this  kind  seem  to  have  been  given  to  the  legionary  soldiers  if  we 
except  those  of  the  two  legions,  Prima  Adiutrix  and  Secunda  Adiutrix, 
who  were  enrolled  from  the  dassici. 

The  formal  arrangement  of  the  constitutio  was  as  follows : 

1.  The  name  and  titles  of  the  emperor. 

2.  The  class  of  soldiers  and  the  special  body  to  whom  the  prwilegium  was 
granted,  also  the  department  of  service  and  the  name  of  the  commander-in-chief , 
i.e.  the  governor  of  the  province. 

3.  The  number  of  the  years  of  service. 

The  phrase  item  dimissis  honesta  missione  emeritis  stipendiis  occurs  in  certain 
diplomata,  thus  extending  the  privilegium  so  as  to  include  those  who  have  been 
previously  discharged  honesta  missione.  After  Trajan  honesta  missio  is  always 


MILITARY   DIPLOMAS 


357 


Hi 


CKl If ST1 

ABAS<:ANTI 


Fac-simile  of  military  diploma  of  the  year  98.     See  p.  355. 


358  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

given  before  the  bestowal  of  these  primlegia,  and  hence  the  form  becomes  — 
militibus  qui  militaverunt  quints  et  vicenis  pluribusve  stipendiis  emeritis  dimissis 
honesta  missione. 

4.  The  formula  quorum  nomina  subscripta  sunt  followed  by  the  formal  exten- 
sion of  these  privileges  to  their  descendants,  —  ipsis,  liberis,  posterisqu e  eorum,  a 
formula  appearing  before  145  A.D.,  and  then  not  until  178. l 

When  the  primlegia  were  conferred  upon  soldiers  of  the  praetorian  or  urban 
cohorts,  the  formula  following  the  name  of  the  emperor  was  nomina  militum 
qui  in  praetorio  meo  militaverunt  .  ,  .  subieci. 

5.  The  privileges  conferred  —  civitas  and  conubium  i.e.  a  legal  Roman  mar- 
riage upon  those  already  married,  or  upon  those  who  may  marry.     Civitatem 
dedit  et  conubium  cum   uxoribus  quas   tune   habuissent  cum    est   civitas   us 
data  aut,  si  qui  caelibes  essent,  cum  us  quas  postea  duxissent,  dumtaxat  singuli 
singular 

The  formula  reads  somewhat  differently  in  the  constitutiones  of  soldiers  of 
the  praetorian  or  urban  cohorts,  quibus,  fortiter  et  pie  militia  functis,  ius  tribuo 
conubi  dumtaxat  cum  singulis  et  primis  uxoribus,  ut  etiam  si  peregrini  iuris 
feminas  matrimonio  suo  iunxerint  proinde  liberos  tollant  ac  si  ex  duobus  civibus 
Eomanis  natos.  The  right  of  citizenship  is  not  referred  to,  because  the  urban 
soldiers  had  already  obtained  ius  civitatis  before  entering  service.  These  cohorts 
were  recruited  mainly  from  the  inhabitants  of  Italy. 

6.  The  date  —  day,  month,  year. 

7.  The  name,  in  the  dative  case,  of  the  soldier,  together  with  the  designation 
of  his  country.     This  name  may  be  preceded  by  that  of  his  cohort  and  that  of  his 
commander,  cohort(is')  Lusitanorum  cui  praeest  C.  Cisso  C.  f.  Ste.  Honoratus ; 
also  by  a  phrase  indicating  the  rank  of  the  soldier,  expedite,  introduced  thus  by 
ex  when  the  soldier  has  received  honesta  missio. 

8.  The  formula,  descriptum  et  recognitum  ex  tabula  aenea  quae  Jixa  est  — 
Romae  in  muro  post  tempi  um  dim  Augusti  ad  Minervam  or  in  Capitolio  post 
aedem  Fidei  populi  Uomani  in  muro. 

DECREES  OF  MAGISTRATES 
Decreta  Magistratuum 

The  instrumenta  of  magistrates,  like  the  constitutiones  of  the 
emperors,  assume  the  form  of  edicta,  decreta,  and  rescripta. 

Edicta  were  voluntary  statements  of  the  rules  which  the  magis- 
trate intended  to  follow  in  the  interpretation  of  the  law. 

Rescripta  were  replies  to  special  requests. 

lEphem.  Ep.  IV.,  p.  510  ff. 


DECREES   OF   MAGISTRATES 


359 


Decreta  were  the  decisions  of  the  magistrate  in  any  particular 
case  within  his  jurisdiction. 

The  oldest  document  of  this  kind  known  is  the  decretum  of  L. 
Aemilius  Paulus,  the  victor  at  Pydna,  as  proconsul  of  Hispania 
Ulterior.  It  is  cut  in  a  bronze  plate  which  was  found  in  Spain, 
at  Alcala  de  los  Gazules,  near  Cadiz,  in  ancient  Baetica,  and  is  now 


MY. 
VIE  f;QY£l'HA5T£N5r  VM' 


£NT 


0 Y57f  D  YAA-P  op  LYjf •j'EWAT  VJCXVE 
P.OM A  N/V5-  VE I  IFF  ACT  f  H  C ASTRE !  I 


Decretum  of  L.  Aemilius  Paulas,  565/189. 

preserved  in  the  Louvre,  Paris.  It  belongs  to  the  early  life  of 
Paulus,  when  he  was  praetor  in  Spain.  The  object  of  the  decree  is 
the  setting  free  of  the  Lascutani  of  southern  Spain  from  the  control 
of  their  neighbors  of  Hasta.1 

With  these  instrumenta  should  also  be  classed  the  following : 
Epistula  Consulum  ad  Teuranos  de  Bacchanalibus,  familiarly  known  as 
Senatus  Consultum  de  Bacchanalibus,  dating  568/186.  This  letter,  engraved  on 
a  bronze  plate  according  to  directions  found  on  line  26,  contains  the  substance 
of  a  senatns  consultum  directed  against  the  Bacchanales  in  Italy.  It  was  sent 
by  the  consuls  to  the  Teurani,  a  people  of  the  Brutii.  C.  I.  L.  I.  196  ;  X.  104. 
The  epistitla  of  L.  Cornelius  the  praetor,  commonly  known  as  the  Senatus 
Consultum  de  Tiburtibus,  was  engraved  upon  a  bronze  tablet  found  at  Tibur, 
but  now  lost.  It  dates  595/159.  It  was  addressed  to  the  people  of  Tibur,  and 
referred  to  some  suspicion  under  which  they  had  fallen.  C.  I.  L.  I.  201,  XIV. 
3584. 

i  Livy,  XXXV.  24  ;  XXXVI.  2  ;  XXXVII.  2,  and  46. 


360  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

A  number  of  these  documents  belong  to  the  imperial  period.  Decretum 
Proconsulis  Sardiniae,  69  A.D.  This  was  the  sententia  of  L.  Helvius  Agrippa, 
engraved  on  a  bronze  plate  referring  to  a  boundary  dispute  between  two  people 
of  Sardinia.  C.  I.  L.  X.  7852.  Epistula  Praefectorum  Praetorio,  168  A.D. 
This  epistula  was  addressed  to  the  magistrates  of  Saepinum  and  Boviaiium  by 
the  praefecti  praetorio  Bassaeus  Rufus  and  Macrinus  Vindex,  for  the  purpose 
of  preventing  the  ill  treatment  of  the  conductores  gregum  oviaricorum  of  the 
emperor.  It  is  inscribed  on  a  stone  which  is  still  to  be  found  at  Saepinum, 
near  the  gate  leading  to  Bovianum,  through  which  runs  the  sheep-path  to-day. 
C.  /.  L.  IX.  2438. 

We  may  add  to  these,  the  sententia  of  C.  Avidius  Nigrinus,  the  legatus 
Augusti  propraetore  of  Trajan  inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet,  (7.  /.  L.  III.  567  ; 
and  the  rescript  of  Claudius  Quartinus  inscribed  on  bronze,  dating  119  A.D., 
addressed  to  the  duoviri  of  Pompaelo,  Spain,  C.  /.  L.  II.  2959. 


1VDICEAKCAE-FERPLAR 


VIDVQSAC3RDOT 

R-SECTM-GRA/1TAT 


AD  V  I  D^OVMVE-I  NV  RBM-WIT 

From  an  in.sc>  iption  giving  the  letters  of  Claudius  Paulinus,  propraetore  of  Lusitania,  and 
Aediniiu  lulianus,  praefectu*  praetorio,  on  a  large  marble  pedestal  found  at  Vieux 
in  Aremoricae,  now  in  the  Castle  Thorigny. 

Hubner's  Exempla,  p.  208. 


-  adsedit  etiam  in   provincia  Lug\dunense    M.    Valeria   Floro   trib(uno) 
mil(itum)  leg(ionis)  III  Aug(ustae)   \  iudire  arcae  ferrar(iarum)   \  tres 

prov(inci'te}    (iall(iae}  \  pr sua    volunt(ate)    posuerunt 

Sollemnem  istum  oriundum  \  ex  civitate  Viduc(assiiim)  sacerdot(em},  quern 
propter  sectam  gravitatem(que~)  —  Sollemnis  iste  meus  proposito  eorum  \ 
restitit.  —  is  certus  honoris  mei  erga  \  se  ad  videndum  me  in  iirbem  venit. 
Creuly  in  Memoires  de  la  Societe  des  Antiquaires  de  France,  1876,  p.  27  ff. 


PUBLIC   AND   SACRED   DOCUMENTS  361 

A  number  of  formal  letters,  such  as  the  above,  and  official  state- 
ments of  various  authorities  have  been  preserved  in  the  inscriptions. 

The  libellus  of  L.  Septimius  Adrastus  with  its  accompanying  exemplaria 
litterarum  of  the  rationales  of  Severus  relating  to  the  erection  of  a  building  by 
Adrastus,  inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus,  dating  193  A.D.,  C.  L  L.  VI.  1585; 
and  the  interlocutiones  of  the  praefecti  vigilum  bearing  upon  the  refusal  of  the 
collegium  of  fullones  to  pay  either  ground  rent  or  more  probably  for  water 
rights,  inscribed  on  an  altar  of  Hercules  and  dating  244  A.D,,  C.  L  L.  VI.  266. 


PUBLIC  AND  SACRED  DOCUMENTS 

Acta  Publica  et  Sacra 

It  will  be  convenient  and  consistent  as  well  to  describe  under  this 
title  all  documents  associated  in  a  general  way  with  public  interests 
and  related  also,  in  however  slight  degree,  to  religion  and  religious 
worship. 

FASTI  i 

The  most  important  of  these  inscriptions  are  the  fasti.  This 
word,  in  its  earliest  sense  restricted  to  the  days  upon  which  legal 
business  could  be  transacted,  was  later  applied  to  the  lists  of  these 
days  and  finally  denoted  calendars  and  chronological  records  in 
general.  These  fasti  are  represented  in  the  inscriptions  by  two 
great  classes  of  records. 

Annual  records  and  chronicles  of  events  intended  for  the  eyes  of 
people  in  general,  containing  the  names  of  the  chief  magistrates  of 
the  year,  mainly  the  eponymous  magistrates,  and  brief  statements 
of  the  principal  occurrences  and  events,  are  represented  by  the  Fasti 
Consulares  and  Acta  Triumphorum. 

The  lists  of  days  for  legal  business  which  became  kalendaria, 
containing  an  enumeration  of  the  days  and  months  and  festivals  of 
the  year  as  well  as  brief  notices  of  a  religious  and  historical  char- 
acter, are  represented  to-day  by  the  Fasti  Anni  luliani. 

1  This  subject  is  treated  fully  in  C.  I.  L.  vol.  I.  and  in  the  edUio  altera  of  the 
same  volume  published  in  1893. 


362  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

Fasti  Consulares  and  Acta  Triumphorum 

The  first  of  these  give  the  names  of  consuls,  dictators  with  their 
magistri  equitum,  the  tribuni  militares  with  consular  power,  and  the 
censors  with  the  lustrum  which  they  completed.  These  data  are 
arranged  in  chronological  order  accompanied  by  their  dates  (accord- 
ing to  the  Catonian  era)  at  intervals  of  ten  years. 

The  Acta  Triumphorum  give  the  names  of  the  triumpliatores  with 
a  statement  of  the  people  over  whom  they  have  triumphed  and  the 
date  of  triumph,  and  at  times  some  brief  description  of  the  victory. 

These  Fasti  and  Acta  are  arranged  in  (7.  /.  L.  I.2  in  two  sub- 
divisions. I)  Fragmenta  Quae  Dicuntur  Capitolina,  II)  Cetera  Quae 
Supersunt  Fragmenta. 

I.  As  early  as  the  latter  part  of  the  fifteenth  century  a  few  frag- 
ments of  these  fasti  were  known  to  Italian  scholars.  In  the  year 
1546,  however,  many  fragments  were  discovered  which  were  collected 
and  arranged  by  Delphinius  and  other  scholars  under  the  direction 
of  Cardinal  Farnese,  who  transferred  them  from  his  own  gardens 
to  the  Capitoline  and  placed  them  in  the  Palace  of  the  Conservatori, 
where  they  remain  to-day.  This  disposition  of  the  fragments  ac- 
counts for  the  name  Fasti  Capitolini,  by  which  they  have  ever  since 
been  known.  Other  fragments  were  discovered  in  1816-1818  while 
excavations  were  being  made  in  the  Forum  under  the  direction  of 
Carlo  Fea,  of  the  Kircherian  Museum.  Again,  in  the  extensive  and 
systematic  investigations  which  were  carried  on  between  1872-78 
ten  fragments  were  discovered,  and  finally  in  1888  another  frag- 
ment of  the  fasti  tnumphales  which  referred  to  the  years  567-569 
was  taken  from  the  bed  of  the  Tiber. 

These  fasti  of  the  magistrates  and  triumphatores  were  engraved  on 
solid  blocks  of  marble  over  a  foot  and  a  half  in  thickness,  which  had 
evidently  formed  part  of  the  walls  of  some  prominent  building,  in 
all  probability  of  the  Regia  of  the  pontifex  maximus. 

The  date  of  the  engraving  of  these  fasti  is  set  by  Borghesi l 
between  718/36  and  724/30.  Hirschfeld 2  believes  that  they  were 
inscribed  in  742/12,  when  Augustus  assumed  the  office  of  pontifex 

1  CEuv.  IX.  1.  p.  6.     See  C.  L  L.  I.2,  p.  10.  2  Hermes,  IX.,  p.  93. 


FASTI   CONSULARES  363 

maximus.  It  is  probable  that  the  tabulae  of  the  fasti  consulares  were 
engraved  in  718/36,  when  Domitius  Calvinus  dedicated  the  new 
Regia,  and  that  separate  supplementa  were  added  up  to  about  the 
year  766  =  A.D.  13.  Although  the  fasti  were  disregarded  in  the  City 
after  this  period,  they  were  still  maintained  in  the  municipalities. 
The  acta  triumphalia,  however,  were  set  up  in  742/12,  when  Augustus 
became  pontifex  maximus. 

The  following  is  a  portion  of  the  fasti  consulares  running  from 
524/230-532/222. 

M.AIMILIVS-L.F.Q.N          BARBVLA          M-IVNIVS-D-F-D-N  PERA 

CENS  Q.FABIVS-Q.F.Q. N.MAXIM  VERRVCOS.M.SEMPRONIVS-C.F.M.N.TVDITAN.L.F. 
L-POSTVMIVS-A.F.A.N        ALBINVS-M          CN-FVLVIVS-CN  F-CN-N.CENTVMALVS 
SP.CARVILIVS.SP.F.C-N.MAXIMVS.lT  Q.ftBIVS.Q>F-Q-N-MAXIM-VERRVCOS»I 

P-VALERIVS-L-F.M.N  FLACCVS  M-ATILIVS-M-F-M-N         REGVLVS 

M-VALERIVS-IW-F-M-N      MESSALLA  L-APVSTIVS-L.F    ON     FVLLO 

*. 

BELLVM-GALLICVM-CISALPlNVM 

L.AIMILIVS.Q.F-CN.N         PAPVS  C.ATILIVS.M-F-M.N        REGVLVS 

CENS.C.CLAVDIVS-AP.F.C.N.CENTHO          M-IVNIVS-D-F-D-N-PERA-L-F-XXXXII 

T.MANLIVS.T.F.T-N.TORQVATVS.M  Q-FVLVIVS-M-F-Q-N        FLACVS-N 

L.CAEC,L,VS.L.F.C.N.METELLVS  DICT  COM,T.HAB.CAVSSA 

N.FABIVS-M.F-M.N       BVTEO  MAG-EQ 

DXXX.C.FLAMINIVS-C.F.L  NEPOS  P.FVRIVS-SP-F.M-N         PERILVS 

CN-CORNELIVS-L-F-L-N-SClPIO-CALV  M-CLAVDIVS-M-F-M-N-MARCELLVS 

524.  M.  Aimilius  L.  f(ilius)   Q.  n(epos)  Barbula,  M.  lunius  D.  f(ilius)  D. 
n(epos^)  Pera — Cens(ores}   Q.  Fabius  Q.  f(ilius)  Q.  n(epos~)  Maxim(us) 
Verrucos(us'),  M.  Sempronius  C.f(ilius)  M.  n(epos)  Tuditan(us)  l(ustruni) 

f(ecerunt)  XLI. 

525.  L.  Postumius  A.  f(ilius)  A.  n(epos')  Albinus  II,  Cn.  Fulmus  Cn.  f(ilius~) 
Cn.  n(epos)  Centumalus. 

526.  8p.  Carvilius  Sp.  f(ilius)  C.  n(epos}jMaximu8  H,  Q.  Fabius  Q.  f(ilius) 
Q.  n(epos')  Maxim(us)  Verrucos(us)  II. 

527.  P.  Valerius  L.  f(ilius}  M.  n(epos)  Flaccus,  M.  Atilius  M.  f (Urns')  M. 
n(epos~)  Regulus. 

528.  M.  Valerius  M\  f(iliu8)  M.  n(epos}  Messalla,  L.  Apustius  L.  f(ilius)  C. 
n(epos)  Fullo. 


364  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


Bellum  Gallicum  Cisalpinum. 

529.  L.  Aimilius   Q.  f(ilius}    Cn.  n(epos}  Papus,   C.  Atilius  M.  f(ilius)  M. 
n(epos)  Eegulus.  —  Censor(es)  C.  Claudius  Ap.  f(ilius)  C.  n(epos)  Centho, 
M.  lunius  D. /(Hilts')  D.  n(epos)  Pera  l(ustrum)_f(ecerunt)  XXXXII. 

530.  T.  Manlius  T.  f(ilius}  T.  n(epos)  Torquatus  II,  Q.  Fulvius  M.  /(ilius) 
Q.   n(epos)    Flaccus  II. —  L.    Caecilius  L.  j(ilius)    C.   n(epos)   Metellus, 
dict(ator},  N.  Fabius  M. /(ilius)  M.  n(epos)  Buteo,  mag(ister~)  eq(uitum), 
comit(iorum)  hab(endorum)  caussa. 

531.  (Anno)  ^XXX.  C.  Flamini[us  C.  /(ilius)  L.  n]epos,  P.  Furius  Sp.  f(ilius) 
M.  n(epos')  Perilus. 

532.  Cn.  Cornelius  L.  f(ilius)  L.  n(epos)  Sc]ipio  Calv(us),  M.  Claudius  M. 
f(ilius)  M.  n(epos)  Marcellus. 

The  following  are  portions  of  the  Acta  Triumphorum  of  the  years 
494,  495,  and  632. 


VHBVS-DEq 

494/260.     C.    Duilius    M.  f(ilius)    M.    n(epos)    co(n)s(ul}    primus    navalem 

(triumphujYi}  de  Sicul(is)  et  classe  Poenica  egit,  an(no}  CDXCIII  k(alendis) 

interkalar(ibus). 
495/259.     L.  Cornelius  L.  f(ilius')  Cn.  n(epos")  Scipio  co(n)s(wZ),  de  Poeneis 

et  Sardin(ia)  Corsica,  an(no)  CDXCIV  F  id(us)  Mart(ias). 
632/122.     L.  Aurelius  L.  f.    L.  n.  Orestes  cos.,  ex  Sardinia),  pro  an(no} 

DC [XXX I]  VI  idus  Dec(embres). 

II.  The  second  class  of  the  fasti  consulares  and  acta  triumphorum 
includes  the  fragments  of  the  fasti,  which  various  priestly  colleges 
and  Italian  municipalities  framed  for  their  own  use,  as  a  means  of 
recording  and  dating  public  events.  These  are  named  from  their 
origin  or  from  circumstances  associated  with  their  discovery  or 
preservation,  e.g.  Fasti  Amiternini. 


FASTI  ANNI   IULIANI  365 

BEUVMACTiESCLASS 

CVAAAAANTONIO 

IMfCAESARDlVIF  (H      UVMlWVyWJES5W.CORA/W 

A  portion  of  the  Fasti  Consulares  of  Amiternuin. 

Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  952. 

723/31.     Bellnm  Actie(n)s(e)  class (iarium)  cum  M.  Antonio,  Imp.  Caesar  divif. 
HI  M.  Valerius  Messal(la)  Corvin(us),  suf.  M.  Titus  L.  f.  Cn.  Pompeius 

«•/• 

Fasti  Anni  luliani 

These  calendars,  which,  are  essentially  religious  documents,  repre- 
sent the  early  lists  of  days  and  festivals  which  were  kept  at  first 
exclusively  by  the  priests,  but  were  afterward  (450/304)  published 
through  the  efforts  of  Cn.  Flavius,  who  placed  a  copy  of  the  calendar 
in  the  Forum.  From  this  time  the  custom  prevailed  of  exposing  in  a 
public  place  the  list  of  days  and  festivals,  which  was  determined 
by  the  priests. 

The  municipalities  and  collegia  adopted  a  similar  custom,  and  set 
up  in  cities,  temples,  and  even  private  houses,  copies  of  the  calen- 
dars, the  originals  of  which  were  made  by  the  pontifices  at  Rome. 

There  are  in  existence  to-day  thirty  of  these  calendars,  engraved 
or  painted  on  stone,  and  in  a  more  or  less  fragmentary  state,  with 
the  exception  of  the  Kalendarium  Maffeianum,  which  is  almost  com- 
plete. They  are  all  of  about  the  same  age,  arranged  according  to 
the  Julian  year,  which  brings  the  date  later  than  709/45.  They 
were  all  made,  however,  in  the  time  of  the  Julian  and  Claudian 
emperors,  since  the  oldest  belongs  to  the  middle  of  the  reign  of 
Augustus,  while  the  latest  dates  in  804  A.U.C.,  51  A.D. 

The  Koman  calendars  as  they  appear  in  these  fasti  consist  of  a 
series  of  columns  of  which  the  first  indicates  the  eight  days  of  the 
week  by  the  litterae  nundinales  ABCDEFGH,  which  are  repeated 
for  the  successive  weeks.  Certain  days  of  the  Eoman  year  have 
names  which  belong  to  themselves  alone,  while  the  remaining  days 
are  named  from  these  and  specialized  by  the  addition  of  a  numeral. 
The  days  thus  named  recur  every  month  or  year.  Those  recurring 
every  month  are  the  Kalends,  (K);  Nones,  (NON)  ;  Ides,  (EID). 


366 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


LOEDJ-C 


LOED-CER-INl 


April  14,  Loedi  C(ercn') 

"     15,  Ford(icidia}.     Loedi  C(ereri) 

"     16, 

"     17, 

"     18, 

"     19,  Cer(ialid).     Loedi    Cer(eri)   in 


20, 


c(i'rco) 


R.OMA-COND 
FER-COR.OKATIS  OM 


VENER.1 


4  21,  Parilia.    Moma  cond(ita) 

'  22,  Feriae  coronatis  om(iiibus) 

«  23,  Vein(alia).     Veneri 

'  24, 

'  25,  Eob(igalia} 

*  26, 
«  27, 

*  28,  Loedi  Flor(ae).    Fer(iae)  q(uod} 

e(o)  d(£e)  sig(num)  \  Vest(ae) 
in  domo  P(alatina}\  dedic(atum) 
«     29,  Lo?d(0  F(lorae) 
'     30,       "  u 

Fasti  Caeretani. 

April. 

Hubner's  Ea-empla.     No.  976. 

Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Caere,  now  in  the  Palazzo  dei  Conser- 
vator! at  Rome.     The  date  is  about  34  A.D. 

The  names  of  the  days  which  recur  yearly  are  the  following : 


LOEDIFLOPc  FER.-CXE-D5IQ 


Jan.  9  Agonalia 

"  11  Carmentalia 

"  15  Carmentalia 

Feb.  15  Lupercalia 

"  17  Quirinalia 

"  21  Feralia 

"  23  Terminalia 

"  24  Regifugium 

"  27  Equirria                      " 

Mar.  14  Equirria                     *« 

u  17  Liberalia  Agonalia    " 


Mar.     19  Quinquatrus 
"        23  Tubilustrium 

Apr.      15  Fordicidia 
19  Cerialia 

Apr.  21  Parilia 
"  23  Vinalia 
"  25  Robigalia 

May       9  Lemuria 
u        11  Lemuria 
"        13  Lemuria 
21  Agonalia 


May  23  Tubilustrium 

June      9  Vestalia 

"  11  Matralia 

Quinct.  5  Poplifugium 

"  19  Lucaria 

"  21  Lucaria 

"  23  Neptunalia 

"  25  Furrinalia 

Sext.  17  Portunalia 

"  19  Vinalia 

"  21  Consualia 


FASTI  ANNI  IULIANI  367 

Sext.  23  Volcanalia  Oct.  13  Fontinalia  Dec.  17  Saturnalia 

"      25  Opiconsiva              "     19  Armilustrium  "     19  Opalia 

"      27  Volturnalia  Dec.  11  Agonalialn(ualiaP)  "     21  Divalia 

Oct.    11  Meditrinalia           "     15  Consualia  "     23  Larentalia 

In  addition  to  the  litterae  nundinales  and  the  names  of  certain  days 
the  calendars  contain  letters  indicating  the  ius  et  natura  of  the  days. 

These  are  as  follows :  F  =  fastus,  which  marked  the  days  on 
which  the  praetor  might  say  the  words  do,  dico,  addico,  and  legal 
.business  might  be  transacted.  F  •  P.  This  is  of  uncertain  mean- 
ing, perhaps  equal  to  f(astus)  p(rincipio),  i.e.  fastus  in  the  first  part 
of  the  day. 

Q  •  R  •  C  •  F  =  q(uandoc)  r(ex)  c(omitiavit),  f(as),  i.e.  the  day  was 
fastus  after  the  rex  sacrificulus,  had  presided  in  the  comitia  calata 
called  twice  a  year  for  the  making  of  wills.  These  letters  are 
attached  to  March  24th  and  May  24th. 

Q  •  S  •  T  •  D  •  F  =  q(uandoc)  s(tercus)  d(elatum)  f(as),  i.e.  the  day 
is  fastus  after  the  rubbish  has  been  carried  from  the  temple  of  Vesta. 
These  letters  are  attached  to  June  15th. 

N  =  n(efastus).  The  courts  are  closed,  hence  no  legal  business 
may  be  transacted. 

NP  in  many  fasti,  but  N1"  in  Fasti  Pighiani.  This  also  signifies 
nefastus,  but  these  days  are  nefasti  (hilares)  because  of  some  festival, 
and  not  nefasti  (tristes)  as  the  preceding,  connected  with  religious 
observances.  Mommsen  explains  NP  as  originating  in  an  N  of  four 
strokes  made,  as  /w  for  Manios,  for  the  sake  of  differentiation.  Some 
explain  NF  as  equal  to  n(efastus)  f(eriatus)  or  n(e)f(astus). 

EN  =  endotercisus  or  intercisus.1  The  day  on  which  the  victim 
for  sacrifice  was  slain  in  the  morning,  and  the  exta  offered  in  the 
evening,  the  intervening  time  was  fastus. 

C  =  c(omitialis  dies).2 

1  Varro  L.L.  6,  31.     Intercisi  dies  sunt,  per  quos  mane  et  vesperi  est  we/as, 
medio  tempore  inter  hostiam  caesam  et  exta  porrecta  /as,  a  quo,  quod  fas  turn 
intercedit  aut  eo  est  intercisum  nefas,  intercisum. 

2  Macrob.  Sat.  1,  16,  14.     Comitiales  sunt  quibus  cum  populo  agi  licet,  et 
fastis  quidem  lege  agi  potest,  cum  populo  non  potest,  comitialibus  utrumque 
potest. 


368  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

EKlAVGVSTAE 

Fwir 
IIJI      JN 

(H    1TI       C  ClIIMOREMVICiT 

H    ™       C 

ANONJAE 

5    -VUl     P  .  tVBllCXfl* 

A  portion  of  the  Fasti  Vallenses. 

August. 
Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  9T3. 

Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  now  in  the  museum  at  Naples. 
The  date  is  prior  to  14  A.D. 

Aug.  1.     k^alendae}  Augustae.    Spei  ad  forum  holitorium.  \  Natal(is)  T.Claudii 

Germanici. 

"    2.     Feriae  quod  hoc  die  imp(erator)  Caesar  Hispaniam  citeriorem  vicit. 
"    5.     Nonae.     Saluti  in  colle  Quirinale  sacrificium  publicum. 

C.  I.  L.  I.,2  p.  240. 

Menologia  Rustica 

Another  form  of  calendar  is  that  which  is  represented  to-day  by 
the  Menologium  Rusticum  Colotianum l  and  Menologium  Rusticum 
Vallense.1  They  were  prepared  for  the  guidance  of  farmers,  and 
therefore  state  facts  of  value  to  that  particular  class.  The  former 
of  these  was  discovered  in  Koine,  and  is  still  preserved  in  the 
museum  at  Naples.  The  calendar  is  engraved  on  the  sides  of  a 
cubical  marble  altar  in  twelve  columns,  each  containing  the  list  of 
days  for  the  month.  At  the  head  of  each  column  is  a  sign  of  the 
zodiac,  underneath  which  is  the  name  of  the  month,  the  number  of 
days,  the  day  of  the  nones,  the  hours  of  the  day  and  night,  the 
name  of  the  sign  through  which  the  sun,  the  god  of  the  month, 
passed,  the  agricultural  labors  appropriate  to  the  month,  and  the 
principal  festivals.  See  pp.  369,  370. 

i(7.  LL.  I.  ,2  p.  282. 


MENOLOGIUM   RUSTICUM 


LAT.  INSCR1P.  — 24 


370 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


SACRED  DOCUMENTS  371 

SACRED  DOCUMENTS 

The  documents  relating  to  the  consecration  of  temples  and  con- 
nected with  objects  of  religious  worship,  such  as  altars  and  conse- 
crated treasures,  form  another  class  of  acta. 

I.  The  first  to  be  mentioned  are  the  leges  templorum,  referring  to 
the  consecration  of  temples  and  altars,  of  which  the  following  are 
examples. 

1.    The  lex  fani  of  the  temple  of  Juppiter  Liber  at  Furfo,  a  Sabine  town, 
dating  090/58.     6'.  /.  L.  I.  003  =  IX.  3513.     The  introductory  form  is, 
L.  Aienus  L.  /.,  Q.  Baebatius  Sex.  f.  aedem  dedicarunt  lovis  Liberi  Furfone  a.  d. 
Ill  idus  Quinctileis,  L.  Pisone  A.  Gabinio  cos. 


K. I  Ail  JULV/IJTW  JL 

fcCASSlOiDNGlNO 


NVMINI-/5VGV5TI  VOTVM 


NENSWM.    INPERPETVDM. 

Introductory  portion  of  one  of  the  Leges  Arae  Narlonensis  dating  11  A.D. 
Hubner's  Escempla,  No.  1099. 

2.  The  laws  dedicating  an  altar  at  Narbo  to  the  divinity  of  Augustus,  prob- 
ably inscribed  in  the  time  of  the  Antonines,  when  the  altar  was  rebuilt.     C.  /.  L. 
XII.  4333.    The  first  sentence  of  the  lex  on  the  front  of  the  altar  is  given  above. 
The  Jex  on  the  side  is  introduced  as  follows : 

[Plep]s  Narbonesis  a[ram~\  \  numinis  Augusti  de[di]cavit legibus 

Us  q(uae~)  i(nfra)  s(criptae)  s(unt}\ 

Numen  Caesaris  Aug(usti)  p(atris}  p(atriae),  quando  tibi  hodie  hanc  aram 
dabo  dedicaboque,  his  If  gibus  hisque  regionibus  dabo  dedicaboque,  quas  hie 
hodie  palam  dixero,  uti  infimum  solwn  huiusque  arae  titnlorumque  est. 

3.  A  law  dedicating  an  altar  of  Jupiter  at  Salona  in  Dalmatia,  dating  137 
A.D.     C.  L  L.  III.  1933. 

C.  Domitius  Valens  II  mr  i(ure)  d(icundo'),  prae\ennte  C.  lulio  Severo  pon- 
tif(ice^),']  legem  dixit  in  ea  verba  quae  infra  scripta  sunt. 


372  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


SVA-INPENSA-OM  N  1  -EXOPlN  ATVM 


Portion  of  a  lex  templi  inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Caere,  dating  114  A.D. 
Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  1074. 

Vesbinus  Aug(usti)  l(ibertus)  phetrium  Augustalibus  \  municipi  Caeritum  loco 
accepto  a  re  p(ublica)  \  sua  inpensa  omni  exornatum  donum  dedit.  \  De- 
scriptum  recognition  factum  in  pronao  aedis  Martis  \  ex  commentario  quern 
iussit  proferri  Cuperius  Hostilianus  per  T.  Eustium  Lysiponum  \  scribam, 
in  quo  scriptum  erat  id  quod  infra  scriptum  est:  \  L.  Publilio  Celso  II  C. 
Clodio  Crispino  co(n)s(ulibus')  idibus  Aprilib(us),  \  M.  Pontio  Celso 
dictatore,  C.  Suetonio  Claudiano  aedile  iuri  dicundo,  praef(ecto)  aerari. 
Commentarium  cottidianum  municipi  \  Caeritum,  inde  pagina  XXVII 
kapite  VI:  \  M.  Pontius  Celsus  dictator  et  C.  Suetonius  Claudianus 
decuriones  in  templo  Divor(um)  corrogaverunt  .  .  . 

Act(iim)  idib(us~)  Tunis  Q.  Ninnio  Hasta  P.  Manilio  Vopisco  co(n)s(idibus}.\ 
Dedicatum  K(alendis)  Aug(ustis)  isdem  co(n)s(ulibus).  C.  L  L.  XI.  3614. 

II.  Enumeration  of  offerings  or  ornaments  belonging  to  a  sanctuary 
or  attached  to  the  statues  of  divinities. 

1.  An  inscription  on  marble  from  the  temple  of  Diana  Nemorensis,  giving 
the  res  traditae  fanis,  e.g.  signa  n(umero}  XVII;   caput  Solis  I;  imagines 
argenteas  IIII,  etc.     C.  L  L.  XIV.  2215. 

2.  A  list  of  ornaments  on  a  statue  of  Isis,  in  Spain,  e.g.  in  digito  minima 
anuli  duo  gemmis  adamant  (ibus).     C.  L  L.  II.  3386. 

3.  Two  marble  tablets  containing  an  inventory  of   the  res  sacrae  of  the 
people  of  Cirta. 

Synopsis  —  lovis  Victor  argenteus  in  Kapitolio  habens  in  capite  coronam 
argenteam.     C.  I.  L.  VIII.  6981-82. 

4.  A  list  of  offerings  dedicated  to  the  god  Aesculapius,  found  at  Kiez,  in 
Gallia  Narbonensis.     C.  L  L.  XII.  354. 

III.  With   these   inscriptions    belonging   to   sacred   objects,   we 
should  also  class  the  sortes  x  or  lots  supposed  to  be  given  by  divini- 

i  O.  /•  L.  L,  p.  268  ff.,  and  also  XI.  1129  a-c. 


SACRED   DOCUMENTS  373 

ties,  and  serving  as  oracular  responses  in  the  practice  of  divination. 
These  were  little  tablets  of  wood  or  bronze,  upon  which  some 
proverb  or  wish  was  written,  regarded  as  an  omen  when  the  tablet 
was  properly  drawn.  Seventeen  of  these  lamellae,  made  of  bronze, 
oblong  in  shape,  provided  with  a  handle  for  carrying,  were  discov- 
ered at  Padua,  not  far  from  Fons  Aponus,  a  seat  of  divination. 


LAETVS  •  LVBENS  -  PETiTO  •  QVOD 
DABITVR  •  GAVDEBIS  •  SEMPER 


€.  I.  L.  I.  1448. 

IV.   Monumentum  Ancyranum.1 

This  famous  inscription,  engraved  upon  the  walls  of  a  temple,  but 
not  in  a  religious  sense  associated  with  the  sacred  building,  is,  with 
difficulty,  classed  with  any  other  inscription.  Some  2  regard  it  as 
an  epitaph,  but  Mommsen 3  likens  it  to  the  inscription  on  the  tomb 
of  Antiochus  of  Commagene  on  the  Nimrud  Dagh,  in  Mesopotamia. 
The  Monumentum  Ancyranum,  as  termed  by  Suetonius,  an  index 
rerum  a  se  gestarum,  is  most  valuable  in  giving  information  as  to  the 
history  of  the  early  Empire.  It  was  originally  cut  on  bronze  tab- 
lets, so  as  to  be  placed  in  front  of  the  mausoleum  of  Augustus  in 
Rome,  quern  incidi  vellet  (Augustus)  in  aeneis  tabulis  quae  ante 
Mausoleum  statuerentur*  and  was  reproduced  in  Latin  on  the  inner 
wall  of  the  vestibule,  and  in  Greek  on  the  outer  wall  of  the  temple 
of  Augustus  and  Roma  at  Ancyra  in  Galatia,  Asia  Minor.  This 
copy  is  still  in  great  part  in  existence,  so  that  the  substance  of  the 
whole  may  be,  with  few  exceptions,  fully  determined.  Selections 
from  the  praescriptio  and  capita  I  and  XIX  are  given  below. 

1  C.  /.  L.  III.,  p.  769  ff. ;  Mommsen,  Res  Gestae  DM  Augusti,  1883. 

2  Bormann,  Bemerkungen  zum  Schriftlichen  Nachlasse  des  Kaisers  Augustus, 
p.  15  ff.     Philologus,  1885,  p.  157  ff.  ;  p.  170  ff.     Bullettino  Comunale,  1889, 
p.  1  ff. ;  p.  57  ff. 

3  Historische  Zeitschrift,  1887,  p.  385. 

4  Suet.  Aug.  101  ;  Dio  Cass.  LVI.  33. 


374  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


SVB1EOT  'ETINrENSAKVMVAS 


From  the  Monumentum  Ancyranum. 
Hubner's  Exempla,  No.  1090. 

PRAESCRIPTIO  :  Rerum  gestarum  divi  Augusti,  quibus  orbem  terra[rum~\  imperio 
populi  Eom{ani)  \  subiecit  et  inpensarum,  quas  in  rem  publicam  populum- 
que  Bo\_ma~\num  fecit,  incisarum  \  in  duabus  aheneis  pilis,  quae  su^n^t 
Romae  positae,  exemplar  subiectum. 

CAPUT  I:  Annos  undeviginti  natus  exercitum  privato  consilio  et  privata  im- 
pensa  \  comparavi,  per  quern  .  .  . 

CAPUT  XIX  :  Curiam  et  continens  ei  Chalcidicum,  templumque  Apollinis  in  \ 
Palatio  cum  porticibus  ....  feet 

V.   Documents  of  the  Collegia  of  Priests. 

The  documents  belonging  to  the  various  sacerdotal  colleges  are 
represented  in  the  inscriptions  by  fragments  which,  with  one  excep- 
tion, namely,  the  acta  of  the  Arval  brotherhood,  are  of  comparatively 
small  account.1 

Acta  Collegii  Fratrum  Arvalium. 

The  corporation  or  brotherhood  of  the  fratres  arvales  is  believed 
to  have  been  an  ancient  institution  dating  from  the  time  of  the 
kings,  which,  becoming  obsolete,  was  revived  by  Augustus.  It  was 
a  company  of  priests,  twelve  in  number,  whose  original  purpose 
appears  to  have  been  to  offer  sacrifices  and  prayers  for  the  fertility 
of  the  fields.  They  presided  at  the  festival  of  Dea  Dia  in  May,  for 
which  function  alone  they  were  regarded  as  priests. 

1  See  Fasti,  Acta,  Tituli  Sacerdotum  Publicorum  Populi  Momani,  G.  I.  L.  VI., 
p.  439. 


MILITARY   DOCUMENTS  375 

The  members  of  the  brotherhood  were  chosen  by  cooptation  and 
held  position  for  life.  Their  place  of  worship  was  in  luco  Deae  Diae 
ora  Campana  apud  lapidem  V.  (C.  I.  L.  VI.  p.  575.) 

The  acta  of  this  priestly  college  have  been  preserved  for  us  in  a 
large  number  of  inscriptions^wliTch--have  been  discovered  in  the 
Vigna  Ceccarelli,  near  the  fifth  milestone  from  Rome,  on  the  Via 
Portuensis. 

There  are  in  existence  to-day  acta  dating  from  the  time  of 
Augustus  to  the  reign  of  Gordian,  241  A.D.  These  contain  various 
details,  e.g.  the  names  of  those  attending,  the  date,  place,  method 
of  procedure,  etc.,  of  various  ceremonies  associated  with  events  in 
the  lives  of  the  reigning  emperor  and  members  of  his  family.  They 
are  of  great  value  in  the  determination  of  dates. 

A  number  of  these  inscriptions  were  published  at  Rome  in  1795 
by  Gaetano  Marini  in  Atti  e  Monumenti  de'  Fratelli  Arvali.  The 
modern  work1  on  this  subject  is  Acta  Fratrum  Arvalium  Quae 
Supersunt,  W.  Henzen,  Berlin,  1874. 

In  the  account  of  the  ceremonies  as  found  in  the  acta  of  the  year 
218  A.D.  of  the  reign  of  Elagabalus,  there  occurs  the  famous  chant,2 
which  has  tested  the  ingenuity  of  many  scholars. 

VI.    Commentarium  of  the  Secular  Games. 

Among  these  instruments  sacra  there  should  also  be  mentioned 
the  recently  discovered  acta  of  the  Secular  Games  (commentarium 
ludorum  saecularium),  dating  737/17,  and  containing  the  famous 
reference  to  the  poem  of  Horace,  the  Carmen  Saeculare.3 

DOCUMENTS  RELATING  TO  THE  ARMY* 

The  most  important  documents  associated  in  their  origin  with 
the  Roman  army  are  the  lists  of  soldiers  (latercula  militum)  which 

1  See  also  C.  I.  L.  VI.  202:1-2119  ;  Bullet.  Comunale,  1889,  p.  116  ff.;  Ephem. 
Ep.  II.,  p.  211  ff. ;  VIII. ,  p.  316. 

2  C.  L  L.  VI.  2104,  1.  32.     C.  L  L.  I.  28. 

3  Monumenti  Antichi  of  the  Accad.  Lincei,  I.,  1891,  p.  3  ff.    R.  Lanciani, 
Pagan  and  Christian  Rome,  p.  73. 

4  Latercula  of  soldiers  stationed  at  Rome  are  given  in  C.  I.  L.  VI.     See  also 
Ephem.  Ep.  IV.,  p.  315  ff.     Kellerinan,  Vigilum  Romanorum  Latercula  Duo 


376 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


appear  often  as  additions  to  other  inscriptions  either  dedicatory 
or  honorary  in  their  character.  The  names  of  the  soldiers,  accom- 
panied by  the  name  of  the  tribus  and  native  town,  and  in  some 
cases  by  indications  of  rank,  are  arranged  in  sections  according  to 
centuries,  with  the  name  of  the  centurion  in  the  genitive  case,  head- 
ing each  section.  Probably  with  the  intention  of  making  a  docu- 
ment regular  and  orderly  in  appearance,  the  final  letters  of  the 
nomen  and  cognomen,  as  well  as  of  the  indications  of  origin,  are 
separated  from  these  words. 

V  MAXIMINI 


TORQVATO         ET 
SEX  BAEBIV      S 
"TE88C      VASENV      S 
T      ENNIV        S 

MO 

SEX  PATVLCIVS 
T      CALINIV     S 

TVR 

C      ARMINIV    S 
C      VALERIV    S 

ATTICO               COS 
SECVNDV     S      TICIN           0 
PROCVLV    S      VRVIN          0 
SEDATV        S       IADE            R 
IVLIANV        S       PVTEO         L 
MARCELLV  S       FANO  FOR  T 
PROBV         S      VOLATE       R 
SECVNDV     S      VERO           N 

C(enturia)  Maximini 

Torquato  et  Attico  co(ri)s(ulibus}  (143  A.D.) 
Sex.  Baebius  Secundus  Ticino 
Tess(erarius),  C.  Vasenus  Proculus  Urvino 

T.  Ennius  Sedatus  lader 
M(edicus)  0(rdinarius)  Sex.  Patulcius  lulianus  Puteol(is} 

T.  Calinius  Marcellm  Fano  Fort(una) 
Tub(iceri)  C.  Arminius  Probus  Volater(ris} 
C.  Valerius  Secundus  Veron(a) 

The  above  is  a  portion  of  a  register  of  praetorian  soldiers.  It  was  inscribed 
on  a  large  marble  tablet  found  at  Rome,  now  in  the  Vatican.  C.  L  L.  VI. 
2379  6. 


Coelimontana,  Rome,  1835.  Lists  of  legionary  soldiers  have  been  found  else- 
where, notably  at  Lambaesis,  in  Africa  (C.  L  L.  VIII.,  pp.  296-301)  ;  in  Pan- 
nonia,  Noricum,  and  Dacia,  C.  I.  L.  III. 


DOCUMENTS   OF   THE  MUNICIPALITIES  377 

At  the  camp  discovered  at  Lambaesis,  in  Africa,  there  have  been 
found  a  number  of  interesting  inscriptions  connected  with  the 
army : l 

1.  Register  of  centurions  of  the  legion  III  Augusta,  dating  162  A.D.    Ephem. 
Ep.  V.  1276. 

2.  Address  of  Hadrian  at  the  time  of  his  visit  in  June  or  July,  128  A.D. 
This  is  extant  in  a  fragmentary  state.     C.  I.  L.  VIII.  2532. 

3.  Regulations  of  the  collegia  of  under  officers  established  in  the  camp  of 
the  legion  III  Augusta,  dating  in  the  time  of   Septimius  Severus.     C.  I.  L, 
VIII.  2552-2557. 

DOCUMENTS  OF  THE  MUNICIPALITIES 

I.   Decrees  of  the  Decuriones. 

The  decrees  of  the  municipal  senate  are  closely  related  in  their 
character  to  the  senatus  consulta  of  the  general  government  at  Rome, 
and  hence  are  similar  in  form,  giving  the  date,  place  of  assembly, 
and  the  usual  formulae,  scribundo  adfuere  with  names  of  wit- 
nesses, and  q(uid)  d(e)  e(a)  r(e)f(ieri)  p(laceret),  d(e)  e(a)  r(e)  i(td) 
c(ensuere). 

A  number  of  these  documents  have  been  preserved  in  the  inscrip- 
tions, of  which  the  following  are  examples : 

1.  The  most  ancient  is  the  Lex  Parieti  Faciendo  of  Puteoli,  dating  649/105, 
which,  however,  in  its  present  form,  is  a  restoration  of  the  second  century  A.D. 
C.  L  L.  X.  1781.     See  page  378. 

2.  Cenotaphia  Pisana  of  3  A.D.  inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet.     These  are 
decrees  of  the  Senate  of  Pisa  relating  to  the  honores  given  to  Lucius  and  Gaius 
Caesar,  the  grandsons  of  Augustus.     C.  L  L.  XT.  1420. 

3.  The  decree  of  the  Senate  of  Gabii  on  a  marble  tablet  dating  140  A.D. 
This  refers  to  memorial  honores  given  to  Domitia,  wife  of  Domitian.     C.  I.  L. 
XIV.  2795. 

4.  The  Decretum   Tergestinum.     This  decree  refers  to  L.  Fabius  Severus, 
quaestor  nrbanus,  who  has  rendered  service  to  the  decuriones  and  people  of 
Tergeste.     The  date  is  138-161.     C.  L  L.  V.  532. 

1  Cagnat,  ISArmee  Eomaine  cPAfrique.  Mommsen,  Bulletin  des  Antiquites 
Africaines,  1884,  p.  282. 


378 


LATIX  INSCRIPTIONS 


ill 

&sfe8i>isg^|i2lSol 

i^<cu.<;r  y  f^ 


SV  "2.  ^2.  /*S  U4  <£  =XJ  <_}  u">- ^  7«;  t^T  _-l  *23  7S  tt_i  •>=-  ,^- 


-  cSjSj^teg^S*^^  uD^^fe  LU  feo^'S      ^'        *- 
i  '•  ~.  <  <i^  S  5  2-^^"  5=  ^  ^S  &  ^  ^  •<:  ^  ^  ^  y :       ^ 

i 
- 


nivmsi^ ::™' 

i,=-.sfc»*««pajs 

ts  ^J-'^^T-     -<  ^-  <  -*•'  -  2  — •  i 

;III?lIiSlI§^51 


^  n  r  ulj  nj;      L:_^±J  P  r  ^.v^^1^/;^  i  .  i 

—  *  > *>  Z_J  ^>  ^*O  •^^•i?'1!!!^"-''  -1' *"*""  *"^*-'  -  **^  O  *  -»  F1*:'^  &£  i 

life  i ! 

\;  >^r;  ^;'-  .-^.^•'^  <;<  -<  <--!—  v-^2^  W^^$.  -<  i 

•->?  o  ^"°2  5  '5  S  i  5  ^  ^;":  ^  >  ^  fc  HJ  i^<5-  5  i 


*1S.<95* 
-P 


"Ill3|lilll,llglll 


afce^sa.^S^ 

—  J8pMfiLWK- 

jSlsMSggi||l|s|||||||;a| 

'     tS  "g  ..o! 


. 

II 
I ! 


e*$  *£  t—    --,  — • 

FS^4  5 
^^3^^ 


^2 


||8   II 

<^yo  ^^^  ^8- ^S  IS 


^**-j    ~TT    1^  l-i»i  -«C  X  »  >^     -SL   i-;-*    T>     ^    H-«   g?    £=5    *^»     t> 

a^V.  ^>  --IO  ^O  V-&^    til  ^    J^   Cl*   tci  4^^?^    C- 

S'S'Xc^nEiSe^'W  <<^y<^er-4c5r 


ss  v$ 

<5; 

04  oi 

M  uj, 

Is! 


iSl 

^ 


^^ 


DOCUMENTS  OF   THE  MUNICIPALITIES  379 

II.  Registers  of  Decuriones. 

*  There  are  also  in  existence  two  examples  of  the  lists  of  municipal 
senators. 

1.  A  bronze  tablet  from  Canusium  (Canosa),  dating  223  A.D.     C.  I.  L.  IX. 

338.     L.   Mario  Maximo  //,   L.  Eoscio  Aeliano  cos H  viri 

quinquenn(ales}  nomina  decurionum  in  aere  incidenda  curaverunt. 

The  names  are  classified  as  of  patroni  c.  c.  v.  v.,  patroni  e.  e.  q.  q.  H.H.,  quin- 
quennalicii,  allecti  inter  quinq.,  II  viralicii,  aedilicii,  quaestoricii,  pedani,  prae- 
textati. 

2.  The  album  ordinis  Thamugadensis,  dating  in  the  last  years  of  Constantine 
or  in  the  time  of  Julian.     C.  I.  L.  VI II.  2403. 

The  names  are  classified  as  of  v.  v.  c.  c  ,  sacerdotales,  curator,  duo  viri,  ponti- 
fices,  augures,  ediles,  quaestores,  duoviralicii. 

III.  Tabulae  Patronatus. 

Mention  has  already  been  made  of  the  customs  associated  with 
hospitium  and  the  gift  of  tokens  in  portable  form,  tesserae  hospitales, 
denoting  such  relation. 

Similar  to  this  custom  was  that  which  led  communities  to  present 
to  distinguished  persons  whom  they  made  their  patroni,  bronze 
tabulae  patronatus  et  hospitii,  which  could  be  placed  in  the  atrium  of 
the  house  or  in  some  public  position. 

These  inscriptions  assume  either  the  character  of  decrees  or  have 
a  form  peculiar  to  themselves. 

One  class  of  the  less  formal  of  these  documents,1  in  which  senatus  populusque 
or  a  similar  phrase  forms  the  subject  of  the  verb,  may  be  illustrated  by  the  decree 
of  the  Pagus  Gurzensium  in  Africa,  by  which  L.  Domitius  Ahenobarbus,  grand- 
father of  Nero,  is  made  patron. 

P.  Sulpicio  Quirinio  Q.  Valgio  co(n}s(ulibus).  Senatus  populusque  civita- 
tium  stipendiariorum  pago  G-urzenses  hospitium  fecerunt  quom  L.  Domitio 
Cn.  f.  L.  n.  Ahenobarbo  proco(ii)s(ule}  eumque  .  .  .  patronum  co(o~)ptaverunt, 
isque  eos  .  .  .  in  Jidem  clientelam  suam  recepit.  Faciundum  coeraverunt  ille, 
ille,  ille.  C.  L  L.  VIII.  68-69. 

In  another  class'2  the  name  of  the  person  honored  is  the  subject  of  the  phrase 
hospitium  fecit. 

1  Of  this  character  are  the  tabulae  patronatus  found  at  Rome,  C.  L  L.  VI. 
1685-1687  ;  at  Brixia,  V.  4919,  4922  ;  in  Sardinia,  X.  7845. 

2  C.  L  L.  VIII.  8837 ;  II.  1343. 


380  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


C.  Pomponiu[s  .  .  .  .]  |  hospitium  tesseram[que  .....  hospitalem  quom~]  \ 

senatu  populoque   Cur\_ubitano  ....  fecit  eidemque]  \  eius  studio  beni- 

ficieis  [...-..  devincti  publice]  preivatimque  C.  Pompon[ium  .  .  .  posteros- 
que]  eius  patronum  sibei  po[sterisq(ue)  sueis  cooptaverumt  decretumque  ?]  \ 
quom  hospitale  tessera  [.  .  .  attulerunt  legati  .  .  .  f]  |  Himilconis  f(ilius} 
Zentuc(.  .  .  .)   [......]  |  suffetes  Muthunilim  Hi\_  ......  ]  |  Milcatonis 

f(ilius)  Baric(.  .  .  .)  lf[  .....  ]  |  Ammicaris  /(Urns')  Zecenor.  Ammi- 

caris  f(ilius)    Lilva(.  .  .  .),   Mi\_  ......  ]    |    act(a)   d(ie}   K(alendas) 

C.  Caesar[e  .....  ]  co(w 


Inscribed  on  a  bronze  tablet,  dating  693/61  or  706/48  or  708/46.     C.  I.  L. 

VIII.  10525. 

DOCUMENTS  OF  THE  COLLEGIA  1 

The  instrumenta  of  the  collegia  recall  the  documents  of  the  munici- 
palities which  they  resemble  in  character  and  form.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  acta  are  the  following  : 

I.  Registers  of  Members. 

1.  A  register    (album)    of    the    ordo    corporatorum   lenuncularior(uiii) 

tabulariorum  auxiliariorum  Ostiensium  is  inscribed  on  marble 
tablets  which  date  152-192  A.D.  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  250,  251.  The 
names  are  arranged  in  classes  as  in  the  album  of  the  decuriones, 
e.g.  patroni,  quinquennales,  plebs. 

2.  A  register  of  a  collegium  of  Herculaneum.     C.  L  L.  X.  1403. 

3.  A  register  of  the  dendrophori  dating  251  A.D.     C.  L  L.  X.  3699. 

4.  A  roll  of  &familia  of  gladiators  of  C.  Salvius  Capito  lanista,  arranged 

in  categories  according  to  the  classes  of  gladiators,  e.g.  equites, 
Thraeces,  murmillones,  retiarii,  sagittarii.  C.  I.  L.  IX.  465-466. 

II.  Decrees. 

1.  Lex  Collegii  Aesculapi  et  Hygiae,  of  the  year  153.     C.  I.  L.  VI.  10234. 

2.  Decretum  of  the  dendrophori  of  Puteoli,  of  196  A.D.     (7.  /.  L.  X.  1786. 

1  W.  Liebenam,  Decrete  der  Collegien,  Leipzig,  1890. 


DOCUMENTS  OF   THE  COLLEGIA 


•jWf  OfriCV/A^AG^HAmRE  FIClEND  A1W 
VN IAM-C  OMSV^AERENTEX  LECt  PAG&N> 
ITR  A1V  C  N-L  AETQ  ELI  CN  FtMAC  ISTRP 


AVEVSTIV5  b'L-STB,  ATQ-G  ANTO  Nl  VS  NV  L 

IG®  CN/^/tV(TCN'l:^CATHOCl-£SGB.aos 


NIG® 
A^LP 

TSYL  PICI  vsr  A-rvt. 


PHILIM  CA/  liORDEONIVSCN^EV^Hf  M.r O 

roLLivsrt 


Zea;  Pagana  of  Herculaneum.     660/94. 
Eitschl's  P.  Z.  Jf.  ^  Tab.  LXV. 

Pagus  Pferculaneus  scivit  a.  [d].  X  Termina[lia~],  \  conlegium,  seive  magistrei 
lovei  Compagei  [sunt],  utei  in  porticum  paganam  reficiendam  \  pequniam 
consumerent  ex  lege  pagana,  \  arbitratu  Cn.  Laetori  Cn.  f.  magistrei  \ 
pctg\_ei],  uteiqne  ei  conlegio,  seive  magistri  \  sunt  lovei  Compagei,  locus  in 
teatro  \  esset  tarn  quasei  sei  lu[d]os  fecissent.  —  C.  L  L.  I.  571  =  X.  3772. 


This  is  a  decree  of  the  magistri  pagi  directing  the  officers  of  the 
collegium  of  libertini,  named  from  Juppiter  Compagus,  the  god  of 
brotherhood,  to  spend  money  in  public  improvements  rather  than 
on  games. 


382  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

PRIVATE  DOCUMENTS 

Epigraphic  remains  of  this  character  are  comparatively  rare  be- 
cause of  the  absence  of  the  necessity  of  preservation  and  publication 
which  naturally  belonged  to  documents  of  a  public  character.  Hence 
whatever  has  been  preserved  to  us  of  any  importance  has  been  asso- 
ciated with  other  inscriptions  such  as  tituli  honomrii  or  tituli  sepul- 
crales.  The  acta  ad  •  sepulcrales  spectantia  mentioned  above  and  given 
in  C.  L  L.  vol.  VI.  are  examples  of  such  inscriptions. 

Wax  Tablets. 

There  still  remain  to  us,  however,  very  interesting  inscriptions  of 
a  private  nature  on  the  wax  tablets  of  Dacia  and  Pompeii. 

As  early  as  1786  and  also  in  more  recent  years  there  have  been  dis- 
covered in  the  mining  regions  of  Dacia,  at  modern  Verespatak,  wax 
tablets  which  extend  in  date  over  a  period  of  forty  years,  131-167 
A.D.  These  are  preserved  to-day  in  the  Museum  of  Pesth.1 

Other  wax  tablets  have  also  been  found  at  Pompeii  in  the  house 
of  L.  Caecilius  lucundus,  the  banker.2 

These  wax  tablets,  similar  in  form  to  the  bronze  tablets  mentioned 
above,  with  the  exception  that  most  of  the  former  are  triptychs,  i.e. 
of  three  tablets,  while  the  latter  are  diptychs,  are  made  of  wood 
with  inner  sides  covered  with  black  wax  and  sunk  below  the  surface. 
The  rim  or  border  of  each  tablet  is  pierced  with  holes  for  binding 
purposes.  Across  the  middle  of  the  second  page  of  the  second 
tablet,  i.e.  the  fourth  of  the  triptych,  a  groove  is  cut  parallel  to  the 
shorter  edge.  At  the  ends  of  the  groove  holes  are  pierced,  through 
which  triple  strings  were  drawn  which  were  fastened  in  the  groove. 
The  third  tablet  was  not  fastened,  in  order  that  an  abstract  of  the 
deed,  which  in  Dacian  tablets  appeared  on  the  fifth  and  a  part  of 
the  fourth  page,  but  in  the  Pompeian  triptychs  only  on  the  fifth, 

1  C.  I.  L.  TIL,  p.  921,  Instrumenta  Dacica  in  Tabulis  Ceratls  Conscripta. 

2  G.  de  Petra,  Le  Tavole  Cerate  Pompei  in  Atti  dell'  Academia  del  Lincei, 
vol.  III.   1870.     Mommsen,  Hermes,  XII.  1377,  p.  88.     Overbeck,  Pompeii,  4th 
ed.  by  Mau,  1884,  pp.  489  ff.     Notizie  degli  Scam,  1887,  pp.  415-420. 


PRIVATE  DOCUMENTS 


383 


Inner  face  of  the  first  tabula  of  a  Dacian  triptych.     The  second  tabula  is  shown  on  pages 
384,  385;  the  third  has  disappeared. 

Maximus  Batonis  puellam  nomine  \  Passiam,  sive  ea  quo  alio  nomine  est, 
an\norum,  circiter  p(lus)  m(inus^)  sex,  empta  sportellaria,1  \  emit  manci- 
pioque  accepit  \  de  Dasio  Verzonis  Pirusta  ex  Kaviereti[o']  \  X,  ducentis 
quinque  \  lam  puellam  sanam  esse  a  furtis  noxisque  \  solutam,  fugitium 
erronem  non  esse,  \  praestari.  Quot  si  quis  e[a~\m  puellam  \  partemve  quam 
ex  eol  quis  evicerit,  \  quominus  Maximum  Batonis  quo\ve  ea  res pertinebit, 
habere possi\dereque  recte  liceat,  turn  quanti  \  ea puella  empta  est,  [tan]tam 
pecuni[a]m.  C.  I.  L.  III.  p.  937. 

This  is  a  cautio  de  puella  empta,  dating  March  17,  139  A.D.,  now  in  the 
museum  at  Pesth. 


1  Mommsen  believes  that  the  words  empta  sportellaria  imply  that  the  girl  was, 
sportulae  causa,  given  with  her  mother  without  additional  charge,  sportula 
having  the  meaning  of  gratuity- 


384  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

might  be  seen  without  disturbing  the  seals.  The  Dacian  tablets 
have  wax  surfaces  on  all  but  the  first  and  sixth  pages,  which  were 
not  used.  In  the  Pompeian  tablets  the  first,  fourth,  and  sixth  pages 


Inner  face  of  second  tabula  of  the  Dacian  triptych  shown  on  p.  383. 

Et  alterum  tantum  dari,  fide  rogavit  \  Maximus  Batonis,  fide  promisit  Dasius  \ 
Verzonis,  Pirusta  ex  Kaviereti[o~\.  \  Proque  ea  puella,  qiiae  s(upra)  s(cripta) 
est,  3£  ducen\tos  quinque  accepisse  et  habere  \  se  dixit  Dasius  Verzonis  a 
Maximo  Batonis.  \  Actnm  Karto  XVI  k.  Apriles,  \  Tito  Aelio  Caesare 
Antonino  Pio  II  et  Bruttio  \  Praesente  II  cos. 

are  plain  wooden  surfaces,  so  that  the  names  of  the  witnesses  which 
are  written  in  both  cases  on  the  fourth  page  are  cut  in  the  wooden 
surface  of  the  Pompeian  triptychs. 

These  tablets  are  inscribed  in  cursive  letters  and  contain  business 
documents  of  various  kinds. 


PRIVATE   DOCUMENTS 


385 


Devotiones. 

We  may  also  class  with  these  private  documents  the  devotiones 
or  defixiones  which  contain  phrases  of  ill  wishing  directed  against 


Outer  face  of  the  second  tabula  of  the  Dacian  triptych  shown  on  pp.  :i>8,  :-!S4. 

Maximi  Ve\ncti  princi\pis  |,  Masuri  Messi  \  dec(urionis')  \  Anneses  An\dunoc- 
netis,  \  Plani  Verzo\nis  Sclaietis  |,  Liccai  Epicadi  \  Marciniesi],  Epicadi 
Plaren\tis  qui  et  Mico  \  Dasi  Verzonis  \  ipsius  vendiltoris. 

The  abstract  of  the  deed  in  the  above  is  the  same  as  the  deed  on  the  first 
tabula  except  that  it  is  not  completed,  running  only  to  ea  res ;  et  is  inserted  in 
line  9,  earn  takes  the  place  of  iam,  and  a  is  omitted  in  line  10,  noxaque  appears 
for  noxisque,  fiigitivam  IOT  fugitium,  earn  for  em. 

personal  enemies  or  those  guilty  of  some  offence.  They  consist  of 
formulaic  expressions  consigning  the  one  disliked  to  some  sinister 
deity  to  whom  the  defixio  is  addressed.  Most  of  these  devotiones 

LAT.  INSCRIP.  —  25 


386 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


are  written  in  a  rude  cursive  style  on  tablets  of  lead  or  bronze  which 
were  placed  in  sanctuaries  or  tombs. 

A  few  of  them  are  in  monumental  form,  as  e.g.  one1  found  in  Spain  addressed 
to  Dea  Ataecina,  Dea  Ataecina  Turibrig(ensis),  Proserpina,  per  tuam  maies- 
tatem  te  rogo  oro  obsecro,  uti  vindices  quot  mihi  furti  factum  est. 


H  )  A\  M  Ai  B  _ 

-IOSTA  VQ^G/y^O  C  A  VQ^ 


[ 


1  V  O  I 


Defixio  inscribed  on  a  lead  tablet  found  at  Bath,  England.    The  words,  with 

few  exceptions,  are  in  retrograde  order. 

Hiibner's  Exempla,  No.  947. 

Q(ui)  mihi  ma(ri)teliu(ni)  in\v]olavit,  \ 

sic  liquat  (c)  com  aqua  \  ella  m[u~\ta,  ni  q(ui)  earn  [sa]lv\avit 
Anniu(s}  vel  exs\uper  e(i*)us  [V~\erianus,  Se\verinus,  A(u)gustalis^ 
Com\itianus,  Catusminianus,  \  Germanilla,  lomna 

See  also  Zangemeister,  Hermes,  XV.,  p.  588. 


WALL  INSCRIPTIONS 
Inscriptiones  Parietariae 

It  is  difficult  to  classify  either  as  tituli  or  instrumenta  the  inscrip- 
tions which  appear  upon  walls  of  buildings  such  as  those  of  Pompeii 
and,  in  less  number,  those  of  Rome  ;  for  in  reality  they  partake  of 
the  nature  of  both,  so  diverse  is  their  character  and  purpose. 

The  inscriptions  which  are  painted  or  scratched  with  a  graphium 
upon  the  clay  walls  of  the  houses  of  Pompeii  are  edited  by  C. 
Zangemeister  in  C.  I.  L.  vol.  IV.  and  Ephem.  Ep.  I.  49,  177  ff. 


C.  /.  L.  II.  462. 


WALL  INSCRIPTIONS  387 

The  earliest  of  these  Pompeian  inscriptions  belonging  to  the  pre- 
Augustan  period  are  those  painted  in  red  on  the  tufa  walls  of  the 
houses,  and  consist  mainly  of  recommendations  for  election  of 
candidates  for  municipal  offices. 

N  •  BARCHA  .  II  .  V  •  V  •  BO  •  VFITA   V   BEIS  .  VENVS  .  POMP  •  SACRA 

N(umerium)  Barcha(m)  II  v(irum)  v(irum~)  6(onww)  o(ro)  v(os~)  f(aciatis), 
ita  v\_o]beis  Venus  Pomp(eiana)  sacra  [sancta  propitia  sit].  C.  I.  L.  IV.  26. 

Some  of  these  are  advertisements  of  various  kinds,  e.g.  for  a  vase  that  has 
been  stolen  (No.  64),  and  again  others  give  lists  of  officers,  as  the  magistri  vici 
et  compiti  (No.  60,  707/47). 

The  painted  inscriptions  of  a  later  date  (Nos.  84-1176)  contain  information 
of  a  similar  character  to  those  just  mentioned. 

A  large  number  of  these  wall  inscriptions  are  announcements  of  gladiatorial 
games  (Nos.  1176-1204).  They  are  introduced  at  times  by  some  formula  &spro 
salute  domus  Aitgustae,  giving  the  alleged  cause  for  the  holding  of  the  contests. 
This  statement  is  followed  by  the  name  of  the  man  to  whom  the  familia  gladia- 
toria  belongs,  the  number  of  pairs  matched,  the  place,  time,  other  events,  and 
additional  attractions,  as  sparsiones,  vela,  etc. 

Lii[creti]i  Valentis  flaminis  Neronis  Aug(usti)  f(ilii)  perpetui,  D.  Lucreti(i} 
Valentis  fili(i'),  [fam(ilia)  glad(iatoria)  pugn(abit)  Pompeis~\  V  k(alendas) 
April (es)  ;  venatio  et  vela  erunt,  p.  colonia  ...  C.  I.  L.  IV.  1185. 

The  inscriptions  scratched  with  a  graphium  on  the  walls  of  the 
houses  are  mainly  of  a  private  character. 

XII  k(alendas}  Maias  tun(icatii)  pal(lunn},  nonis  Mais  fas  (dam},  VIII  idus 
Ma(ia)s  tunicas  duas  (lavandas  dedi  or  accept}.  C.  /.  L.  IV.  1393. 

Others  illustrated  by  the  following  contain  verses  from  well-known  poets. 


G.  L  L.  IV.  1895-6. 


388  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

1.  Quid  pote  tan  durum  saxso  aut  quid  mollius  unda 

Dura  tamen  molli  saxsa  cavantur  aqua.     Ovid.  A.  A.  I.  475. 
The  Ms.  reading  is  quid  magis  est  saxo  durum,  quid  mollius  unda  ? 

2.  Ubi  perna  cocta  est  si  convivae  apponitur 

Non  gust  at  pernam  lingit  ollam  aut  caccabum.    Plautus,  Persa  I.  3,  25. 


.  7.  Z.  IV.  1891-93-94. 


Littera  Theorianis  semper  dictura  salutem 

Nomine  mine  dextri  tempus  in  omne  manet 

Surda  sit  oranti  tua  ianua  laxa  ferenti 

Audiat  exclusi  verba  receptus  [ffm]a[?is].     Ovid.  A.  A.  I.  8,  77. 

lanitor  ad  dantis  vigilet,  si  pulsat  inanis 

Surdus  in  obductam  somniet  usq\_ue~]  seram.    Propert.  V.  5,  47. 

CONSULAR  DiPTTcns1 
(Diptycha  Consularia) 

In  the  later  empire  it  became  the  custom  for  consuls  when  entering 
upon  their  official  duties  to  present  to  senators  and  other  prominent 
persons,  carved  ivory  tablets.  These  contained  representations  of 
the  spectacles  which  marked  their  entrance  to  office,  together  with 
the  names  and  portraits  of  the  consuls.  They  were  in  all  probability 
a  sort  of  invitation  to  the  initiatory  festivals.  The  oldest  of  these 
diptychs  dates  406  A.D.  and  the  latest  541. 

1  C.  I.  L.  V.  6836,  8120  ;  XII.  133.  W.  Meyer,  Zwei  Antike  Elfenbein- 
tafeln,  Abhandlung  der  K.  Bayer,  Akad.  L,  cl.,  vol.  XV.,  Munich,  1879. 
He"ron  de  Villefosse,  Feuille  de  Diptyque  Consulaire  Conservee  au  Louvre  in 
Gazette  Archeologique,  1884. 


DOCUMENTS 


389 


DOCUMENTS 
Lex  Antonia  de  Termessibus 

de  Termesi(bus)  Pisid(is)  mai(oribus). 

C.  Antonius  M.  f.,  Cn.  Corne[7ms] | 

C.  Fundanius  C.  f.  tr(ibunei)  pl(ebei),  de  s(enatus)  s(ententia) 
plebem premius  scivit.  | 

Quei  Thermeses  maiores  Peisidae  fuerunt,  queique  |  eorum  legibus 
Thermesium  maiorum  Pisidarum  |  ante  k.  April.,  quae  fuerunt 
L.  Gellio  Cn.  Lentulo  cos.,1  Thermeses  maiores  Pisidae  factei 
sunt,  queique  ab  ieis  prognati  sunt  erunt,  iei  omnes  postereique 
eorum  Thermeses  maiores  Peisidae  leiberei  amicei  socieique 
populi  Roman!  sunto,  eique  legibus  sueis  ita  utunto,  itaque 
ieis  omnibus  sueis  legibus  Thermensis  maioribus  |  Pisideis 
utei  liceto,  quod  advorsus  hanc  legem  11011  fiat.  | 

Quei  agrei  quae  loca  aedificia  publica  preivatave  |  Thermensiun 
maiorum  Pisidarum  intra  fineis  eorum  sunt  fueruntve  L. 
Marcio  Sex.  lulio  cos.,2  quaeque  insulae  eorum  sunt  fueruntve 
|  ieis  consolibus,  quei  supra  scriptei  sunt,  quodque  earum 
rerum  ieis  consulibus  iei  habuerunt  |  possederunt  us[ei  fruct- 
eique~\  sunt,  quae  de  ieis  rebus  locata  non  s[?m£,  utei  antea 
habeant  possideant;  gjuaeque  |  de  ieis  rebu[s  agreis  loceis 
aedificieis  locata  sw]nt  ac  ne  |  locentur  [sancitum  est  sanctione, 
<?]uae  facta  est  e[oj]  l[ege  rogata  L.  Gellio  Cn.  Lentulo  cos., 
e]a  omnia  Ther[meses  maiores  Pisidae  habean~\i  possideant;  | 
ieisque  [rebus  loceis  agreis  aedificieis  utantur  /rjuantur  |  ita, 
utei  ant[e  Mitridatis  bellum,  quod  p]reimum  |  fuit,3  habueru[n£ 
possederunt  usei  frucf] eique  sunt.  | 

Quae  Thermensorum  m[aioru~]m  Pisidarum  publica  |  preivatave 
praeter  \locata~\  loca  agros  aedificia  sunt  |  fueruntve  ante  bellum 
Mitridatis,  quod  preimum  |  factum  est,  quodque  earum  rerum 
iei  antea  |  habuerunt  possederunt  usei  fructeive  sunt,  |  quod 
eius  ipsei  sua  voluntate  ab  se  non  abalienarunt,  ea  omnia 
Termensium  maiorum  Pisidarum,  utei  sunt  fuerunt,  ita  sunto, 
itemque  ieis  ea  omnia  habere  possidere  uutei  frueique  liceto.  | 


390  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

Quos  Thermenses  maiores  Pisidae  leiberos  servosve  |  bello  Mitri- 
datis  ameiserunt,  magistratus  pr[cwe]  |  magistratu,  quoia  de  ea 
re  iuris  dictio  erit  qu[oque]  \  de  ea  re  in  ious  aditum  erit,  ita  de 
ea  re  ious  deicunto  indicia  recuperationes  danto,  utei  iei  eos 
recuperare  possint. 

Nei  quis  magistratus  prove  magistratu  legatus  ne[/ve]  quis  alius 
meilites  in  oppidnm  Thermesum  maiorum  |  Pisidarum  agrumve 
Thermensinin  maiorum  |  Pisidarum  hiemaiidi  canssa  introdu- 
cito,  neive  |  facito,  quo  quis  eo  meilites  introducat  quove  ibei  | 
meilites  hiement,  nisei  senatus  nominatim,  utei  Thermesum 
maiorum  Pisidarum  in  hibernacula  meilites  |  deducantur,  de- 
creverit:  neive,  quis  magistratus  prove  magistratu  legatus 
neive  quis  alius  facito  neive  inperato,  quo  quid  magis  iei 
dent  praebeant  |  ab  ieisve  auferaturj  nisei  quod  eos  ex  lege 
Porcia  dare  praebere  oportet  oportebit.  | 

Quae  leges  quodque  ious  quaeque  consuetudo  L.  Marcio  |  Sex. 
lulio  cos.  inter  civeis  Eomanos  et  Termenses  |  maiores  Pisidas 
fuit,  eaedem  leges  eidemque  ious  |  eademque  consuetudo  inter 
ceives  Romanos  et  Termenses  maiores  Pisidas  esto;  quodque 
quibusque  |  in  rebus  loceis  agreis  aedificieis  oppideis  iouris 
Termensium  maiomm  Pisidarum  ieis  consulibus,  quei  supra 
scriptei  sunt,  fuit,  quod  eius  praeter  [locata]  loca  agris  aedi- 
ficia  ipsei  sua  voluntate  ab  s.e  non  abalienarunt,  idem  in  eisdem 
rebus  loceis  agreis  |  aedificieis  oppideis  Termensium  maiorum 
Pisidarum  ious  esto;  et  quo  minus  ea  quae  in  hoc  capite 
scripta  sunt  ita  sint  fiant,  eius  hac  lege  nihilum  rogatur.  | 

Quam  legem  portorieis  terrestribus  rnaritumeisque  Termenses 
maiores  Phisidae  capiundeis  intra  suos  fineis  deixserint,  ea 
lex  ieis  portorieis  capiundeis  esto,  dum  nei  quid  portori  ab 
ieis  capiatur,  quei  publica  |  populi  Eomani  vectigalia  redempta 
habebunt.  Quos  |  per  eorum  fineis  publicanei  ex  eo  vectigali 
transportabunt  [eorum  fructuum  portorium  Termenses  ne 
capiunto], 

C.  L  L.  I.  204,  P.  L.  M.  E.  tab.  XXXI.  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  tablet  found 
at  Rome  in  the  sixteenth  century,  now  at  Naples.  This  is  a  part  of  the 
law  of  C.  Antonius  (cos.  691/63),  tribune  of  the  plebs,  and  his  colleagues, 


DOCUMENTS  391 

establishing  the  autonomy  of  Termessus  Maior,  a  town  of  Pisidia.  It 
dates  in  683/71,  at  least  not  long  after  682/72.  1  682/72.  2  663/91. 
3  It  began  in  666/88.  The  portion  printed  in  Italics  is  known  from  a 
copy  of  the  sixteenth  century,  as  it  has  disappeared  from  the  plate. 

Senatus  Consultum  de  Nundinis  Saltus  Beguensis 

SO.  de  nundinis  saltus  1  Beguensis  in  t(erritorio)  Casensi,  descrip- 
tum  et  recognitum  ex  libro  sententiarum  in  senatu  die  [to]  rum 
k(apite)  VI  T.  luni  Nigri,  C.  Pomponi  Camererini  co(n)s(ulum), 
in  quo  scripta  erant  A[/nca]ni2  iura3  et  id  quod  i(nfra) 
s(criptum)  est. 

In  comitio  in  curia.4  .  .  . 

[$cr]ibundo  adfuerunt  Q.  Sa[?]onius  Q.  f.  Ouf.  [Zo]ngus,  .  .  . 
[^.]ni  Quar[f]inus,  C.  Oppius  C.  f.  Vel.  Severus,  C.  For  (?)  .  . 
C.  f,,  .  .  .  [Sex.  JE?nt]em[*3,  M.  f.  Quir.  Claras,  P.  Cassius  L.  f. 
Aem.  Dexter  q(uaestor),  P.  Nonius  M.  f.  Ou[/].  Macrinus 
q(uaestor).5  In  senatu  fuerunt  C. 

SO.  per  discessionem  factuin. 

Quod  P.  Cassius  Secundus,  P.  Delphius  Peregrinus  Aleius 
Alennius  Maximus  Curtius  Valerianus  Proculus  M.  Nonius 
Mucianus  coss.  verba  fecerunt  de  desiderio  amicorum  Lucili 
Africani  c(larissimi)  v(iri),  qui  petunt :  ut  ei  permittatur  in 
provincia  Afric(a),  regione  Beguensi,  territorio  Musulamiorum,6 
ad  Casas,  nundinas  IIII  nonas  Novemb.  et  XII  k.  Dec.,  ex  eo 
omnibus  mensibus  IIII  non.  et  XII  k.  sui  cuiusq(ue)  mensis 
instituere  habere,  quid  fieri  placeret, 

de  ea  re  ita  censuerunt :  permittendum  Lucilio  Africano,  c.  v.,  in 
provincia  Afric(a),  regione  Beguensi,  territorio  Musulamiorum, 
ad  Casas,  nundinas  IIII  non.  Novemb.  et  XII  k.  Decembr.  et 
ex  eo  omnibus  mensibus  IIII  non.  et  XII  k.  sui  cuiusq(ue) 
mensis  instituere  et  habere,  eoque  vicinis  advenisq(ue)  nun- 
dinandi  dumtaxat  causa  coire  convenire  sine  iniuria  et  incom- 
modo  cuiusquam  liceat. 

Actum  idibus  Octobr.  P.  Cassio  Secundo,  M.  Nonio  Muciano. 
Fodem  exemplo  de  eadem  re  duae  tabellae  signatae  sunt. 
Signatures:  T.  Fl(avi)  Comini  scrib(ae),  C.  Iul(i)  Fortunati 


392  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

scrib(ae),  M.  Caesi  Helvi  Euhelpisti,  Q.  Metili  Onesimi,  C.  Iul(i) 
Periblepti,  L.  Verati  Philerotis,  T.  Fla(vi)  Crescentis. 

C.  I.  L.  VIII.  11451.  Inscribed  on  two  tablets  of  stone  found  at  Hr.  el- 
Begar,  Africa,  dating  138  A.D.  On  nundinae,  see  Pliny  Ep.  V.  4.  Suet. 
Claud.  12.  C.  I.  L.  III.  4121.  Imp.  — Constantinus  —  nundinas  die  solis 
perpeti  anno  constituit.  l  Frontinus,  Grom.  53.  In  Africa  saltus  non 
minores  habent  privati,  quam  res  publica  territoria,  immo  —  longe  maiores. 
'2  i.e.  of  Lucilius  Africanus  mentioned  below.  3  i.e.  possessiones  et  lati- 
fundia,  in  which  he  had  asked  that  it  might  be  granted  him  to  hold  nun- 
dinae. 4  In  the  curia  lulia  built  where  the  curia  Hostilia  had  been, 
i.e.  in  the  comitium.  5  See  Ephem.  Ep.  II.  p.  283.  6  Tac.  Ann.  II.  52. 

EPISTULA  OF  VESPASIAN  TO  THE  SABORENSES 

Imp.  Cae.  Vespasianus  Aug.  pontifex  maximus  tribuniciae  potes- 
tatis  VIIII,  imp.  XIIX,  consul  VIII,  p(ater)  p(atriae),  salutem 
dicit  IIII  viris  et  decurionibus  Saborensium. 

Cum  multis  difficultatibus  infirmitatem  vestram  premi  indicetis, 
permitto  vobis  oppidum  sub  nomine  meo,  ut  voltis,  in  planuin 
extruere.  Vectigalia,  quae  ab  divo  Aug.  accepisse  dicitis, 
custodio ;  si  qua  nova  adicere  voltis  de  his  proco(n)s(ulem) 
adire  debebitis ;  ego  enim  nullo  respondente  constituere  nil 
possum.  Decretum  vestrum  accepi  VIII.  ka.  August.  ;  legates 
dimisi  IIII.  ka.  easdem.  Valete. 

Ilviri  C.  Cornelius  Severus  et  M.  Septimius  Severus  publica 
pecunia  in  aere  inciderunt. 

C.  I.  L.  II.  1423.  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  plate  found  in  the  town  of  Canete, 
between  Malaga  and  Sevilla,  existing  in  copy.  The  date  is  78  A.D. 

MILITARY  DIPLOMAS 

1.  Imp.  Caesar  Vespasianus  Aug.  pont.  max.,  tr.  pot.  II,  imperator 
VI,  p.  p.,  cos.  HI,1  desig.  IIII,  veteranis,  qui  militaverunt  in 
classe  E,avennate  sub  Sex.  Lucilio  Basso,2  qui  sena  et  vicena 
stipendia  aut  plura  meruerunt  et  sunt  deduct!  in  Pannoniam, 
quorum  nomina  subscripta  sunt,  ipsis  liberis  posterisque  eorum 
civitatem  dedit  et  conubium  cum  uxoribus,  quas  tune  liabu- 
issent,  cum  est  civitas  is  data,  aut  si  qui  caelibes  essent  cum 


DOCUMENTS  393 

iis,  quas  postea  duxissent  duintaxat  singuli  singulas.  Non. 
April.,  Caesare  Aug.  f.  Domitiano,  Cn.  Pedio  Casco  cos.3  Platori 
Veneti  f.,  centurioiii,  Maezeio. 

Descriptum  et  recognitum  ex  tabula  aenea,  quae  est  fixa  Romae 
in  Capitolio  ad  aram  gentis  luliae,  de  foras  podio  sinisteriore, 
tab.  T  pag.  II,  loca  XXXXIIII.  T.  lull  Run  Salonit.  eq.  K. 
P.  Vibi  Maximi  Epitaur.  eq.  R.  T.  Fani  Celeris  ladestin.  dec. 
C.  Marci  Proculi  ladestin.  dec.  P.  Caetenni  dementis  Salon. 
P.  Luri  Moderati  Risinitan.  Q.  Poblici  Crescentis  ladestin. 

C.  I.  L.  III.,  p.  850.  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  diptych  found  at  Salona,  in 
Dalmatia,  now  in  Berlin.  l  See  page  129.  2  Tacitus,  Hist.  II.  100. 
3  April  5,  71. 

2.  Imp.  Caesar  Vespasianus  Augustus,  pontifex  maximus,  tribu- 
nicia  potestat.  VIII,  imp.  XVIII,  p.  p.,  censor,  cos.  VII, 
design.  VllL1 

Nomina  speculatorum  qui  in  praetorio  meo  militaverunt,  item 
militum  qui  in  cohortibus  novem  praetoriis  et  quattuor  urbanis 
subieci,  quibus  fortiter  et  pie  militia  functis  ius  tribuo  conubi 
duintaxat  cum  singulis  et  primis  uxoribus,  ut  etiamsi  pere- 
grini  iuris  feminas  matrimonio  suo  iunxerint,  proinde  liberos 
tollant,  ac  si  ex  duobus  civibus  Romanis  natos.  A.  d.  IIII. 
non.  Decembr.,  Galeone  Tettieno  Petroniano,  M.  Fulvio  Gillone 
cos. 

Coh.  VI  pr.,  L.  Ennio  L.  f.  Tro.  Feroci,  Aquis  Statellis. 

Descriptum  et  recognitum  ex  tabula  aenea,  quae  fixa  est  Romae 
in  Capitolio  in  basi  lovis  Africi. 

C.  /.  L.  III.,  p.  853.  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  tablet  once  forming  part  of  a 
diptych,  found  near  Kustendje  (Tomos) ,  now  at  Vienna.  l  See  page  129. 

LOTS 
(Sortes) 

1.  Conrigi  vix  tandem  quod    curvom 1  est  factum  [c]rede.2 

2.  Credis  quod  deicunt :  non  |  sunt  ita ;  credere  stultu.3 

3.  De  incerto  certa  ne  fiant,4  |  si  sapis  caveas. 


394  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

4.  Est  equos  perpulcer,  sed  tu  |  vehi  non  potes  istoc. 

5.  Formidat  omnes,  quod  |  metuit,  id  sequi  satiust. 

6.  Qur  petis  pos  tempus  consilium  ?  quod  rogas 5  non  est. 

C.  L  L.  I.  1438,  1439,  1440,  1442,  1444,  1454.  Maxims  or  proverbial  expres- 
sions inscribed  on  bronze  lamellae  found  at  Barbarano,  between  Vicetia 
and  Padua  (Patavium),  but  afterwards  lost.  They  were  probably  used 
at  Fans  Aponus,  a  seat  of  divination  near  Patavium.  They  date  in  the 
seventh  century  of  the  city.  The  inscriptions  of  seventeen  of  these  sortes 
have  come  down  to  us.  See  Suetonius,  Tiberius,  14.  See  also  Stoll, 
De  Sortibus  Praenestinis,  Philologus,  XI.  1856,  p.  304.  Eitschl,  Die 
Lateinischen  Sortes,  Op.  IV.,  p.  395.  l  Another  reading  is  curum. 
2  Inscription  has  rede.  3  Inscription  has  ne  fore  stultu.  Ritschl,  non 
scin  te  ita  re  fore  stultu(m').  Mommsen,  non  sunt  ita,  credere  stultu (m). 
4  Mommsen,  certum — fiat.  5  Mommsen  prefers  roges. 

FROM  THE  ACTA  OF  THE  FRATRES  ARVALES 

1.  Isdem  cos.1  Ill  idus  Octobr.2  L.  Salvius  Otho  Titianus3  mag. 

collegi  fratrum  Arvalium  nomine  immolavit  in  Capitolio  ob 
imperium  Neronis  Claudi  Caesaris  Aug.  Germanic!  lovi 
b(ovem)  marem,  lunoni  vaccam,  Minervae  vacc(am),  Felicitati 
publicae  vacc(am),  Genio  ipsius  taurum,  |  divo  Aug(usto) 
b(ovem)  marem,  divae  Aug(ustae)  vaccam,  divo  Claudio 
b(ovem)  marem.  In  collegio  adfuerunt :  L.  Salvius  Otho 
Titianus  mag.,  C.  Piso,  C.  Vipstanus  Apronianus,  M.  Valerius 
Messalla  Corvinus,  A.  Vitellius,4  Sulpicius  Camerinus,  P. 
Memmius  Begulus,  T.  Sextius  Africanus.  | 

C.  /.  L.  VI.  2041.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  in  the  Vigna 
Ceccarelli,  where  was  located  the  grove  of  the  fratres  Arvales.  1A. 
Paconius  Sabinus,  A.  Petronius  Lurco  consules  suffecti  in  58  A.D.  2  The 
day  Nero  received  the  imperium.  3  The  brother  of  the  Emperor  Otho. 
4  The  emperor  of  69  A.D. 
• 

2.  Isdem  co(n)sulibus  l  pr(idie)  idus  Mart(ias)  |  vota  numcupata  pro 

s[af|ute  et  reditu  \_Vitelli']  Germanic!  imp(eratoris),2  praeeunte 

L.  Maecio  |  Postumo,3  mag(isterio)  [  Vitdli  ]  Germanic!  imp(era- 
toris),  promag(istro)  Maecio  Postumo,  coll(egi)  fra(trum)  | 


DOCUMENTS  395 

Arval(ium)  nomine :  Iov(i)  b(ovem)  m(arem),  lun(oni)  vac- 
c(am),  Min(ervae)  vacc(am),  divo  Aug(usto)  [l)(ovem)  m(arem)], 
|  divae  Aug(ustae)  vacc(am),  divo  Cl audio  b(ovem)  m(arem). 
In  colleg(io)  adf(uerunt)  L.  Maecius  Postumus. 

C.  L  L.  VI.  2051.  Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  in  the  Vigna  Cecca- 
relli.  l  Galba  and  Vinius,  the  consuls,  were  slain  Jan.  15,  69.  Otho  and 
his  brother  Titianus  succeeded  them.  2  On  the  14th  of  March,  on  which 
day  Tacitus  (Hist.  I.  90)  declares  that  Otho  departed  from  the  city. 
These  vota  were  made  for  the  safe  return  of  Otho  and  not  Vitellius,  but 
when  Otho  was  defeated,  since  the  acta  of  this  day  had  not  yet  been 
written  down,  the  name  of  Vitellius  was  substituted  for  that  of  Otho,  and 
was  afterwards  erased.  For  the  name  Germanicus  given  to  Vitellius,  see 
Tac.  Hist.  I.  62 ;  II.  64.  3  He  seems  to  have  been  put  in  the  place  of 
Otho  Titianus,  who  accompanied  his  brother  to  the  war,  cf.  Tacitus, 
Hist.  II.  33. 

TABULAE  PATRONATUS 

1.  M.  Crasso   Frugi   L.  Calpurnio   Pisone  |  cos.1  |  III   non.  Febr.,  | 

civitas  Themetra  ex  Africa  hospitiurn  fecit  cuin  C.  Silio  C.  f. 
Fab.  Aviola  [ew]m  liberos  posterosque  eius  sibi  liberis  | 
posterisque  suis  patronum  cooptave|nmt.  C.  Silius  C.  f.  Fab. 
Aviola  civitatem  Theme|trenseni  liberos  posterosque  eorum 
sibi  liberis  posterisque  suis  in  fidem  |  clientelamque  suam 
recepit  |  egerunt.  Barnio  Himilis  f .  suf es,  |  Azdrubal  Baisillecis 
f.  |  Iddibal  Bosiharis  f.  |  leg. 

C.  L  L.  V.  4919.  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  tablet  found  at  Brescia,  now  lost. 
JA.D.  27. 

2.  Nerone  Claudio  Caesare  |  Aug.  Germanico  L.  Antistio  Vetere  | 

cos.1  k.  Augustis  Q.  lulius  Q.  f.  Qui.  Secundus2  legatus  pro  j 
praetore  hospitium  fecit  cum  decurionibus  et  colonis  colonia  | 
lulia  Aug.  legionis  VII  Tupusuctu  sibi  liberis  posterisque  suis 
eosque  pajtrocinio  suo  tuendos  recepit,  agentibus  legatis  |  Q. 
Caecilio  Q.  f.  Palatina  Firmano  |  M.  Pomponio  M.  f.  Quir. 
Vindice. 

C.  I.  L.  VIII.  8837.  Inscribed  on  a  bronze  tablet  found  near  Constantine 
(Cirta),  Africa,  now  in  the  Bibliotheque  Nationale  at  Paris.  l  A.D.  55. 
2  Secundus  was  perhaps  the  legatus  of  the  Province  of  Baetica. 


396  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

PRIVATE   DOCUMENTS 
PURCHASE  or  A  HOUSE 

Andueia  Batonis  emit  man.ci[_pioque]  accepit  domus  partem 
dimidiam,  interantibus  partem  [<ieof]tram,  que  est  Alb(urno) 
maiori  vico  Pirustar[wm  m]  t[er]  adQ/mes  Platorem  Accep]- 
tianum  et  Ingenum  Callisti  X  trecentis  de  Veturi[o  Valente]. 
Earn  domus  partem  dimidiam,  q(ua)  d(e)  a(gitur),  cum  su[is 
s]aepibus  saepimentis,  finibus,  aditibus,  claustris,  fienestris, 
ita  uti  clao  fixsa  et  optima  maximaque  est,  h(abere)  r(ecte) 
l(iceat)  ;  [e]t  si  quis  earn  donmm  partemve  quam  quis  [e]x 
[ea]  evicerit  q(uo)  m(inus)  Andueia  Batonis  e(ive),  a(d) 
q(uem)  e(a)  r(es)  p(ertinebit),  h(abere)  p(ossidere)  u(suque) 
c(apere)  r(ecte)  l(iceat)  ;  qu[o]d  ita  licitum  n[o]n  erit,  t(aiitam) 
p(ecuniam)  r(ecte)  d(ari),  fide  r(ogavit)  Andueia  Batonis,  fide 
promisit,  Yeturius  Valens.  Proque  ea  do[mw  partem  o7m]idiam 
pretium  }£  CCC  Vetur[ms  F]ales  a[6  J.]n[dw]ei[a  ^a]tonis 
accepiss[e  et]  ab[ere  se  dixit].  Convenitq(ue)  int[e]r  eos,  \_vti~\ 
Veturius  V&[lens  pro  ea]  domo  tributa  usque  ad  recensum 


Act(um)    Alb(urno)    maiori    prid.    nonas   Maias   Qui[«]tillo   et 

Prisco  cos. 
L.    Vasidius    V[i]ctor    sig(navit).      T.    Fl.    Felicis.    M.    Lucani 

Melioris.  Platoris   Carpi.    T.   Aureli   Prisci.   Batonis   Annaei. 

Veturi  Valentis  venditoris. 

C.  L  L.  III.  944.  Bruns,  Fontes  luris  Bomani*  p.  291.  Inscribed  on  the 
inner  face  of  a  wax  tablet  found  at  Verespatak,  in  Dacia.  Square 
brackets  indicate  supplements  from  outside  copy. 

EXECRATIONS 
Devotiones 

Quomodo  mortuos  qui  istic  \  sepultus  est  nee  loqui  \  nee  sermonare 
potest,  seic    Ehodine  apud  M.  Licinium    Faustum  mortua  sit 
nee  |  loqui  sermonare  possit.    Ita  uti  mortuos  nee  ad  deos  |  nee 
ad  homines  acceptus  est,  |  seic  Rhodine  aput  M.  Licinium 
accepta  sit  et  tantum  valeat,  |  quantum  ille  mortuos,  quei  |  istic 


WALL   INSCRIPTIONS  397 

sepultus  est.  Dite  Pater,  Rhodine  |  tibei  commendo  uti  semper 
|  odio  sit  M.  Licinio  Fausto,  |  item  M.  Hedium  Amphionem,  | 
item  C.  Popillium  Appollonium,  |  item  Vennonia  Hermiona,  | 
item  Sergia  Glycinna. 

C.  I.  L.  I.  818.  Inscribed  on  a  lead  lamina  found  in  a  tomb  near  Rome, 
now  in  the  Kircherian  Museum,  Rome. 

2.  Dii  i(n)feri,  vobis  com(m)e(n)do,  si  quic(q)ua(m)  sactitates 
(=  sanctitatis)  h[a]betes  (=  habetis),  ac  tadro  (  =  trado) 
Ticene  ( =  Tychenem,  Tychen)  Carisi,  quodqu[o]d  agat, 
quod  i(n)cida(n)t  |  omnia  in  ad  versa.  Dii  i(n)feri,  vobis  | 
com(m)e(n)do  il(l)ius  mem(b)ra,  colore(m),  figura(m),  caput, 
capilla  ( =  capillos),  umbra(m),  cereb|ru(m),  fru(n)te(m), 
supe[m/]ia,  os,  nasu(m),  me(n)tu(m),  bucas,  la[6ra,  ve]rba, 
(h)alitu(m),  col(l)u(m)/  iocur,  umeros,  cor,  pulmones,  i(n)tes- 
tinas  (=  intestina),  ve(n)tre(m),  brac(h)ia,  digitos,  manus, 
u(m)b(i)licu(m),  visica  ( =  vesicam),  femena  ( =  femina), 
genua,  crura,  talos,  planta(s),  tigidos  (=  digitos).  Dii  i(n)feri, 
si  illa(m)  videro  tabesce(n)te(m),  vobis  sacrificiu(m)  lubens  ob 
an(n)uversariu(m)  facere2  dibus  parentibus  il(l)iu[s]  voveo(?) 
peculiu(m)(?)  ta[6e]scas ! 

C.  L  L.  X.  8249.  Inscribed  on  a  lead  plate  folded  up  and  pierced  with  a 
nail,  found  in  a  tomb  near  the  amphitheatre  of  Minturnae.  l  This .  is 
Zangemeister's  suggestion  for  the  letters  on  the  plate  which  seem  to  read 
vitucolu.  Bormann  suggests  msu  colu.  2  Schneider  reads  sacru(m) 
il(l}ud  v(otum)  venio  [o]6  anuvers'ariu(m)  facere,  making  venio  facere 
=  faciam. 

WALL  INSCRIPTIONS  OP  POMPEII 
Painted  Inscriptions 

1.  M.  Mariuin  |  aed.  faci.1    oro  vos. 

2.  Q.  Caecil.  q.  v.  benific.2  o.  v. 

3.  A.  Vettium  Firmum  |  aed.  o.  v.  f.,  dign.  est,  |  Caprasia  cum 

Nymphio  rog.    una  et  vicini  o.  f . 

4.  Sabinum  aed.  |  Procule  fac  et  ille  [  te  faciet. 


398  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


5.  pro  salute  |  ......  Caesaris  Augu[sfo']3  li[6]e[ro]rumqu[e  | 

eius  et  ob~\  dedicationem  arae  [/am.  gladiat.~\  Cn.  [^l^]ei 
Nigidi  Mai  flami[wi«]  .'.  .  Caesaris  Augusti  pugn.  Pompeis 
sine  ulia  dilatione  III  I  non  lul.,  venatio  vela  erunt. 

6.  A.  Suetti  Certi  |  aedilis  familia  gladiatoria  pugnab.  Pompeis  |  pr. 

k.  lunias,  venatio  et  vela  erunt.4 

7.  Otiosis  locus  hie  non  est,  discede  morator. 

C.  /.  L.  IV.  61,  29,  171,  635,  1180,  1189,  813.  1  aed(ilem)  faci(atis). 
2  q(uaestorem)  v(irum)  l>enific(um}  o(ro)  v(os).  3  Either  imp.  Caesaris 
Augusti  or  imp.  Ti.  Caesaris  Augusti.  4  Suettius  probably  gave  gladia- 
torial exhibitions  under  the  direction  of  Nero  between  54-59  A.D. 

Engraved  with  a  Stilus 

8.  Nucerinis  |  infelicia.1 

9.  Ill  idus  Aprilis  |  tunica2  2€  I  |  IIIi 

10.    Amianthus,  Epaphra,  Tertius  ludant3;  cum  Hedysto  lucundus 
Nolanus  petat;  nu[m]ere[n]t  Citus  et  Acus,  Amianth[««]. 

C.  I.  L.  IV.  1329,  1392,  1936.  l  Tac.  Ann.  XIV.  17.  2  tunica  (lauta)  denario 
uno.  3The  reference  is  to  a  game  of  ball  (trigon}.  Cf.  Seneca,  Ep.  3(5,  1, 
si  vero  pilicrepus  supervenit  et  numerare  coepit  pilas,  actum  est.  Cf. 
Marquardt,  Privatleben,  p.  822. 

CONSULAR  DIPTYCHS 

1.  Fl.  Felicis1  v.  c.,  com.  ac  mag.          utrq.  mil.,  patr.  et  cos.  ord. 

2.  Fl.  Astyrius2  v.  c.  et  inl.  com.,  ex       mag.  utriusq.  mil.,  cons.  ord. 

3.  Nar.  Manl.  Boethius  3  v.  c.  et  inl.       ex  p.  p.,  p.  u.  sec.,4  cons.  ord.  et 

patric. 

Dessau,  Inscriptiones  Latinae  Selectae,  1298,  1300,  1301  =  C.  I.  L.  V.  8120.  1. 
Inscribed  on  ivory  diptychs  on  which  are  also  drawn  the  figures  of  consuls. 
1  Felix,  consul  ordinarius  in  428  A.D.  2  Consul  of  449  A.D.  mentioned  by 
Sidonius  Ep.  VIII.  6,  5.  3  Consul  ordinarius  of  487.  4  ex  p(raefert<:) 
p(raetorio),  p(raefectus)  u(rbi) 


CHAPTER   IX 

RESTORATION   AND   DATING   OF   INSCRIPTIONS 

ABBREVIATIONS 

Restoration  of  Defective  Inscriptions. 

An  account  of  the  science  of  Latin  Epigraphy  would  be  incom- 
plete if  no  attention  were  paid  to  the  renewal  of  inscriptions  which 
remain  to  us  in  imperfect  form,  for  it  is  a  fact  readily  understood 
that  epigraphic  material  consists,  in  a  very  large  degree,  of  frag- 
ments which  would  be  of  little  service  and  value  were  it  not  possible 
for  scholars  to  make  restorations  more  or  less  satisfactory,  and  which 
in  many  cases  have  been  shown,  by  subsequent  discoveries,  to  be 
correct. 

It  would  be  manifestly  impossible  to  suggest  a  method  of  treat- 
ment which  would  be  useful  in  every  case,  since  this  depends  almost 
absolutely  upon  the  character  of  the  individual  inscription  itself. 
Nevertheless,  certain  general  principles  may  be  stated  which  will  be 
of  assistance  in  this  most  important  and  most  interesting  side  of 
epigraphic  study.  It  is  a  cardinal  principle  that  nothing  associated 
in  any  way  with  a  fragmentary  inscription  is  so  insignificant  as  to  be 
unworthy  of  consideration  in  the  task  of  supplying  portions  that  are 
lost.  It  is,  therefore,  imperative  that  the  most  exact  copy  attainable 
should  be  within  reach  of  the  student.1  This  has  resulted  in  the  use 
of  the  so-called  "paper  squeezes,"  which  are  made  by  moistening 
sheets  of  stout  white  paper  and  pressing  them  into  the  indentations 
of  an  inscription  by  means  of  a  brush  with  short  stiff  bristles. 
Reproductions  of  inscriptions  of  this  form  have  been  found  very 
satisfactory  in  their  exactness.  In  the  case  of  small  articles,  wax 
impressions  are  more  convenient. 

1  See  Uber  Mechanische  Copieen  von  Inschriften.     E.  Hiibner.     Berlin,  1880. 

399 


400  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

The  study  of  an  inscription  must  involve  both  an  internal  and 
external  consideration  of  all  that  is  associated  with  the  same.  It 
must  include  an  examination  of  the  method  of  engraving,  the  forms 
of  the  letters  and  words,  and  of  the  character  of  the  subject  matter, 
but  it  must  also  be  turned  to  the  circumstances  of  the  discovery,  the 
location,  and  the  association  with  other  inscriptions. 

The  form  of  an  incomplete  letter,  supplemented  by  a  knowledge 
of  what  the  normal  letter  in  its  complete  shape  would  be,  often 
determines  the  word  which  has  disappeared.  A  knowledge  of  the 
numerous  ligatures  is  very  useful,  particularly  in  the  inscriptions 
found  in  Africa.  In  supplementing  defective  words,  much  attention 
should  be  given  to  the  subject  of  abbreviations,  for  it  must  be 
remembered  that  certain  words  are  regularly  given  in  abbreviated 
form,  but  others  very  rarely. 

The  most  common  injuries  exhibited  by  stones  are  such  as  destroy 
the  beginning  or  end  of  the  lines.  It  is,  therefore,  necessary  to 
determine  the  original  length  of  the  line,  so  as  to  calculate  the  num- 
ber of  letters  required  to  make  it  complete.  This  knowledge  may 
be  obtained  from  the  general  outline  of  the  inscription,  and  from 
a  comparison  of  the  lengths  of  the  remaining  lines.  We  may  say, 
in  a  general  way,  that  a  number  of  the  lines  in  an  inscription  are  of 
the  same  length.  The  first  and  last  lines  are  regularly  shorter  than 
the  others,  because  of  the  character  of  their  subject  matter,  but  they 
are  proportionate  in  length  to  the  other  lines,  and  their  middle 
points  correspond  with  the  middle  points  of  the  others.  By  knowl- 
edge thus  obtained,  the  determination  of  the  number  of  letters  to 
be  supplied  may  be  accomplished  with  a  fair  degree  of  exact- 
ness. 

The  next  important  step  is  the  consideration  of  the  class  of 
inscriptions  to  which  the  one  in  question  belongs.  This  is  necessary 
in  order  that  a  knowledge  of  the  formulae  likely  to  occur  may  be 
obtained,  and  comparison  with  other  inscriptions  made  possible. 

Other  important  data  are,  the  natural  succession  of  honores  in  the 
various  cursus  honorum,  the  imperial  names  and  titles,  and  the 
customary  order  of  the  same,  the  history  of  the  legions,  their 
enrollment,  location,  and  length  of  service. 


RESTORATION   OF  INSCRIPTIONS  401 

The  following  example,  originally  given  by  Renier l  as  illustrating 
the  scientific  restoration  of  a  defective  inscription  is  also  used  in 
like  manner  by  Cagnat2  who  regards  it  as  a  perfect  model  of  its 
kind. 

R  -   EQVIT  -ROM  I'V  T   •    X  V  I  R 

LITIB    .    IVDIC-QVAES  R     -     PROVINCIAE 

RETAE-ET-CYRENAR  MP-VESPASIANI 

AESARIS  •  AVG  •  LEG  •  X  •  FRETEN  D  0  N  I  S    •    M  I  L  I 

B  .   IMP  .  VESPASIANO  •  CAESAR  T  •  CAESARE  .  AVG  •  F 

ELLO  •  IVDAICO  .  CORONA  .  MVRALI  .  VALLARI  •  AVREA  •  HASTlS  .  PVRIS 
EXILLIS  •  DVOBVS  •  TR  •  PL  .  PR  .  LEG  .  PROVING  .  PONTI  -  ET  .  BITHYNIAE 

AECINIA      .      A      .      F      .      LARGA      •      VXOR      .      ET 
RCIA    -    A    .     F     .     PRISCILLA    .     FILIA     .     FECERVNT 

It  is  evident  that  the  inscription  is  honorary  in  character  and  that  it  has  been 
set  up  perhaps  at  his  tomb  by  the  wife  and  daughter  of  the  person  whose  name 
has  disappeared.  The  honorex  are  given  in  the  ascending  order. 

Before  the  quaestorship  which  appears  in  the  second  line  we  would  look  for 
the  military  service  and  the  vigintivirate.  The  latter  may  be  readily  supplied 
thus,  XVIR  stfLITIB  •  IVDIC  ;  the  former  is  shown  by  IVT  which  is  part  of  the 
name  Ad  IVT  rix.  There  were  two  legions  thus  named,  Prima  Adiutrix  and 
Secunda  Adiutrix.  Although  it  is  uncertain  which  legion  is  here  indicated, 
Renier  has  shown  from  the  inscription  itself  that  the  person  referred  to  was 
made  a  quaestor  under  Vespasian  and  since  he  was  tribunus  militum  about  two 
years  before  this  time,  and  the  legion  //  Adiutrix  was  formed  under  Vespasian,  it 
is  probable  that  the  first  legion  is  the  one  named.  Following  the  usual  form  we 
may  supply  then,  trib.  mil.  leg.  I  Ad\VT.  The  honorary  title  which  was  often 
given  to  those  who  had  riot  yet  attained  the  quaestorship  readily  suggests  itself 
for  the  first  part  of  this  line,  so  that  we  read :  seviR  •  EQVIT  -ROM.  The 
quaestorship  was  either  of  the  city,  which  would  give  simply  QVAEST.,  or 
provincial,  which  would  give  QVAESJ.  pr.  pr.  =  quaestori  pro  praetore.  In  the 
former  case  the  following  function  would  naturally  be  leg(ato}  pr.  pr(aetore), 
but  for  this  there  is  evidently  no  room  ;  hence  the  line  may  be  completed  thus  : 
QVAESi  pr.  pR.  After  the  quaestorship  a  person  might  become  legatus  of  a 
proconsul  in  a  senatorial  province  of  the  praetorian  grade,  or  hold  the  next 

1  Explication  et  Restitution  d'une  Inscription  Decouverte  a  Nettuno.  L. 
Renier  in  Mem.  de  VAcad.  des  Jnscr.,  1867,  p.  269.  2  Cours  d"1  Epigraphie 
Latine,  p.  337. 

LAT.  INSCRIP.  —  26 


402  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

magistracy,  the  tribunate  of  the  plebs  or  the  aedileship.  In  this  case,  however, 
the  function  following  the  quaestorship  is  evidently  that  of  legatus  of  a  legion, 
so  that  we  may  supply  legatus  iMP  •  VESPASIANI  cAESARIS  .  AVG  -  LEG  X  . 
FRETENsis.  The  words  donis  militaribus  would  naturally  be  preceded  by 
donato,  hence  read  donato  DONIS  M  \\-\taribtis.  The  next  line  refers  to  the  two 
emperors  who  conducted  the  Jewish  war,  and  we  may  read  «B  •  IMP  •  VESPASI- 
ANO  CAESARe  Aug  et  T  -  CAESARE  .  AVG  .  F  6ELLO  -  IVDAICO. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  seventh  line  the  number  of  the  vexilla  has  dis- 
appeared, but  according  to  the  rules1  controlling  military  decorations  two 
vexilla  would  be  assigned  to  a  man  of  quaestorian  grade.  Inasmuch  as  the 
legati  of  praetorian  grade  alone  have  the  right  to  three  vexilla,  three  hastae 
purae,  and  three  coronae,  it  is  evident  that  duab(us)  is  needed  here.  The 
cursus  honorum  is  now  complete  with  the  remaining  functions  tribunus  plebis, 
praetor,  legatus  provinciae  Ponti  et  Bithyniae. 

The  first  word  of  the  next  line  is  the  nomen  of  the  wife  who  has  thus  honored 
her  husband.  The  remnant  aecinia  would  suggest  (7AECINIA,  but  £rAECINIA  is 
possible.  The  nomen  Graecinia,  taken  from  Graecinus,  is  hardly  admissible  for 
the  wife  of  a  senator  in  the  time  of  Vespasian.  Still  further,  the  father,  a 
Graecinius  or  Caecina,  is  named  A(ulus),  as  A  -filia  shows,  but  we  do  not  know 
of  a  Graecinius  with  the  praenomen  A(ulus),  and  it  must  be  remembered  that  in 
a  family  of  rank  the  range  of  praenomina  and  cognomina  was  limited  to  a 
certain  number.  We  do  not  know  of  a  cognomen  Largus  with  a  Graecinius, 
hence  we  naturally  select  CAECINIA.  We  know  also  of  two  consuls,  A.  Caecina 
(13  A.D.)  and  A.  Caecina  Largus  (42  A.D.),  which  fact  confirms-  the  selection. 

The  nomen  of  the  daughter  may  be  either  PoRCIA,  3/aRCIA,  or  ZaRCIA. 
Aulus,  however,  is  not  found  with  Porcius,  and  is  rare  with  Martins,  but  is 
common  with  Larcius.  We  find  still  further  in  this  family,  if  not  a  Priscillus, 
at  least  a  Priscus,  so  that  the  name  of  the  daughter  is  Z,aRCIA  PRISCILLA,  and 
of  her  father,  A.  Larcius. 

Eenier  has  pointed  out  that  the  legatus  of  the  legion  X  Fretensis  at  the  time 
of  the  capture  of  Jerusalem  is  spoken  of  in  Josephus  (Bel.  lucl,  VI.  4)  as  A. 
Larcius  Lepidus.  From  this  we  can  conclude  that  the  inscription  is  in  honor 
of  this  man,  and  the  first  line  must  contain  his  name.  Between  the  nomen  and 
cognomen  we  would  expect  the  indication  of  descent  and  the  tribus.  The  first 
of  these  is  uncertain,  since  we  do  not  know  the  praenomen  of  the  father, 
although  we  may  conjecture  that  it  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  son.  The  inscrip- 
tion was  found  at  Nettuno,  hence  we  would  expect  Quirina,  a  tribus  which 
actually  appears  in  an  inscription2  of  an  A.  Larcius  Priscus,  legatus  of  Numidia, 
found  recently  at  the  same  place  and  referring  probably  to  the  father  of  the 
person  honored  in  the  inscription  before  us. 

1  See  page  193  note. 

2  Ephem.  Ep.  V.  696.     K.  Cagnat,  Bulletin  fipigr.  1884,  p.  12. 


RESTORATION   OF  INSCRIPTIONS  403 

The  completed  inscription  is  as  follows : 

a  -  I  a  r  c  i  o  a  •  /  i  I  •  q  u  i  r  i  n  a  I  e  p  i  d  o 
s  e  v  iR  •  EQVIT  •  ROM  •  trib.  mil  leg.  •  .  ad\V  T  •  XVIR 
sZLITIB  .  IVDIC  .  QUAESZ  •  pr  •  pR  .  PROVINCIAE 
cRETAE  •  ET  .  CYRENARww  leg  •  iMP-VESPASIANI 
cAESARIS  •  AVG  •  LEG  .  X  .  FRETENs  donato  DONIS  .  M\L\taribus 
aB  •  IMP  .  VESPASIANO  .  CAESARe  august  o  et  T  •  CAESARE  .  AVG  .  F 
&ELLO  .  IVDAICO  .  CORONA  -  MVRALI  .  VALLARI  .  AVREA  •  HASTIS  .  PVRIS 
dtta&vEXILLIS.DVOBVS-TR-PL.PR  •  LEG  •  PROVING  •  PONTI  .  ET  •  BITHYNIAE 
c  A  E  C  I  N  I  A  •  A-  F.  LARGA-  V  X  0  R  •  ET 
ZaRCIA  •  A  •  F  •  PRISCILLA  -  FILIA  -  FECERVNT 


SPECIMENS  OF  IMPERFECT  INSCRIPTIONS 


MEMORIAE 

IANI -    F  TORQVATI-NOVELLI.P.F 

A    I    A    N     i  ATT!  C  I  .  X  .  VI  Rl  •  STL  IT  •  I  VD 

i  C  I  -  N  E  P  MIL  •  LEG  •  T  •  TRIB  .  VEXILLAR 

NERVAE  .  PRONEP  VATTVOR  .  T  .  V  •  XX  .  XXI  .  Q  .  AED 

O.HADRIANO  AD-  HAST  .  CVR  •  LOG  •  PVBLIC 

ONINO-AVG-PIO  D  CENS  •  ACCIP  •  ET  •  DILECT  •  ET 

MAXIMO-  TRIBVN  S-PROVINCIAE-NARBON 

AT  •  TT  .  COS  •  IT  .  P  .  P  VS-  HONORIS-  FINE 

VS  •  POPVLVSQVE  .    AGENS    -    XXXXII.I 

VlNVS  -  VETERES  O-IVLll-DECESSIT 


1.  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  2100.     Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Civita  Lavinia 

(Lanuvium),  existing  now  in  copy.  The  date  may  be  obtained  from  the 
table,  p.  133.  The  inscription  began  thus :  imp.  Caesari. 

2.  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  3602.     Inscribed  on  a  marble  tablet  found  at  Tivoli  (Tibur), 

existing  in  a  copy.  Torquatus  was  tribune  of  the  mxillarii  of  four  legions. 
In  line  nine  read  in  cuius  honoris.  Borghesi  assigns  this  inscription  to 
Novellius  Torquatns  of  about  the  time  of  Tiberius,  and  refers  to  Pliny  Nat. 
Hist.  XIV.  22,  144,  who  testifies  to  his  being  praetor  and  proconsul. 


404 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


PATER   PATRIAE 
IMP  .  CAESAR  DIVI  F 
AVGVSTVS   PONT 
IMVS   COS 
GNATVS   XT 
TRIBVNI 
VIII 


IVS 

DECVRIONA 
HONOR     AEDILI 
X    HS   I  I   M   DCXXXXII  N" 
ISSET  ADI  ECTA  AM 
SE   PECVNIA  •  FECIT   IDEMQ 
VIT    DD    ET   AM  PLIVS 
VL        POPVLO  DEDIT 


1.  C.I.  L.  XII.  5488.    Inscribed  on  a  miliarium  of  the  Via  Amelia,  between  Aix 

and  Aries,  existing  in  a  copy.     The  restitution  has  been  verified  from  simi- 
lar stones  of  the  same  locality.    The  date  is  751/3. 

2.  C.  L  L.  VIII.  14296.     On  a  marble  pedestal  found  at  Hr.  Schuegi,  Africa. 

In  second  line  supply  ob  honorem;  in  line  eight  ep]ul[iim],  others  suggest 

sport]ul[as.     The  first  line  may  be  cum pater  e~]ius  or  [cum 

pater  eius  .  .  .  .]  atus. 


ANO     •     FIL     •     SVO 
VIXIT    •   ANN    .   XVII 
BVS  .  DIEB  •  XXIII  .  ET 
POSTERISQV 
IN   FRONTE     .     PED     .     VIII 
IIA  .  PRIMA  •    DONAVIT  .   P 


HADRIANI  AN 
AUG.PII  -P.P. 
CORPUS  PISTO 
COLONIAE  0 
PORTUS  VTR1V 


I  M  0     -     M 
VRELI   ANTONIN 
•    AVGVSTORVM 
LEG  •  XXTf.  PRIMIG 

.  ivssvs 

CVM    •    AEDIF 


1.  G.  L  L.  XIV.  1509  a.     Found  at  Ostia.     In  line  6  IIA  is  all  that  remains  of 

the  women  of  Prima. 

2.  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  101.     Found  at  Civitavecchia,  now  existing  in  a  copy.     C.  /.  L. 

gives  in  the  first  line  M.  Aelio  Aurelio,  in  the  second  Caesari,  in  third  the 
beginning  of  the  name  of  his  father.  The  corpus  pistorum  Ostiensium  et 
Portuensium  is  referred  to. 


DATING   OF  INSCRIPTIONS 


405 


3.  C.  I.  L.  XL  596.  Found  at  Forli  (Forum  Livi),  where  it  still  exists.  The 
second  line  begins  probably  with  pro  salute  or  ob  reditum.  The  third  line 
may  have  contained  formerly  the  name  of  Geta.  Supply  visu  before  iussus. 
Mommsen  thinks  it  probable  that  Caracalla  and  Geta  returning  to  Italy 
after  the  death  of  their  father  visited  the  camp  of  the  twenty-second  legion 
at  Moguntiacum. 


D  •  M 
P.VIC 
AE  •  QV 
AN  N  IS 

M.X-D.XIII 

A VG  E  N  D 

FILIAE  •  IN 

CEN 


SEX  •  IVLIO  •  SE 
VOL   •   VERINO 
MINI   •  AEDILI  M 
NERARIO    .    PAT 
TRIVM     DECVR 
NVM  •  CVM  •  FIL 
VIVS   SINI    FECIT 


D 

POM 
A  D  I 

VIX  .  ANN 
III  •  POM 
VS  •  MES 
R    .   AM  A 
Tl  SS  I  M 
PATRI 


1.  C.  L  L.  VIII.  4458.     Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Ksar  Scheddi,  Africa. 

2.  C.LL.  XII.  522.     Inscribed  on  a  marble  cippus  found  at  Aix,  existing  in  a 

copy. 

3.  C.  /.  L.  VIII.  4459.     Inscribed  on  a  cippus  found  at  Ksar  Scheddi,  Africa. 


Dating  of  Inscriptions. 

The  determination  of  the  date  or  period  of  inscriptions  demands 
in  many  cases  the  consideration  and  study  of  inscriptions  from 
every  point  of  view. 

Constant  reference  has  therefore  been  made  in  what  precedes  to 
the  various  indications  of  date  which  the  occurrence  of  certain 
usages  belonging  to  well-defined  periods  provides. 

The  various  suggestions  leading  to  the  determination  of  date  may 
be  classified  as  obtained  either  from  an  external  or  formal  consider- 
ation of  an  inscription  or  from  an  internal  or  material  view  of  the 
same. 

The  first  of  these  implies :  1)  A  study  of  the  object  upon  which 
the  inscription  appears,  its  size,  ornamentation,  circumstances  of 
discovery,  such  as  the  depth  beneath  the  surface  and  proximity  to 
other  inscriptions.  Such  data  may  be  useful  in  identifying  in  its 


n  ^  ' 


406  LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 

date  the  inscription  in  question  with  others  which  admit  of  assign- 
ment to  certain  periods ;  2)  a  consideration  of  the  inscription  itself, 
the  nature  of  the  engraving,  the  morphology  of  the  letters,  the 
orthography  and  the  grammatical  formation  and  interrelation  of  the 
words. 

The  second  class  of  suggestions  leading  to  the  determination  of 
date  is  concerned  with  the  subject  matter  of  the  inscriptions. 

We  have  already  seen  on  page  123  how  inscriptions  of  the  im- 
perial period  may  be  dated  from  the  titles  and  salutations  of  the 
emperor.  If  an  inscription  contains  the  names  of  consuls,  it  is 
possible  in  most  cases  to  assign  a  date  by  reference  to  the  Fasti 
Consulares.  It  is  necessary  to  be  cautious  in  thus  depending  on 
consular  names,  since  those  who  acted  as  substitutes,  consules  suffecti, 
as  well .  as  those  who  received  the  consulana  ornamenta,  are  fre- 
quently named  as  consuls.  It  must  be  remembered  also  that  the 
title  cos.,  followed  by  a  numeral  of  iteration,  accompanied  the 
name  of  the  emperor  even  when  he  was  not  actually  holding  office. 
Augustus  was  consul  for  the  second  time  in  748/6,  and  was  con- 
tinually designated  thus  until  18  A.D.,  when  he  became  consul  for 
the  third  time.  Any  inscription  containing  simply  the  name  of 
Augustus  with  cos.  II  may  be  assigned  to  any  year  between  748/6 
and  18  A.D. 

Names  of  distinguished  personages  and  officials  are  often  of  much 
importance  in  this  respect.  Such  are  the  names  of  the  high  officers 
at  Rome  and  in  the  provinces,  also  of  associates  and  friends  of  the 
emperor.  The  date  of  the  official  career  of  prominent  men  may 
often  be  learned  from  historical  sources,  and  the  period  of  inscrip- 
tions may  thus  be  determined. 

A  very  important  source  of  chronological  information  is  found  in 
the  history  of  the  various  legions,  which  may  be  compiled  from 
historical  writings  and  from  a  comparison  with  dated  inscriptions, 
and  particularly  from  the  military  diplomas  which  contain  certain 
exact  dates. 

The  following  tables  will  be  of  use  in  determining  the  date  of 
inscriptions. 


TABLE  OF  IMPERIAL  RELATIONSHIPS 


411 


THE  MEMBERS  or  THE  IMPERIAL  FAMILY 

The  following  list  includes  all  the  members  of  the  Imperial  Family, 
from  Augustus  to  Constantine,  whose  names  appear  in  inscriptions. 
Those  that  were  honored  after  death  with  the  title  Divvs,  DIVA  are 
marked  with  *.  Those  whose  memory  was  execrated,  and  whose 
names  are  erased  from  the  monuments,  are  designated  by  f.  For 
names  of  the  Emperors  themselves  see  Chronological  Table,  p.  123. 


*AVGVSTVS 

1.  OCTA VIA,  sister  of  Aug.;  wife  (1) 

of  M.  Antonius,  (2)  of  C.  Mar- 
cellus. 

2.  ANTONIA    (MINOR),    daughter  of 

M.  Antonius  and  Octavia ;  wife 
of  Drusus  (16). 

3.  MARCELLA  (MAIOR),  daughter  of 

C.  Marcellus  and  Octavia. 

4.  MARCELLA  (MINOR),  daughter  of 

C.  Marcellus  and  Octavia. 

5.  SCRIBONIA,  first  wife  of  Aug. 

6.  IVLIA,  daughter  of  Aug.  and  Scri- 

bonia ;  wife  (1)  of  M.  Marcellus, 
(2)  of  M.  Agrippa,  (3)  of  Ti- 
berius (15). 

7.  M.   VIPSANIVS  AGRIPPA,   second 

husband-  of  Julia ;  son-in-law 
of  Aug. 

8.  *LiviA     DKVSILLA     (also     called 

IVLIA  AVGVSTA),  wife  (1)  of 
Ti.  Claudius  Nero,  (2)  of  Aug. 

9.  M.  LIVIVS  DRVSVS  CLAVDIANVS, 

father  of  Li  via. 

10.  ALFIDIA,  mother  of  Livia. 

11.  C.   CAESAR,  son  of   M.   Agrippa 

and  Julia ;  grandson  of  Aug. 

12.  L.   CAESAR,   son  of  M.   Agrippa 

and  Julia  ;  grandson  of  Aug. 

13.  AGRIPPINA    L,   daughter    of    M. 

Agrippa  and  Julia ;  wife  of 
Germanicus  (18). 


14.  M.   AGRIPPA    (POSTVMVS)    (also 

called  PVPVS  AGRIPPA  and 
AGRIPPA  IVLIVS),  son  of  M. 
Agrippa  and  lulia. 

15.  TIBERIVS,  son  of  Ti.  Claudius 

Nero  and  Livia  ;  adopted  son  of 
Aug. ;  husband  (1)  of  Vipsania 
Agrippina,  (2)  of  Julia  (6). 

16.  NERO  CLAVDIVS  DRVSVS,  son  of 

Ti.  Claudius  Nero  and  Livia ; 
husband  of  Antonia  Minor  (2). 

17.  DRVSVS  IVLIVS,  son  of  Tiberius 

and  Vipsania  Agrippina  ;  hus- 
band of  Livia,  the  sister  of  Ger- 
manicus and  Claudius. 

18.  GERMANICVS  CAESAR,  son  of  Dru- 

sus ( 16)  and  Antonia  Minor  (2) ; 
husband  of  Agrippina  (13). 

19.  *CLAVI)IVS,  son  of  Drusus  (16) 

and  Antonia  Minor  (2). 

20.  C.  CAESAR,  infant  son  of  Germa- 

nicus (18)  and  Agrippina  (13). 

21.  Ti.   CAESAR,  infant  son  of  Ger- 

manicus (18)  and  Agrippina 
(13). 

22.  —  CAESAR,  infant  son  of  Germa- 

nicus (18)  and  Agrippina  (13). 

23.  NERO  CAESAR,  son  of  Germanicus 

(18)  and  Agrippina  (13). 

24.  IVNIA,  daughter  of   Q.  Caecilius 

Metellus  Creticus  Silanus  ; 
bride  of  Nero  Caesar. 


412 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


25.  DRVSVS  CAESAR,  son  of  Germani- 

cus  (18)  and  Agrippina  (13). 

26.  tCALIGVLA,  son  of  Germanicus 

(18)  and  Agrippina  (13). 

27.  t  AGRIPPINA  II.,  daughter  of  Ger- 

manicus  (18)    and    Agrippina 
(13)  ;  fourth  wife  of  Claudius.. 

28.  *!VLIA     DRVSILLA,     daughter    of 

Germanicus  (18)  and  Agrippina 
(13). 

29.  IVLIA  LIVILLA,  daughter  of  Ger- 

manicus   (18)   and    Agrippina 
(13). 

30.  MEDVLLINA,  bride  of  Claudius. 

31.  DRVSVS,  infant  son  of  Claudius 

and  Plautia  Urgulanilla. 

32.  ANTONIA,   daughter  of   Claudius 

and  Aelia  Petina. 

33.  I-VALERIA  MESSALINA,  third  wife 

of  Claudius. 

34.  OCTAVIA,   daughter  of    Claudius 

and  Messalina ;  first  wife  of  Nero . 

35.  Ti.  CLAVDIVS  CAESAR  BRITANNI- 

cvs,  son  of  Claudius  and  Mes- 
salina. 

36.  tNERO,  son  of  Cn.  Domitius  Ahen-. 

obarbus  and  Agrippina  II.  (27), 

37.  *POPPAEA  SABINA,  second  wife  of 

Nero. 

38.  CN.  DOMITIVS  AHENOBARBVS,  hus- 

band  of   Agrippina  II.   (27)  ; 
father  of  Nero. 

39.  *VESPASIANVS 

40.  FLAVIA  DOMITILLA,  wife  of  Ves- 

pasian. 

41.  *TITV$,   son    of    Vespasian    and 

Domitilla. 

42.  fDOMITIANVS,  son  of  Vespasian 

and  Domitilla. 

43.  *FLAVIA  DOMITILLA  II.,  daughter 

of    Vespasian   and   Domitilla; 
wife  of  Flavius  Sabinus. 


44.  FLAVIA  DOMITILLA  III.,  daughter 

of  Flavius  Sabinus  and  Domi- 
tilla II. ;  grandchild  of  Vesp. 

45.  *!VLIA     AVGVSTA,     daughter     of 

Titus. 

46.  DOMITIA  LONGINA,    daughter   of 

Cn.  Domitius  Corbulo  ;  wife  of 
Domitian. 

47.  CN.  DOMITIVS  CORBVLO,  father  of 

Domitia  Longina. 

48.  *NERVA 

49.  SERGIA  PLAVTILLA,  daughter  of 

Sergius    Laenas ;     mother    of 
Nerva. 

50.  *TRAIANVS 

51.  *M.  VLPIVS   TRAIANVS,  father  of 

Trajan. 

52.  *PLOTINA,  wife  of  Trajan. 

53.  *MARCIANA,  sister  of  Trajan. 

54.  *MATIDIA   (MAIOR),  daughter  of 

Marciana ;  niece  of  Trajan. 

55.  *VIBIA   SABINA,   daughter  of    L. 

Vibius    and    Matidia    Maior; 
wife  of  Hadrian. 

56.  MATIDIA    (MINOR),    daughter  of 

L.  Vibius  and  Matidia  Maior. 

57.  *HADRIANVS 

58.  DOMITIA  PAVLINA,  sister  of  Ha- 

drian. 

59.  L.  AELIVS  CAESAR,  adopted  son 

of  Hadrian. 

60.  CEIONIA    PLAVTIA,   daughter    of 

Aelius  Caesar. 

61.  *ANTONINVS  PIVS 

62.  ARRIA  FADILLA,  mother  of  An- 

toninus Pius. 

63.  *ANNIA  GALERIA  FAVSTINA  (MA- 

JOR), sister  of  L.  Aelius  Caesar  ; 
wife  of  Antoninus  Pius. 

64.  M.  AVRELIVS  FVLVVS  ANTONINVS, 

infant  son  of  Antoninus  Pius 
and  Faustina. 


TABLE   OF  IMPERIAL   RELATIONSHIPS 


413 


65.  M.  GALERIVS  AVRELIVS  ANTONI-   J     84. 

NVS,  infant  son  of  Antoninus 
Pius  and  Faustina. 

66.  AVRELIA  FADILLA,  daughter  of         85. 

Antoninus  Pius  and  Faustina. 

67.  *ANNIAFAVSTlNA(MlNOR),daUgh- 

ter  of  Antoninus  Pius  and  Fau- 
stina ;  wife  of  M.  Aurelius. 

68.  *M.  AVRELIVS  87. 

69.  ANNIVS    VERVS,    father    of    M. 

Aurelius. 

70.  DOMITIA    LVCILLA,    mother    of 

M.  Aurelius. 

71.  T.  AVRELIVS  ANTONINVS,  infant        89. 

son  of  M.  Aurelius  and  Faus-        90. 
tina  Minor. 

72.  T.  AELIVS  AVRELIVS,  infant  son        91. 

of  M.  Aurelius  and  Faustina        92. 
Minor. 

73.  DOMITIA     FAVSTINA,    daughter        93. 

of  M.  Aurelius  and  Faustina 
Minor.  94. 

74.  M.   ANNIVS  VERVS,  son  of   M. 

Aurelius  and  Faustina  Minor. 

75.  VIBIA  AVRELIA  SABINA,  daugh-         95. 

ter  of  M.  Aurelius  and  Fau- 
stina Minor.  96. 

76.  *L.  VERVS,  son  of  Aelius  Caesar 

(59);  adopted  son  of  Antoni-        97. 
nus  Pius. 

77.  ANNIA  LVCILLA,  daughter  of  M. 

Aurelius  and  Faustina  Minor;        98. 
wife  of  L.  Verus. 

78.  *tCOMMODVS,  son  of  M.  Aure- 

lius and  Faustina  Minor.  99. 

79.  BRVTTIA  CRISPINA,  wife  of  Com-      100. 

modus. 

80.  *PERTINAX  101. 

81.  tCLODIVS  ALBINVS 

82.  *SEPTIMIVS  SEVERVS  102. 

83.  PACCIA  MARCIANA,  first  wife  of       103. 

Septimius  Severus. 


*!VLIA  DOMNA,  second  wife  of 

Septimius  Severus ;  aunt  of 

Julia  Soaemias  (93). 
*CARACALLA,    son    of    Sep- 
timius   Severus    and    Julia 

Domna. 

tGETA,  son  of  Septimius  Sev- 
erus and  Julia  Domna. 
tFvLviA  PLAVTILLA,  daughter  of 

C.  Fulvius  Plautianus ;  wife 

of  Caracalla. 
tC.  FVLVIVS  PLAVTIANVS,  father 

of  Fulvia  Plautilla. 
tMACRINVS 
tDIADVMENIANVS,    son    of 

Macrinus. 
tELAGABALVS 
SEX.  VARIVS  MARCELLVS,  father 

of  Elagabalus. 
tlvLiA      SOAEMIAS      BASSIANA, 

mother  of  Elagabalus. 
*f!vLiA  MAESA,  mother  of  Julia 

Soaemias ;     sister    of    Julia 

Domna  (84). 
IVLIA   CORNELIA   PAVLA,  wife 

of  Elagabalus. 
tSEVERVS       ALEXANDER, 

cousin  of  Elagabalus. 
tlvLiA  AVITA  MAMMAEA,  sister 

of  Julia  Soaemias  ;  mother  of 

Severus  Alexander. 
GNEIA  SEIA  HERENNIA  SALLVS- 

TIA  BARBIA  ORBIANA,  wife  of 

Severus  Alexander. 
tMAXIMINVS 
*CAECILIA    PAVLINA,    wife    of 

Maximinus. 
tMAXIMVS,  son  of  Maximinus 

and  Paulina. 
*GORDIANVS  I. 
*GORDLANVS  II.,  son  of  Gor- 

dian  I. 


414 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


104.  *fGORI)IANVS  III.,  grandson  of 

Gordian  I.;  nephew  of  Gor- 
•         dian  II. 

105.  FVRIA  SABINIA  TRANQVILLINA, 

wife  of  Gordian  III. 

106.  tPHILIPPVS  I. 

107.  IMARCIA  OTACILIA  SEVERA,  wife 

of  Philip  I. 

108.  tPHILIPPVS  II.,  son  of  Philip 

I.  and  Otacilia  Severa. 

109.  tTRAIANVS  DECIVS 

110.  HERENNIA  CVPRESSENIA  ETRV- 

SCILLA,  wife  of  Trajan  Deems. 

111.  tHERENNivs  ETRVSCVS,  son  of 

Trajan  Decius  and  Herennia 
Etruscilla. 

112.  tHosriLiANvs,    son    of    Trajan 

Decius  and  Herennia  Etru- 
scilla. 

113.  GALLVS 

114.  AFINIAGEMINABAEBIANA,wife 

of  Gallus. 

115.  VOLVSIANVS,  son  of  Gallus. 

116.  *VALERIANVS  I. 

117.  *tGALLIENVS,sonofValerianI. 

118.  tVALERiANvs  II.,  son  of  Vale- 

rian  I. 

119.  CORNELIA    SALONINA,   wife    of 

Gallien. 

120.  tSALONiNvs,  son  of  Gallien  and 

Salonina. 

121.  t*VALERiANvs  III.,  son  of  Gal- 

lien and  Salonina. 

122.  *CLAVDIVS  II. 

123.  QVINTILLVS,  brother  of   Clau- 

dius II. 

124.  *tAVRELIANVS 

125.  VLPIA  SEVERINA,  wife  of  Aure- 

lian. 

126.  tPROBVS 

127.  tCARVS 

128.  tCARINVS,  son  of  Cams. 


129.  fNvMERiANvs,  son  of  Carus. 

130.  MAGKIA  VRBICA,  wife  of  Cari- 

nus. 

131.  *NIGRINIANVS,    son   of    Carinus 

and  Magnia  Vrbica. 

132.  tDIOCLETIANVS 

133.  *tMAXIMIANVS  I. 

134.  *CONSTANTIVS  (CHLORVS), 

adopted  by  Maxim  ian. 

135.  FLAVIA  IVLIA  HELENA,  wife  of 

Constantius  Chlorus. 

136.  *tGALERIVS      VALERIVS 

MAXIMIANVS,  adopted  by 
Diocletian. 

137.  tFLAvivs    VALERIVS    SEVERVS, 

adopted  by  Maximian. 

138.  IGALERIVS     VALERIVS      MAXI- 

MINVS    (DAZA),   adopted   by 
Diocletian. 

139.  fMAXENTivs,  son  of  Maximian  I. 

140.  VALERIA   MAXIMILLA,  wife  of 

Maxentius. 

141.  *VALERIVS     ROMVLVS,    son     of 

Maxentius  and  Maximilla. 

142.  t VALERIVS  LICINIANVS  LICINIVS 

I.,  brother-in-law  of  Constan- 
tine  the  Great. 

143.  (FLAVIA  CONSTANTIA,  sister  of 

Constantino  the  Great ;  wife 
of  Licinius  I.) 

144.  VALERIVS  LICINIANVS  LICINIVS 

II,  son  of  Licinius  I  and  Con- 
stantia. 

145.  *CONSTANTINVS    I.     (MAG- 

NVS),    son    of    Constantius 
(134)  and  Helena  (135). 

146.  IFLAVIVS  IVLIVS  CRISPVS,  son  of 

Constantine  the  Great  and  his 
first  wife  Minervina. 

147.  FLAVIA  MAXIMA  FAVSTA,   sec- 

ond wife  of  Constantine  the 
Great. 


ABBREVIATIONS 


148.  FLAVIVS     CLAVDIVS     CONSTAN- 

TINVS    (IVNIOR),    SOn    Of    CON- 

stantine  the  Great  and  Fausta. 

149.  fFLAVIVS     IVLIVS     CONSTANS,    SOU 

of  Constantine  the  Great  and 
Fausta. 


150.  FLAVIVS  IVLIVS  CONSTANTIVS  II., 

son  of  Constantine  the  Great 
and  Fausta. 

151.  FLAVIVS  DELMATIVS,  nephew  of 

Constantine  the  Great. 


Abbreviations  (Notae,  later  Sigla). 

It  has  already  been  seen  from  what  has  preceded  that  initial  let- 
ters and  various  other  abbreviations  of  words  enter  very  largely  into 
the  language  of  the  inscriptions,  and  that  consequently  a  familiarity 
with  the  most  common  of  these  forms  is  essential  to  facility  in 
reading.  The  student  is  referred  to  the  very  complete  table  given 
on  p.  417  ff.,  which  has  been  obtained  from  the  Cours  d'JZpigmphie 
Latine  of  Professor  Kene  Cagnat. 

Certain  general  principles  *  will  be  found  of  advantage  in  the 
interpretation  of  abbreviations. 

1.  Words  written  in  abbreviated  form  consist  either  of  the  initial 
letter  (si(n)g(u)la)  or  of  a  continuous  group  of  letters  more  or  less 
restricted  in  number.      In  the  latter  case  the  final  letter  of  the 
abbreviation  is  the  first  consonant  of  a  syllable,  but  this  is  not  an 
exact   rule.      1=  Titus;   T I B  =  Tiberius ;    CLAVD,   CLAV,  CLA  = 
Claudia;  QVIR,  QVI,  Q  =  Quirina. 

2.  If  a  word  is  composed  of  several  members,  the  above  rule 
applies  either  to  the  word  treated  as  a  whole  or  to  each  of  the  com- 
ponent parts  regarded  as  individual  words.     Thus  signifer  may  be 
abbreviated  synthetically  SIG  or  SIGN,  or  analytically  SIGF  for 
signum  and  fer,  so    BENEFlC,   BENEF,   B,  or  again  B  •  F  =  bene- 
ficiarius,    DVMTAX  or   D  •  T  =  dum  taaxxt,   Q  •  Q  •  V  =  quoquoversns, 

P  •  Q  =  populusque. 

This  in  theory  is  the  system  of  abbreviations  up  to  the  end  of 
the  third  century  A.D. 

When  a  disregard  of  these  principles  first  made  itself  felt  in  the 
formation  of  abbreviations  cannot  be  exactly  determined,  but  it  is 
probable  that  ignorance  or  a  misunderstanding  of  the  second  rule, 

1  R.  Mowat,  Sigles  et  Autres  Abreviations  in  Bulletin  Epiyraphique,  IV.,  p.  127. 


416  LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 

combined  with  a  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  component  parts  of  words 
as  determining  the  abbreviated  forms,  led  to  the  violation  of  the 
principle  of  continuity  of  the  letters,  so,  that  we  find  PD  =  pedes, 
MN  =  minus,  PBL  =  publicus,  LG  =  legio,  VT  =  vixit,  MM  =  me- 
moriae, DPS  =  depositus,  etc. 

3.  Again,  we  find  in  the  inscriptions  a  peculiar  form  of  abbrevia- 
tion1 occasioned  by  the  repetition  of  the  terminating  consonant. 
This  probably  arose  from  the  collocation  of  several  praenomina,  as 
in  the  designations  of  the  patrons  of  liberti.  This  system  appeared 
in  Rome  about  the  beginning  of  the  Christian  era,  and  was  limited 
in  the  first  century  to  the  initial  letters  of  praenomina.  COSS  for 
consules  appears  for  the  first  time  in  two  Christian  inscriptions  of 
the  year  107  and  111. 

a)  This  form  indicates  two,  three  or  four  individuals,  the  exact 
number  being  defined  by  the  number  of  repeated  letters.     AVGG  = 
duo  Augusti,  CCC  =  Gaii  tres,  DDDD  •  NNNN  =  domini  nostri  quat- 
tuor,N\  •  VI R  •   AVGG  =  sewri    Augustales    duo,     FLL  •   P  •   P  = 
flamines  perpetuo  duo. 

b)  The  doubling  of  the  last  letter,  however,  may  denote  simply 
the  plural  number.     PROCC  =  procurator  es,  PONTIFF  =  pontifices, 
CAESS  =  Caesar  es,  HERR  =  heredes. 

In  some  instances  other  letters  have  been  doubled,  and  the  follow- 
ing forms  are  the  result : 

N  NOBB  =  nobilissimi  duo,  AAVVRR  =  Aurelii,  EEQQRR  =  equites 
Romani. 

It  is  necessary  to  mention  here  also  certain  special  signs  which 
are  used  to  mark  abbreviations  and  to  distinguish  them  from  other 
letters  in  the  inscriptions.2 

1)  A  line  of  differentiation  is  placed  over  the  letter  or  group  of 
letters3;  e.g.  AVG  =  Augustus,  D  •  N  =  dominus  noster,  N  =natione, 
QQ  =  quinquennalis,  V  •  C  =  vir  darissimus,  COS  =  consul. 

Sometimes  the  line  crosses  the  letter ;  e.g.  B = benefidarius,  B  =  dicit, 
or  dies,  or  domo,  kn  =  menses,  O  =  obiit  or  obitus,  H  =  nummum. 

1  C.  Jullian,  Des  Lettres  Redoublees  in  Bulletin  tfpigraphique,  IV.,  p.  170. 

2  E.  Htibner,  Exempla  Scripturae  Epigraphicae,  p.  Ixxii. 

8  This  custom  becomes  prevalent  from  the  beginning  of  the  second  century. 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


417 


2)  The  bar  may  be  replaced  by  an  apex  or  circumflex,  a  custom 
common  from  the  third  century  on;  e.g.  D  •  M  =  diis  manibus,  FF 
=  felix  fidelis,  T  •  6  •  M  —  lovi    Optimo    Maximo,    A  E  D  =  aedilis, 
COM  •  PR  =  cohors  praetoria. 

3)  Some  letters  serving  as  abbreviations  are  reversed ;  e.g.  0  = 
Gaia,  standing  for  mulier,  S  =  puella,  0  =  caput(?),  or  conductor,  or 
contra,  or  corona(?). 

TABLE  OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


ABN,  ABNEP  abuepos 

ABVIN         abvineis 

A 

absolve,  absolvito 

A  BYB          a  bibliotheca,  bibliothecis 

A 

accipiet 

A'C                absolve  condemno 

A 

actum,  actarius 

AC                  actarius 

A 

aedilis 

A'C                acre  collate 

A 

aeternus,  aeterna 

A'C                 armorum  custos 

A 

Africa.  Afer 

A  CAD          a  caducis 

A 

ala 

ACC               accipiet,  accepit,  acceperunt,  acci- 

A 

anniculus  ? 

piendus  etc. 

A 

annona 

A  CENS        a  censibus 

A 

annus,  anno,  annum,  annos,  annis 

ACOGNIT    a  cognitionibus 

A 

Antoninus 

A  COM,  COMM,  COMMENT  a  commentariis 

A 

Aprilis 

A  COM'COS        a  commentariis  consularis 

A 

ara 

A  COMMENT-  a  commentariis  custodiarum 

A 

armatura 

CVST 

A 

as,  assibus 

A  CORIN      (procurator)  a  Corinthiis 

A 

augur  ? 

A  C'PR          a  commentariis  praefecti 

A 

Augustus,  Augusta 

ACT               actarius,  actor,  actus,  actum 

A 

Aulus 

ACT'AMB     actu  ambitu 

A 

Aurelius,  Aurelia 

ACT'LEG      actarius  legionis 

A 

auro 

ACT'PVB,  PVBL  actor  publicus 

A-A 

Aponus  ?  Augustus  ? 

A  CVBIC      a  cubiculo 

A-A 

Aquae  Aponi 

AD                 Adintrix  (legio) 

A-A 

Auli  duo 

AD                  adlectus 

A-A-A-F-F 

acre  argento  auro  flando  feriundo 

A-D                ante  diem 

AAAGGG 

Augusti  (tres) 

A'D'A            agris  dandis  adsignandis 

A-A-C 

agri  accept!  Cirtensium 

A'D'A"!         agris  dandis  adsignandis  iudicandis 

AAGG 

Augusti  (duo) 

AD  AVGVST  ad  Augusti  templum  comproba- 

AAVVGG 

Augusti  (duo) 

TEM'C-P         turn  pondus  l 

A  B 

a  balneis 

AD  B             ad  balneas 

A-B 

amicus  bonus 

AD  B'DAMNATORVM  ad  bona  damnatorum 

A  BA 

a  balneis 

ADF               adfinis 

AB  AEG 

ab  aegris 

AD  FAL'VE-  (procurator)  ad  Falernas  (vites) 

ABAL 

a  balneis 

GET  2                 vegetandas 

A  BIB 

a  bibliotheca 

ADI                adiutor,  Adiutrix  (legio) 

AB  EPIST 

ab  epistulis 

ADIABEN    Adiabenicus 

A.-B-F-8-S-S 

amico  bene  (merenti)  fecit  sepul- 

ADI-P-F        adiutrix  pia  fidelis  (legio) 

crum  supra  scriptum 

ADIVT'PRAEF,  adiutor  praefecti,  procurato- 

AB  INST,  INSTRVM  ab  instrumentis 

PROC,  TABVL     ris,  tabulariorum 

A'B-M 

amico  bene  merenti,  amicis  bene 

merentibus 

i  Orelli,  784.                    »  C.  L  L.  II.  2029. 

LAT.  INSCRIP.  -  27 


418 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


ADrVI'P'     Adiutrix  sextum  pia  sextum  fidelis 

VI'F  (legio) 

ADL  adlectus 

ADL'AER,  AEEA  adlectus  aerario 
ADLEC         adlectus 
ADLEC'IN-DEC,  adlectus  in  decurias,  in  quin- 

IN'V'D,  DEC          que  decurias 
ADN,  ADNEP       adnepos 
ADOP  adoptivus 

AD'P-F          Adiutrix  pia  fidelis  (legio) 
ADQ  adquiescit 

AD  QS  ad  quaestiones 

A'D'S  ager  divisus  Sigensibus 

ADSOE1        adsessor 
ADVOC-PVB,  PVBL  advocatus  publicus 
A'E  actum  esse 

AE  Aelius 

AEG,  AECVR,    Aecorna,  Aecurna  (dea) 

AEQVOR 
AED  aedes 

AED  aedilis 

AED  aedituus 

AED-CER     aedilis  cerialis 
A  ED 'COL      aedilis  coloniae 
AED-CVR     aedilis  curulis 
AEDD  aediles  (duo) 

AEDD'QQ     aediles  quinquennales 
AED'EQ        aedilitas  equestris 
AED-ET-PR-SAC-  aedilis  et  praetor  sacris  Vol- 

VOLK'FAC  cano  faciundis 

AED-HAB-IVR-  aedilis  habens  jurisdictionem 

DIC'Q'PRO'         quaestoris  pro  praetore 

PRAET 

AEDIC          aedicula 
AED'I-D        aedilis  jure  dicundo 
AEDIF          aedificavit 
AEDIT          aedituus 
AED-IVR-DIC  aedilis  jure  dicundo 
AED-LVSTR     aedilis  lustralis 
AED-P  aedilicia  potestate 

AED-PL        aedilis  plebi 
AED-PL'CER  aedilis  plebis  cerialis 
AED'PRO'Q     aedilis  pro  quaestore 
AED'Q'P       aedilis  quaestoriciae  potestatis 
AED-VA-8-P-  aedilem  viis  aedibus  ?    sacris? 

P'VB-D-R-        publicis  ?  procurandis  ?  virum 

P-O'V'F  bonuin  dignura  republica  ora- 

mus  ut  faciatis 

AED'POT     aedilicia  potestate 
AEG  Aegyptus 

AEL  Aelius,  Aelia 

AEM  Aeinilia  (tribus  et  regio) 

AEMI,  AEMIL,  AEMILI  Aemilia  (tribus) 
AE-PI-F'FI  aeterna  pia  felix  fidelis 
AER  aera 

AER  aerarium 

1  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  2TT7. 


AER  aereus 

AER  aerum  (=  stipendiorum) 

AER'COLL  aere  collate 

AER-MIL      aerarium  militare 

AER'S,  SAT  aerarium  Saturni 

AEST  aestimatus 

AET  ae  tern  us,  aeterna 

AEV2  evocatus 

AF,  AFR       Africa 

A  FRVM       a  frumento 

A  FRVM'CVB  a  frumento  cubiculariorum 

AG  ager 

AG  Agonalia 

AGIT  agitator 

AGO,  AGON  Agonalia 

AGONOTH  agonotheta 

AGR  agraria 

AGR-DAND-  agris  dandis   adtribuendis  iudi- 

ADTR'IVD      candis 
A'G'T  augustus 

AG'V'P'P      agens  vices  praefectorum  praetorio 
A'G-IV'C'P  arborum  genera  quattuor    cetera 

privata 

A'H'N'P        ad  heredem  non  pertinet 
A'I'A--  agris  iudicandis  adsignandis 

AID  aidilis 

AID-CVR      aedilis  curulis 
AID-PL         aedilis  plebis 
AID'SEN'COP  aedilis  senator  cooptatus 
A'lN'C  area  in  circuitu  ? 

A'L  actarius  legati 

A'L  (et  si  qui)  alii  liberti  (erunt) 

A'L'F  animo  libens  fecit 

A'L  Augusti,  Augustae  libertus,  liberta 

A'L-XXXIII  area  lata  (pedes)  xxxni 
ALA  MANN  Alamannicus 
ALB'VET     album  veteranorum 
A-L'F  animo  libente  fecit 

A  LIB  a  libris 

ALIM  alimenta 

ALIMENT    alimentarius 
ALLECT-ARK  allector  arcae 
ALLEC'IN  V     allectus  in  quinque  decurias 

DECVR 

ALP  Alpini  (conors) 

A'L'P  animo  libente  posuit 

ALT  altus 

ALV-TIB-ET-RIP-  (curator)  alvei  Tiberis  et  ri- 

ET'CLOAC'VRB      parum  et  cloacarum  urbis 
AM'B'M        amico  bene  merenti 
A'M'C  amicis  memoriae  causa 

A  MIL  a  militiis 

AMP  amphora 

AN  annus,  anno,    annum,    annorum, 

annis,  annos 
AN  Aniensis  (tribus) 

2  C.  L  L.  VIII.  4197. 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


419 


AN  Annius 

AN'D  ante  diem 

ANI,  ANIE,  ANIEN,  Aniensis  (tribus) 

ANIENS,  ANIES 
ANN  Aniensis  (tribus) 

ANN  annona 

ANNI  Aniensis  (tribus) 

ANN'FR  annona  frumentaria 
ANN'V'R  annona  urbis  Romae 
AN'P  anno  provinciae 

ANT  Antonius 

ANTESIGN  antesignanus 
AN'XV'PR   annorum    quindecim    progressus 

H'O'C'S         hostem  occidit  civem  servavit 
A'O  ainico  optimo 

A'O'F'C         amico  optimo  faciundum  curavit 
A'P  aedilicia  potestate 

A'P  animo  pio  ? 

A'P  anno  provinciae 

AP  Apollinaris  (legio) 

AP  Apollo 

A  P  (tribunus  militurn)  a  populo 

AP  Appius 

AP  Aprilis 

A'P  area  publica 

A'P  argenti  pondo 

A'P'C  ager  publicus  Cirtensium 

A'PL'M'IVG  agri  plus  minus  iugera 
APOL,  APOLLIN  Apollinaris  (legio) 
A  POP  (tribunus  militum)  a  populo 

APP  appellationes 

APP  Appius 

A'P'R  aerarium  populi  Romani 

APR  Aprilis 

A'P'R'C        anno  post  Romam  conditam 
A'PV  argento  publico 

AQ  aqua,  aquarius 

A  Q  a  quaestionibus 

AQ'CO  aquarius  cohortis 

A  Q'P,  PR     a  quaestionibus  praefecti 
AQ'STA         Aquae  Statiellae 
AQV  aquilifer 

AQY,  AQVA  aquarius 
A  Q'E'R'P'    (ei)  ad  quern  ea  res  pertinet,  perti- 

PR'L  nebit  recte  licet 

AQVIL  aquilifer 

AQVIT          Aquitani  (cohors) 
A  R  a  rationibus 

AR  arietes 

AR  Arnensis  (tribus) 

AR  artifex 

AR  Aruns 

ARAB  Arabicus 

A  RAT,  A  RATION  a  rationibus 
ARB,  ARBITR  arbitratu 
ARC  area,  arcarius 

ARC  archimimus 

ARC  architectus 


ARCHIG  archigallus 

ARCHIG  archigyberaes 

ARC  HIT  architectus 

ARC'MVST  archimista 

ARG  argentarius 

ARG  argenteus 

ARG  argentum 

ARG'P  argenti  pondo 

ARG'PVB  argento  publico 

ARG'P  V'  argenti  p(ondo)  V  pecunia  sua 

P'S'P  posuit 

ARK  area,  arcarius 

ARM  armamentarium 

ARM  armatura 

ARM  *  armatus  or  armiger  (Mars) 

ARM  Armenia 

ARM  armilustrium 

ARMATV  armatura 

ARM  armorum  (=armorum  custos) 
ARM'CVST'armorum  custos 
ARMEN,  ARMENIAC  Armeniacus 

ARMO  armorum  (custos) 
ARN,  ARNE,  ARNEN,  Arnensis  (tribus) 

ARNEN8 

ARNI,  ARNIEN,  ARNN  Arniensis  (tribus) 

ARV  Arvalis 

A'SA  ala  Sabiniana 

AS  a  sacris 

AS  a  senatu 

AS  a  solo 

A8C  ascia 

ASC  Asclepiades 

A  S'F,  F'C  a  solo  fecit,  fecerunt,  faciendum 

curavit,  curaverunt 

ASP  aspritudines 

AST  (h)astatus  (prior,  posterior) 

AST  Astures  (ala) 

A  SVBSCR  a  subscriptionibus 
ATR,  ATRI  atriensis,  atriarius 

AT  Atta  or  Attus 

A'V  aediles  vici 

A'V  argenti  unciae 

A'V  ave  or  ave  vale 

AV  Augustus,  Augusta 

AV  Aulus 

AV  Aurelius 

AVCT  auctoritate 

A'V'F'O'D'  aediles  vici  Furfensis  opus  de  vici 

V'S'C  scitucuraruntz 

AVG  augur 

AVG  augustalis 

AVG  Augustus,  Augusta 

AVGG  Augusti  (duo) 

1  Brambach,  00  fi. 

2  Wilmanns  (Earem-pla,  p.  712)  thinks  this  is 
corrupted  from  the  earlier  M{ngistri)  v(ici) 

f(aciundum)  c(urarunt)  d(e)  v(ici) 


420 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


AVGGG        August!  (tres) 

AVGG  NN    August!  nostri  (duo) 

AVG'L  August!  libertus 

AVG'MAX'  augur  maxim  us  augur  um  (Cirta 

AVG  and  Cuicul) 

AVG'N          Augustus  noster 
AVG'P'AN   Augusta  Pannoniorum  Antonini- 

ana  (ala) 

AVG'P'F       Augusta  pia  fidelis  (legio) 
AVG'P-F'CO  Augusta  pia  fidelis  Oomraoda 
AVG'PP        augustalis  perpetuus 
AVG'PVB'    augur  publicus  populi  romani  Qui- 

P'R'Q  ritium 

AVGVS          Augustus  (mensis) 
AVGVST      augustalis,  augustalitas 
AVGVST       Augustalis  (sodalis)  Claudialis 

CLAVDIAL 

AVGVST-PERP  augustalis  perpetuus 
A'V'L  agens  vices  legati 

AVN1  avunculus 

A'V'P  agens  vices  praesidis 

AVR  aurariae 

AYR  Aurelius 

AVR  Auriana  (ala) 

AVRR  Aurelii  (duo) 

AVTHEM     authemerum 
AYG2  Aegyptus 

B 

B  Badius 

B  beneficiarius 

B  Belinus 

B  3  beteranus  =  veteranus 

B  bixit  =  vixit 

B  bonus,  a 

B  bos 

B  brachium   (secundum,  tertium) 

etc.* 

B  beneficiarius 

BAD  badius 

BAL  .     balneator 

B'A'S  ;  B'AVG'S  Bacaci  Augusto  sacrum 
BASIL,  BA8SIL    basilica 
BB  beneficiarii 

B'B  bonis  bene 

B'B'ET'MAL'B  bonis  bene  et  malis  bene 
BB-FF  beneficiarii 

B'B'M'B        bonis  bene,  malis  bene 
B'B'M'M        bonis  bene,  malis  male 
BB'MM          bene  merenti 
BB'VV  boni  viri 

BB'VV'QQ   boni  viri  quinquennales 
&&  beneficiarii 

B'COS,  CONS  beneficiarius  consularis 


Ephem.  Ep.  III.  158. 
C.  I.L.X.  749. 


2  C.  I.  L.  III.  35. 
*  See  page  334. 


B'D  Bona  dea 

B'D-M  bene  de  (se)  merenti  ? 

B'D'S'M         bene  de  se  merenti 

BE  beneficiarius 

BE'DE'S'M  bene  de  se  merenti 

BEL  Belgae  (cohors) 

BE'ME          benemerenti 

B-E-M'M-FECl  bene  merenti  memoriam  fecit 

BENE'D'S'M      bene  de  se  merenti 

BENEF         beneficium 

BENEM         benemerenti 

BENIF          benificiarius  =  benoficiarius 

BE'ME'DE   bene  merenti  de  (se) 

BE'ME'DE'S  bene  merenti  de  se 

BE'ME'FEC    bene  merenti  fecit 

BENEFIC,  BENIF5  beneficiarius 

BEN'M          benemerenti 

BEN'MER    bene  merenti 

BEN'M'M'F  bene  merenti  memoriam  fecit 

BE'TR  beneficiarius  tribuni 

B'F,  BF         beneficiarius,  beneficiatus 

B'F  Bona  Fortuna 

B'F  bonum  factum  ? 

B'F  bos  femina 

•&F,  8F  beneficiarius 

B'F'A'IVNCT  boves  feminae  auro  junctae 

BF'COS  beneficiarius  consularis 

BF'LEG'LEG    beneficiarius  legati  legionis 

BF'SEXM     beneficiarius  (tribuni)  semestris 

BIB  bibes 

BIP  bipedalis 

BIS  bisellarius 

BIS  F  bis'fusum  (vinum) 

BIS'VI'AVG  bisellarius  sevir  Augustalis 

BIX'PRI       bixellarius   ( =  vexillarius)   princi- 

palis 

B'K'M  beteranus  classis  Misenensis 

B'M  bene  merenti 

B'M  bona  mens 

B'M  bonae  memoriae,  or  bene  memo- 

rius 

B'M  bos  mas 

B'M'D  bene  merenti  de  (se) 

B'M'D'S         bene  merenti  de  se 
B'M'D'S'F     bene  merenti  de  se  fecerunt 
B'M'F  bene  merenti  fecit 

B'M'F  bonae  memoriae  femina 

B'M'F'C         bene  merenti  faciundum   curavit 

or  curaverunt 

B'M'F'D'S     bene  merenti  fecerunt  de  suo 
B'M'FEC       bene  merenti  fecit 
B'M'FF          bene  merenti  fecerunt 
B'M'M'P        bene  merenti  memoriam  posuit 
B'M'P  bene  merenti  posuit 

B'M'P  bonae  memoriae  puella 

B'M'P'C         bene  merenti  ponendum  curavit 

6  C.  I.  L.  III.  1956. 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


421 


B'M'R  bonae  memoriae  religiosa 

B'M'S  bonae  memoriae  sacrum 

B'M'V  bonae  memoriae  vir 

BN  bene 

B'N'M  bene  merenti 

B'N'M  bonae  memoriae 

B'OPIF  bona  opifera 

B'P  bonus  puer  (deus) 

B'PR  beneficiarius  praefecti 

B'PR'PR  beneficiarius    praefectorum    prae- 

torio 

B'Q  bene  quiescat  or  quiescant 

BR  Breuci  (cohors),  Britones  (cohors) 

BR  Britannia 

BRAC  Bracaraugustani  (cohors) 

BRITO  Britones  (numerus) 

BRIT  Bruttium 

BRITT  Britones  (numerus) 

B'R'N  bono  rei  publicae  natus 

B'R-P'N  bono  rei  publicae  natus 

B'S  bonus  suis  ? 

B'S,  SEC  brachium  secundum 

B'SPR  beneficiarius  subpraefccti 

B'TR  beneficiarius  tribuni 

B'V  bene  vale 
BV,  BVC,  BVCC  BVCIN  buccinator 

BVL  buleuta 
BV-SIG      .    bucranium  siguavit 

B-VIX  bene  vixit 

BV  SV  buccinator  supra  (numerum) 

B-VV  balnea,  vina,  Venus 


C  cacus,  capsarius 

C  Caesar 

C  Gains 

C  Kalendae 

C  candidatus 

C  castrum,  castra 

C  cedit 

C,  C1  centurio 

C  censuere 

C  cicatrices 

C  cineres 

C  circiter 

C  circus,  circenses  (ludi) 

C  citra 

C  civis,  civitas 

C  claritas 

C  classiarius 

C  Claudius,  Claudia  (tribus) 

(QVN)  C-  (VINSIN)2  (cum)  co  (vixi) 

C  codicillarius 

C  cohors 

C  colonia,  colonus 


1  See  page  183. 


C.  I.  L.  IX.  2892. 


C  comitialis  (dies) 

C  communis  (hora) 

C  compos  (voti) 

C  coudemno,  condemnato 

C  condidit 

C  congius 

C  coniux  (m.  or  /.) 

C  consule,  consuh'bus 

C  con  stan  s  (legio) 

C  crocodes 

C  cuneus 

C  curator,    curavit   or    curaverunt, 
curante  or  curantibus 

C  curia 

0  caput  ? 

3-  centurio 

0,  7,  s  Gaia  =  femina 

0  conductor 

7  contra  (legem,  retiarius,  etc.) 

0,  7  contrascriptor 

7  conventus 

0  coronarum  in  inscriptions  of  gladi- 
ators 

CA  candidatus 

CA  carcerarius 

CA  carissimo 

C'A  curam  agens  or  curam  egit 

C'A  custos  armoruin 

C'A'A'A  colonia  Aelia  Augusta  Aeclanum 

C'A'AQ  colonia  Aurelia  Aquensium 

C'A'D'A'I  colonis  agroruin  dandorum  adsi- 
gnandorum  jus 

CAEL,  CAELT  Caelestis  (dea) 

CAES  Caesar 

CAES  caesura 

CAE3ARIBB  Caesaribus  (duobus) 

CAES-N  Caesar  noster 

C' AGENT  curam  agente 

CAL  Calabria 

CAL  caligo 

CALAB  Calabria 

CALC  calciator 

CAM  Camilia  (tribus) 

CAMD  campidoctor 

CAMIL  Camilia  (tribus) 

CAMP  Campania 

CAMP  campestris  (cohors) 

CAMPED3  campidoctor 

CAN  canabae,  canabenses 

CAN  Canatheni  (cohors) 

C'A'N  colonia  Augusta  Nemausus 

CAND,  CANDID  candidatus 

CANN  Canninefates  (ala) 

CAP,  CAPIT  capitalis 

C'AQ  civis  Aquensis 

CAR  carcerarius 

3  C.  I.  L.  V.  8773. 


422 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


CAR  Carmentalia 

CAR  Carpicus 

CAR'M  Carpicus  maximus 

CARC  carcerarius 

'CAS  castra,  castris  (oriitndus) 

CATER  Caterenses  =  Cattherenses  (nume- 

rus) 

CATTHR  Cattharenses  (numerus) 

C'B  colonia  Beneventana 

C'B  compos  boti? 

C'B  coniux  bona^ 

C'BEL  civis  Bellova6us 

C'B'F  coniugi  bonae  fecit 

C'B'M  conjugi  bene  merenti 

C'B'M'F  conjugi  bene  merenti  fecit 

C'B'M'P  coniugi  bene  merenti  posuit 

CC  Caesares  (duo) 

•CC  Gaii  duo 

C'C  censuerunt  cuncti 

C-C  certa  constans  (legio) 

C  C  cives  C... 

C'C  collegium  cento nariorum 

C'C  colonia  Claudia 

C'C  coloni  coloniae 

C'C  constans  Commoda 

C'C  (agens)  curam  carceris 

»,  £,  3  Gaiae  (=  feminae)  duae 

CCA  Caesaribus  (duobus) 

C'C'A  colonia  Caesaraugusta 

C'C'A'A'A  coloni  coloniae  Augusta  Alexan- 

drianae  Abellinatium 

C'C'C  coire  convocari  cogi 

C'C'C  colonia  Copia  Claudia 

C'C'C  tres  Gaii 

C'C'C  cum  consilio  collocutus 

DOO  Gaiae  (=  feminae)  tres 

C'C'C'AVG'  colonia    Claudia    Copia    Augusta 

LVG  Lugudunum 

C'C'C'D  cum  consilio  collocutus  dixit 

C'C'C'IVL  coloni  coloniae  Claritatis  luliae 

C'CENT  collegium  centonariorum 

C'C'I'K  coloni  coloniae  luliae  Karthaginis 

C'C'I'V'C'  coloni    coloniae    luliae    Veneriae 

S'N  Cirtae  Siccae  nostrae 

C'C'N  coloni  Castri  Novani 

CC'NN  Caesares  nostri 

C'C'R  curator  civium  Romanorum 

C'C'R'CON'  curator  civium  Romanorum  con- 

HE  ventus  He[lvetici] 

CC'SS  consulibus 
CC'VV,  C'C'V'V  clarissimi  viri 
00  EXSERC  centuriones  (duo)  exercitatores 

C'D  compos  dat 

C'D  consulto  decurionum 

C'D'D  creatus  decreto  decurionum 

C'E  curarn  egit 

C'E'B'Q  cineres  eius  bene  quiescant 

GEL  cells 


CEN 

CEN  centurio 

CENS  censitor 

CENS  censor,  censores 

CENS  censuit,  censuerunt 

CENS'ACC  (legatus   August!)  censibus    acci- 

piendis 

CENT  centenarius 

CENT  centonarii 

CENT  centurio 

CENTO  centonarii 

C'E'Q  cineres  ei  quiescant  or  curam  egit, 

Quintus 

CER  Cerealia 

CES  censor,  censores 

C'F  clarissima  femina 

C'F  clarissimus  films 

C'F  coniux  fecit 

C'F'C  censores  faciundum  curarunt 

C'F'C'C      .  collegium  fabrum   centonariorum 

Coinensium 

C'F'C  coniux  faciendum  curavit 

C'F'F  carissimae  h'liae  fecit 

C'F'N  conductor  ferrariarum  Noricarum 

7  FR  centurio  frumentariorum 

C'G  civis  gratissimus  ? 

C'G'P'F  cohortes  germanicae  piae  fideles 

CH  c(o)hors 

CHELID  chelidonium 
CHO,CHORc(o)hors 

C'l  clarissimus  iuvenis 

C'l  colonia  lulia 

C'I'A'A  colonia  lulia  Augusta  Apollinaris 

C'I'C  colonia  lulia  Carcaso 

CIC,  CICA  cicatrices 

CICATRI'V  cicatrices  veteres 

C'I'F'S  colonia  lulia  Felix  Sinope 

C'I'K  colonia  lulia  Karthago 
C'I'P'C'N'M  colonia     lulia     Paterna     Claudia 

Narbo  Martius 

C'I'P'A  colonia  lulia  Paterna  Arelate 

CIRT  Cirtenses  (cohors) 

C'l'S  colonia  lulia  secundanorum 

CIV  civis,  civitas,  civitate  (oriundus) 

CIV-AQV  civis  Aquensis 
CIVI'SVMA  civitate  Sumalocenna 

CIVIT  civitas 

C-IVL'N  colonia  lulia  Numidica  (Simitthus) 

C'K  coniux  karissima 

C'K'F  coniugi  karissimae  fecit 

C'L  Gaii  libertus,  liberta 

C'L  cives  Latini  ? 

CL  clarissimus,  claritas 

CL  classis 

CL  Claudius.  Claudia,  Claudialis 

CL  Clustumina  (tribus) 

C'L  colonia  Lambaesitana 

C'L  conliberti  ? 


TABLE   OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


423 


0*L  mulieris  libertus,  liberta 

L'O  mulieris  liberta 

CLA  Claudia  (tribus) 

CLA-BRI       classis  Britannica 
CL-ALIS        Claudialis  ? 
CLA  claritas 

CLAE  clarissimus,  clarissima 

CLAR'ET      clarissima  et  inlustris  femina 

INL-FEM 

CLARI  claritas 

CLAS-BRIT  classis  Britannica 
CLAS'PR       classis  praetoria 
CLASS  classicus 

CLAV,  CLAVD  Claudia  (tribus) 
CLAVD         Claudialis  (flamen) 
CL'BR,  CL-BRIT  classis  Britannica 
CL'G'P'F       classis  Germanica  pia  fidelis 
CL'PR  classis  praetoria 

CL'PR-M,  MIS  classis  praetoria  Misenensis 
CL'PR 'RAV,      classis  praetoria  Ravennas 

RAVEN 

CL'V  clarissimus  vir 

CLV,  CLVS,  CLVST  Clustumina  (tribus) 
C'M  civitas  Mattiacorum 

C'M  collegium  or  corpus  mensorum 

C'M'F  clarissimae  memoriae  femina 

C'M'P;  C'M'V  clarissimae  memoriae  puer,  vir 
C'N  Caesar  noster 

CN  Gnaeus 

C'C  civitas  or  colonia  Nemausensium 

CN  consulatus 

CNAT  natus 

CNS  consulatus 

CNTA  cognata  ? 

CO  codicillarius 

CO  cohors 

CO  coniux 

C'O  coniugi  optimo 

CO  Coventina  (dea) 

CO'CA  coniugi  carissimo 

COD  codicillarius 

COD'TR         codicillarius  tribuni 
COER  coeravit  =  curavit 

COGN'SACR  cognitiones  sacrae 
COII  cohors 

COHERR       coheredes 
COHH  cohortes 

COirrC:R     cohors  I  civium  Romanorum 
COH'EQ'oo    cohors  equitata  miliaria 
COH-I'F-PED  cohors  I  Flavia  peditata 
COH-I-FL-        coh.  I   Flavia  miliaria  equitata 

coEQ'SAG         sagittariorum 
COH'TP'C     cohors  I  pia  constans 
COH-  . .  PR  cohors  praetoria 
COH-  ..  VIG  cohors  vigilum 
COHTVLP  cohors  I  Ulpia...Antoniniana 

..  ANT 
COH'VRB     cohors  urbana 


COINQ  coinquendi 

COIR  coirarunt  =  curarunt 

COL  collegium,  collega 

COL  Collina  (tribus) 

COL  colonia,  coloni,  colonicus? 

COL  columbarium 

COL'BEN      colonia  Beneventum 

COL'CENT    collegium  centonariorum 

COL -COL       coloni  coloniae 

COL'CONC-  colonia  ConcordiaUlpia(Hadrume- 

VLP  turn) 

COL'FAB      collegiu^  fabrum 
COL-F'I-A-    colonia    Faventia    lulia   Augusta 

P-BARC         Pia  (Barcino) 
COL-FL-AVG  colonia  Flavia  Augusta 
COL'HORR  coloniae  horrearius 
COL'IVL-G  colonia  lulia  Gemina 
COL'I-V-T     colonia  lulia  Victrix  Triumphalis 
COL'KAL     collocatum  Kalendis.,. 
COLL  collapsum  » 

COLL  collegium 

COLL  coloniae 

COLLIB         collibertus 
COL-LIB       coloniae  libertus 
COLL'AER  collegium  aerariorum 
COLL'CENT      collegium  centonariorum 
COLL'DENDR  collegium  dendrophorum 
COLL'FAB,  FABR  collegium  fabrum 
COLL'FAB-  collegium   fabrum   et  centonario- 

ET'CENT      rum 
COLLIN        Collina  (tribus) 
COL'L,  LIB  coloniae  libertus,  liberta 
COLL'S'S"     collegium  suprascriptum 
COLON-G-     colonia  Gallieniana  (?)  Augusta  Fe- 

A-F-MED      lix  Mediolanum 
COL'SARN-MIL  colonia  Sarniensis  Milev 
COL'SEP       colonia  Septimia 
COL'SER       coloniae  servus 
COL'VAL      colonia  Valentia 
COL'VEN      colonia  Veneria 
COL'VEN-COR  colonia  Veneria  Cornelia 
COL'VLP      colonia  Ulpia 
COM  Commageni  (cohors) 

COM  comes 

COM  commanipularis 

COM  commentariensis 

COM  commune 

C'O'M  cum  omnibus  meis 

COM'AVG     comes  Augusti 
COM'L  commentariorum  loco 

COMM,  COM-  commentaria,  commentariensis 

MEN 

COMMIL       commilito 
COM-S'B-M  commilitoni  suo  bene  merenti 
COM'S'C        comes  sacri  consistorii 
COMTAR       commutare 
CON  coniux. ^ 

CON  coustat 


424 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


CON  consul 

CON  contubernalis 

CON-B'M       coniugi  bene  merenti 

CON'CELL  contubernalis  cellarius 

COND  conductor 

CON-FEE'     conductor      ferrariarum     Norici, 

N-P-D  Pannoniae,  Daciae? 

COND'P'P     conductor  publici  portorii 
COND-P-P'ILL-  conductor  publici  portorii  111- 

YRIC'ET  R-T      yrici  et  ripae  Thraciae 
CONDVC       conductor 
COND-IIII'  conductor  qaatuor  publicorum  Af- 

P-AFR  ricae 

CON'FER-     conductor  ferrariarum  Noricarum 

N'P-D  partis?  dimidiae ? 

CONG  coniugi 

CON'KAR     coniugi  carissimo 
CONL  conlatus 

CONL  conlegium 

CON'M'F      coniugi    merenti    or    memoriam 

fecit 

CONNSS        consulibus 
CON'R'F'C    coniugi  rarissimo  faciundum  cura- 

vit 

CONS  consensu 

CONS  consensus 

CONS  consistens 

CONS  Consualia 

CONS  consul,  consulibus,  consularis,  con- 

sulatus 

CONS'MEM'V  consularis  memoriae  vir 
CONS'ORD   consul  ordinarius 
CONS'P         consularis  provinciae 
CONS-P-S      consularis  provinciae  Siciliae 
CONSS  consules 

CONS-S-S      consulibus  supra  scriptis 
CONT  contarii  (ala) 

CONVEC       convectio 
CONV  convenerunt 

COOPT          cooptatus 
CO'P  coniugi  pientissimae 

COR  cohors 

COR  Cornelia  (tribus) 

COR  cornicen,  cornicularius 

COR  corpus,  corpora ti 

COR  curavit 

COR  corona 

CO-RA-FE     coniugi  rarissimo  fecit 
COR'ANAL  corona  analempsiaca 
COR'AVR     corona  aurea 
COR-CLASS  corona  classica 
COR'FAB      corpus  fabrum 
COR'MVR     corona  muralis 
CORN,  CORN  1C  cornicen,  cornicularius 
CORP'CVST  corporis  dittos 
CORPOR       corporati,  corporis 
CORPOR'C    corporatus  Caesariensis 
CORP-N'RHO  corpus  nautarum  Rhodanicorum 


COR-PR         cornicularius  praefecti 

CORR  corrector 

COR'S  PR      cornicularius  subpraefecti 

COR'T,  TRIE  cornicularius  tribuni 

COR'VALL  corona  vallaris 

COS   ,  consul,  consules,  consularis 

COS'A-A-S-   consules  alter  ambove  si  eis  vide- 

E'V  retur 

COS-AD  LEG  consistentes  ad  legionem 
COS'AMPL   consul  amplissimus 
COSE  consensu 

COSOB'CVR'EGI  consobrinus  curam  egit 
COS'ORD      consul  ordinarius 
COSS  consules 

CO'TR  codicillarius  tribuni 

COVET          Coventina  (dea) 
CO'VTCE-P  cohors  sexta,  centuria  prima 
C'P'C  cacus  praefecti  cohortiuin 

C'P  Castor  (et)  Pollux 

C'P  castra  praetoria 

C'P  censoria  potestate 

C'P  clarissitnus  puer 

C-P,  C'<I        clarissima  puella 
C'P  comprobatum  pondus 

C'P  coniugi  pientissimae  or  posuit 

C-P  cui  praeest 

C'P'C  cacus  praefecti  cohortium 

C-P'EST        cui  praeest 
C-P'F  Claudia  pia  fidelis  (legio) 

C'P'L  civitas  Pictonum  Limonum 

C'P'M  classis  praetoria  Misenensis 

C'P-M'P         coniugi    pientissimae    metnoriam 

posuit 

C'P'P  conductor  publici  portorii 

C-P'Q-K         clarissiinus  puer  quaestor  candi- 

datus 

C-Q  cum  quo  or  cum  qua  (vixit) 

C'Q'V  cum  quo  or  qua  vixit 

C'Q'V-A        cum  quo  or  qua  vixit  annis 
OR  civis   Romanus;    cives    Romani ; 

civitas  Romana 
CREM  cremavit 

CRET'ET  C  Creta  et  Cyrenae 
7  RET  contraretiarius 

CRIOB  crioboliuui 

C-R'M  cives  Romani  Mogontiaci 

C'R-P  curator  rei  publicae 

CRV,  CRVST  Clustumina  (tribus) 
CRVST,  CRVSTVL  crustulum 
CS  Caesar 

C'S  carissimus  sibi 

C'S  carus  or  cara  suis 

C'S  coniugi  sanctissimae 

C'S  coniugi  suae 

C'S  (de)  conscriptorum  (?)  sententia 

CS  consularis 

C'S  cum  suis 

O'S  contrascriptor 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


425 


C'S'B'M         coniugi  suae  ?  benemerenti 

C'S  germs    scissas    (on    an   oculist'* 

stamp) 

OSC  or  7SC,  SCR  contra  scriptor 
C'S'P'N'C  consularis  sext'ascalis  provinciae 

Numidiae  Constantinae 
C'S'N  civitas  saltus  Nucerini 

C'S'O  cum  suis  omnibus 

C'T  civitas  Tolosa 

CT  *  catabolensis 

C'T,  Tit  codicillarius  tribuni 
C'TR,  TRE  civitas  Treveroruin 
0  TRA  contra 

C'V  civitas  Ulpia 

C'V  clarissimus  vir 

C'V  colonia  Viennensis,    coloni  Vien- 

nenses 

CV  cura,  curator 

CVB,  CVBIC,  CVBICV  cubicularius 
C'V-I'B 
CVTPR 
CVLT 
C  V-M-P 
CVN 
CVNC2 
CVNS3 
CVR 


colonia  Victrix  lulia  Baeterrae 

cui  praeest 

cultores 

cum  ?  uxore  ?  memoriam  posuit 

cuneus 

concubina 

consul 

cura,  curavit,  curants  or  curanti- 

bus,  curator 
CVR  curia 

CVR  curulis 

C'V'R'A         coloni  veteres?    Reienses  Apolli- 

nares 

CVRA  curavit 

CVR'AER     curator  aerarii 
CVR'AG        curain  agente 
CVR'ALV'TIB  curator  alvei  Tiberis 
VR'ANN     curator  annonae 
/RAT          curator 
VK'COL      curator  coloniae 
CVR'F'P        curator  frumenti  publici  ? 
CVR'IVV      curator  iuventutis 
CVR'KAL     curator  kalendarii 
CVR-MIN      curator  Miniciae 
CVR'P'P        curator  pecuniae  publicae 
C  V I! -R'P       curator  rei  publicae 
CVRR  curatores 

CVK'SCO       curator  scolae 
CVR'VIAT    curator  viarum 
CVK-  )f-FL  curator  denariis  flandis 
CVS'BASIL  custos  basilicae 
CVST  custos 

CVST-TABVL  custos  tabularii 
C'V-T'P         colonia  Ulpia  Traiana  Poetovio 
CYMBAL      cymbalistria 

1  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  2403. 

2  Orelli,  2463. 

a  C.  I.  L.  XII.  2384  (year  491). 


CYR,  CYREN  Cyrenaica  (legio,  cohors) 
CYR,  CYRIN    Quirina  (tribus) 


D  Dalmatia  ? 

D  dat,  donum 

D  decurio 

D  deus,  dea 

D  decem 

D  December  (mensis) 

D  Decimus 

D  decessit 

D  deeimanus 

D  decretum 

D  decurio,  decuriones,  decuria 

D  dedit,  dederunt,  datum 

D  defunctus 

D  denarius 

D  designatus 

D  Diana 

D  dies,  die,  diebus 

D  dignus 

D  dispensator 

D  divus 

D  dixit 

D  doctor 

D  dominus,  domina 

D  domo 

D  donavit,  donaverunt,  donat,    do- 

mint,  donatus 

D  duumvir 

D  duplarius,  duplicarius 

D  dux 

B  defunctus,  dicit,  dies,  domo 

DA  Daci  (cohors) 

D'A  defunctus  annorum 

D'A  discens  aquiliferum 

DAC  Dacicus 
DAC'APVL  Dacia  Apulensis 
DAC'MALV  Dacia  Malvensis 
DACTOROL  Dacia  Porolissensis 

D'ACC  de  acceptore 

DA'M  Dacicus  maximus 

DAMAS  Damasceni  (cohors) 

D'AQ  discens  aquiliferum 

D'AR  discens  arrnaturam 
D'A'R-ARCAR  discens  a  rationibus  arcarii 
DAT'COLL'S'S  datum  collegio  supra  scripto 

D'B'M  de  (se)  beue  merenti  ? 

D-B'S  d(iis  ?)  b(onis)  sacrum 

D'C  decreto  conscriptorum  or  decuri- 

onum  consulto 

D'C  decurio  civitatis,  or  coloniae 

DC  decessit 

DC  decurio 

D'C  decurionum  consensu  or  decreto 

conscriptorum 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


de  conscriptorum  decreto 
D-COL  de  collegis 

D'C-R'MOG  decurio  civium  Komanorum  Mo- 

gontiaci 

D'C'S  de  conscriptorum  sententia 

D'C'S  de  consilii  sententia 

DCS  de  collegii  sententia 

D-C'S'C          de  conscriptorum  sententia  cura- 

verunt 

DCSM  dulcissimae 

D'COLL'S     de  collegii  sententia 
D'C'S'T         decurio  civitatis  saltus  Taunensis 
D'D  damnas  damnates 

D'D  dare  debebit,  dare  debeto 

D-D  dea  Dia 

D'D  dea  Diana 

D'D  decreto  decurionum 

D'D  dedit  dedicavit  or  donum  (dono) 

dedit,   or   dedicavit  (dedicatus, 
dedicante) 
defensor? 
DD  devoti 

dextra  decimanum 
dii  deae 
domini  duo 
domus  divina 

datum  decreto  decurionum 
D-D'D  deo  donum  dedit 

dedit  dedicavit  ? 
D'D'D  domini  tres 

D'D'D  dono    dedit    dedicavit;    or   dedit 

dedicavit 
D'D'D'ADL,  decreto  decurionum  decurio  ad- 

ADLKOT       lectus 

D'D'1>-D        datum  de  decreto  decurionum  ? 
D-D-D-D        donum  dat  dicat  dedicat 
D-D-D-D-      donum    dat   dicat   dedicat   libens 

L'M  merito 

D-D'D'E'S     dare  damnas  damnates  esto  sunto 
D-D-D-L        donum  dat  dedicat  libens  ? 
D'D'D-N        datus  decreto  decurionum  Nemau- 

sensium 

DDDNNN     domini  nostri  tres 
DDT)  •  NNN-  domini  nostri  Flavii  (tres) 
LLL 

dare  damnas  esto 
de  delectorum  sententia 
D-D-irc        decreto  decurionum  hie  consacra- 

vit 

dis  deabus  immortalibus  ? 
donum  dedit  libens? 
•L-D-       dono    dedit    or    dedit    dedicavit 

loco  dato  decreto  decurionum 
donum  dedit  libens  merito 
F    decreto      decurionum      municipii 
Celeiani  facta 

1  C.  I.  L.  X.  7017. 


DD-MM         Diis  Manibus 

D-D-N-N,  DD-NN  domini  nostri  (duo) 

DD'NN-NOBB-  domini  nostri  (duo)  nobilissiuii 

CAESS  Caesares 

D'D'O  dis  deabus  omnibus 

D'D-O  donum  dato  o  ?  .  . 

D'D'P  decurionum  decreto  publice 

D-D-PEC"      decreto  decurionum  pecunia  pub- 

PVB  lica 

D'D'P-P         decreto  decurionum  pecunia  pub 

lica 
D-D'P-P'P     decreto  decurionum  pecunia  pub- 

lica  posuerunt 
D'D-Q  dedicavit  que 

D'D-8  de  decurionum  sententia 

D-D-S-F-C     de  decurionum   sententia  faciun- 

dum  curavit,  curaverunt 
DDS  dedit  or  dederunt  de  suo 

D-D'S-P         dedit  de  sua  pecunia  ? 
D'D'S'S          deus    dominus    sanctissimus    Sa- 

turnus 
D'D'V'L        dono  dedit  votum    laetus    liben? 

L'M  merito 

D-D-V-S-L"    dono    dato    votum    solvit    libens 

L'M  laetus  merito 

DE  dea 

DE  decem 

DE  December  (mensis) 

D'E  decurio 

DE  devotus 

DEC  December 

DEC  decemiugis 

DEC  decessit 

DEC  Decimus 

DEC  decretum 

DEC  decurio,  decuriones,  decurionatus ; 

decuria,  decurialis 
DECC  decuriones  (duo) 

DEC'C'A        decurio  coloniae  Agrippinensis 
DEC'COS"     decuria  consularis  et  praetoria 

ET-PR 

DEC'DEC      decurialis  decuriae 
DEC'DEC,     decurionum  decreto 

DECK 

DEC-N-M-M  decurio  numeri  militum  M.. 
DE  CONL-SENT  de  conlegii  sententia 
DEC'POP-Q  decuriones  populus  que 
DECK  decretum,  decrevit 

DECK 'DEC  decreto  decurionum 
DE  C'S  de  consilii  sententia 

DECV  decurio 

DEC'VIAT    decuria  viatorum 
DED  dedit  or  dedicavit,  dedicatus 

DED  deductus 

DEDC  dedicatus 

DE"D'D'L      Deanae  ?  donum  dat  libens 
DED'XX-P-  deducta  vigesima  populi  Roma 
R-D  dedit 


TABLE   OF   ABBKEVIATIONS 


427 


DEF  defunctus 

DEF'ANN     defunctus  annorum  (tot) 

D'E'F'VL    decuriones  et  fainilia  villae  Lucul- 

lanae  ? 

DEIOT          Deiotariana  (legio) 
DEL  delator 

DELIC          deliciaris 
DELM  Dalmatae  (cohors) 

^END,  DENDR     dendrophori 

>ENDROPHORR  dendrophori 
DEP  depositus 

DE  PAG'SEN  de  pagi  sententia 
DE  PAG- SEN'    de  pagi   sententia   faciundum 

FAC'COER         coerarunt 
DE  PEQ'POB  de  pequnia  poblica 
DE  PVB        de  publico 
)'EQ  discens  equitem 

D'E'R  de  ea  re 

)'E'R'I'C      de  ea  re  ita  censuere 
D-E'R-Q'D-R-A  de  ea  re  qua  de  re  agetur 
)ES  designatus 

DESCR          descriptum 
DE-SEN-SENT  de  senatus  sententia 
DESIG,  DESIGN  designatus 
)E  S'P          de  sua  pecunia 
)E  S'S,  DE  S'SEN,  DE  SEN'    de  senatus  sen- 

SENT,  DE  SENA-SEN  tentia 

DEST  destinatus 

)E  8VA  PEQ,  DE    de  sua  pecunia 

SYA  PECVN 
DESVLT       desultores 
)EV'N'M-     devotus  numini  maiestatique  eius 

Q-EIV8 

DE  V-S,  DE  VPS,  DE  VIC'S  de  vici  scito 
>E  V  DEC    de  quinque  decuriis 
>'F  dare  facere 

>'F  decima  facta 

>'F  de  figlinis 

>'F  defunctus 

'•F  duplarius  frumentarius? 

i-F  dulcissimae  filiae 

>-F'P  dare  facere  praestare 

)-F-P'EFFE-    (hunc)  decuriones  funere  pub- 

RVNDVM         lico  efferundum  censuerunt 

CENS 
>I  dimachaerus 

IA.  diatheses 

)IABSOR     diabsoricum 
)IACHO       diacholes 
)IAGLA        diaglaucen 
HALKP       dialepidos 

HAPSOR-OPO  (liapsoricum  opobalsamatum 
HAZMYR    diazmyrnes 

1C  dictator 

C-N-M-Q-  dicatus  numini  maiestatique  eius 

•SIVS 

iCT  dictator 

'IE  S  die  solis 


DIFF  diffusor 

DIG  dignus 

D-I-I-M          deus  invictus,  invictus  ?  Mithras 

DTM  deus  invictus  Mithras 

DIM  dimidia 

D-I-M  dis  inferis  Manibus 

DI-MA  Di(is)  Manibus  or  D(iis)  i(nferis) 

Manibus 

DI'N  dierum  numerus 

D'lNV-M       deus  invictus  Mithras 

DIS  dispensator 

DIS  dispunctor 

DIS-I-MA      Diis  inferis  Manibus 

DIS-M,  MA,  MAN,  MANI  Diis  Manibus 

DIS-MAN-MEM  Diis  Manibus  memoriae 

DISP  dispensator 

DISP  dispunctor    (particularly   in 

Mauretania) 

DISPEN,  DISPES  dispensator 

DISP-P-S       dispensator  provinciae  Sardiniae 

DISP-RAT'COP-  dispensator  rationis  copiarum 
EXPED'FEL-  expeditionum  felicium  Ger- 
GERM  manicarum 

DISP-REIP  dispunctor  rei  publicae 

DISSIGN      dissignator 

D-L  dedit  libens 

D-L-M  dedit  lubens  merito 

D-L  deus  Liber 

D'L  die  Lunae 

D'M  dea  inagna  or  deum  mater 

D-M  deus  Mithras 

D'M  decurio  municipii 

D'M  devotae  memoriae  ? 

D-M  Diis  Manibus 

D'M  divino  mandatu 

D'M  dolus  mains 

D'M'A-E-      dolus  malus  abesto  et  ius  civile  or 

I'C  iurisconsultus 

D'M'E  devotus  maiestati  eius 

D-M'ET  M    Diis  Manibus  et  memoriae 
D'M'I  dea  magna  Idaea 

D'M'I  Dis  Manibus  inferis 

D'M'ID          dea  magna  Idaea  or  (mater)  deum 

magna  Idaea 

D-M-IN          Dis  Manibus  inferis 
D'M'S  deo  Mithrae  sacrum 

D'M'S  diis  Manibus  sacrum 

D-M-VF        diis  Manibus  vivus  fecit 
D'N  Dea  Nehallenia 

D'N  dominus  noster 

D'N-M'E        devotus  numini  maiestatique  eius 
D'N-M'Q        devotus  numini  maiestatique 
D'N'M'Q'E    devotus  numini  maiestatique  eius 
D'N'P'E         devotus  numini  pietatique  ?  eius 
D'O  dari  oportet 

DO  domino 

DO  donum,  donatus  ? 

DO'AF  domo  Africa 


428 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


DOC'EQ'AC  P1  doctor  equitum  ac  peditum 
jDO  L  doliaris 

DOL  Dolichenus 

D'O'  M  2          deo  optimo  maximo  ? 
DOM'NOSTK  dominus  noster 
DON  donavit 

DON'POS      donum  posuit 
D'P  de  proprio 

D'P  deus  patrius 

D'P  diis  Parentibus 

D'P  donum  posuit 

D'PAG'S       de  pagi  scitu  or  sententia 
D'P'D  de  proprio  dedit 

D'P'D'M*      Diti  patri,  Diis  Manibus 
D'P'E  devotus  pietati  eius 

D'P'P  dii  Penates  publici 

D'P'P  de  pecunia  publica 

D'P'S  de  pagi  scitu  or  sententia 

D'P'S  de  pecunia  sua,  or  de  parcimonio 

suo,  or  de  peculio  suo,  or  de 

proprio  suo 

D'P'S'D         de  pecunia  sua  dedit 
D'P'S'D'D     de  pecunia  sua  dono  dedit  or  dedit 

dedicavit 
D'P'S'D'L'    de  pecunia  sua  dedit }   loco  dato 

D'P  publice 

D'P'S'F         de  pecunia  sua  fecit 
D'P'S'F'D     de  pecunia    sua  factum  (factam) 

dedit 

D'p.g'P         ^g  pecunia  sua  posuit 
D'Q'F3          Decimi  quondam  ?  filia  ? 
D'Q  decurio  quaestor 

D'Q' A  de  qua  agatur 

D'Q'L'STT'L  die  qui  legis  :  sit  tibi  terra  levis 
D'R'P  dignum  republica 

D'R'S  deae  Romae  sacrum 

D'S  de  suo 

D'S  deus  sanctus,  dea  sancta 

D'S  deus  Saturnus 

D'S  deus  Silvanus 

D'S  discens  signiferum 

D'S  (Silvano)  domestico  sacrum 

D'SANCT'SATVR  dominus  sanctus  Saturnus 
D'S'B'M        de  se  bene  meritus 
D'S'D  de  sententia  decurionum 

D'S'D  de  suo  dedit  (dat) 

D'S'D'D        de  suo  donum  dedit  or  dedicavit 
D'S'EX'V'P  de  suo  ex  voto  posuerunt 
D'S'F  de  suo  fecit 

D'S'F'C         de  suo  faciendum  curavit 
D'S'I'IMP     deus  Sol  invictus  imperator 
D'S' I'M          deus  sol  invictus  Mithras 
D'S'L'L'M    de  suo  laetus  libens  merito 

1  C.  I.  L.  IX.  952. 

8  C.  I.  L.  XII.  1069.    Not  a  Christian  inscrip- 
tion. 

•  Orelli,  1470. 


D'S'L'M  de  suo  libens  merito 

D'S'M  de  se  meritus 

D'S'M  Diis  sacrum  Manibus 

D'S'P  de  sua  pecunia  or  de  suo  posuit 

D'S'P'C  de  suo  ponendum  curavit 

D'S'P'D  de  sua  pecunia  dedit 

D'S'P'D'D  de  sua  pecunia  dono  dedit 

D'S'P'EX'  de  sua  pecunia  ex  decreto  decuri- 

D'D  onum 

D'S'P'F  de  sua  pecunia  fecit 

D'S'P'F'C  de  sua  pecunia  faciendum  curavit 

D'S'P'L'D'  de  suo  posuit  loco  dato  decreto 

D'D  decurionum 

D'S'P'P  de  sua  pecunia  posuit 

D'S'P'R  de  sua  pecunia  restituit 

D'S'P'R'C  de  sua  pecunia  reflciendum  curavit 

D'S'R  de  suo  restituit 

D'S'S  de  senatus  sententia 

D'S'S  desuosibi? 

D'S'S'C'F  de  suo  sibi  coniugi  films  ? 

D'S'S'F'C  de    senatus    sententia   faciendum 

curavit 

D'S'V  decreto  senatus  Vocontiorum 

D'S'V'L  de  suo  vivus  libens 

D'T  dumtaxat 

D'T  de  thesauro 

D'T'S  dii  te  servent 

D'V  duovir,  duumvir 

D'V'V'A'S'  duumvir  viis  aedibus  sacris  pub-| 

P'P  licis  procurandis?  (from  Pom- 

peii) 

DVC  ducenarius 

DVC'DVC  duce  ducenario  ? 

D'V'I'D  duum  vir  iure  dicundo 

D'V'L'M  dedit  ?  or  Dianae  ?  votum  ?  libem 

merito 

DVM'T,  TAX  dum  taxat 

DVPL  duplarius.  duplicarius 
DVPLI,  DVPLIC  duplicarius 

D'V'S  de  vici  scitu 

D'V'S'F'C'  de  vici  scitu  faciundum  curarui 

I'Q'P  idemque  probarunt 

D'X'PRIM'  duplarius    decem     primus    p. 

P'P  p.... 

D'XX'P'E  deducta  vigesima  populi  Romani 


pub- 


E 

E 

E 

E 

E 

E'A'CA 

E'A'E 

K'C 

ECD 

ED 


E 

eius 

(h)eres 

est 

evocatus 

exsculpsit 

exactum  r 

eques  ahte  e 

eius  causa? 

ecdicus 

(a)ediculam 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


429 


EE'QQ  equites 

E'E'Q'Q'E'E  equites  Roman! 
EE'VV  egregiiviri 

EE'VV,  EE'MM'VV  eminentissimi  viri 
CG'M'V          egregiae  memoriae  vir 
MI'L'IVS'   ex  hac  lege  ius  potestasque  esto 

POT 

E-H-L'N'E    eius  hace  lege  nihilum  rogato 
E'l  eius  index 

EID  eidus 

EIQ  eique 

EIS'Q'I'S'S    eis  quae  infra  scriptae  sunt 
E'L'P  e  lege  Papiria,  Petronia 

EM  emeritus 

E'M  ex  monitu 

EM'B  emeritus  beneflciarius 

E'M'D'S'P'F  e  monitu  de  sua  pecunia  fecit1 
E'M'V  egregiue  memoriae  vir 

EM'V  eminentissimus  vir 

EX  endotercisus  (dies) 

E'O'B'Q         ei  ossa  bene  quiescant 
EP  Eppius 

EPIP  epiphorae 

EQ  eques,  equestris,  equitata 

EQ  Equirria 

EQ'CATAF  equites  cataphractarii 
EQ'C'E          equitata  civium  Eomanorum  (co- 

hors) 

E'Q'D'D        eademque  dedicavit 
EQ'EX'N       eques  ex  numero 
EQ'G  equitum  gradus  2 

EQ'P  equo  publico 

EQ'P'EXOE  equo  publico  exornatus 
EQ'PVB,  PVBL  equo  publico 
EQQ  equites 

eques  Romanus 
|  EQ'R'E'M'    eques  Romanus  egregiae  memoriae 

V  vir 

[EQ'R'E'P,     eques  Romanus  equo  publico 

EQ'PVBL 
JEQ'R'F          equitis  Eomani  filius 

;'S  (SING)  D'N  eques  singularis  domini  nostri 
Ml  ca  res 

IE  (h)eres 

R'P  e  re  publica 

I'P  ex  imperio  posuit 

R'P'V        e  re  publica  videri 
•R'A  ea  res  agitur 

(cum)  ea  res  consuletur 
R'P  e  re  publica 

LR'TKSTAME  (h)eredes  testamento 
S'C'E'C      e    senatus    consulto    renciendum 

curavit 
3'S'F'S'F'L  ei  sine  fraude  sua  facere  liceto 

*  Orelli,  246T. 

2  From  the  theatre  at  Orange  (C.  I.  L.  XII. 

U). 


ESQ,  ESQVIL  Esquilina  (tribus) 
E'S'R  exemplum  sacri  re  scrip ti? 

ESS,  ESSE    essedarius 
ESSE'LIB     essedarius  liberatus 
E'T  ex  testamento 

E'T'F  ex  testamento  fecit 

E'V  egregius  vir,  more  rarely  eminen- 

tissimus vir 
EV  evocatus 

E'V'L-M-P    ex  voto  libens  merito  posuit 
EVOC,  EVOK  evocatus 
EVOC'AVG  evocatus  Augusti 
E'V'S  ex  voto  suscepto 

EX  exceptor 

EXAC  exactor,  exactus 

EX  A  -C         ex  acre  conlato 
EX 'A  (AD)  CAS,  CAST  exactum  ad  Castoris 
EX  A'P         ex  argento  publico 
EXAE  exarchus 

EXARG       ex  argento 
EX  AVC,  AVCT  ex  auctoritate 
EXC  exceptor 

EXC'PR,  T  exceptor  praefecti,  tribuni 
EX  C'C  ex  conscriptorum  consulto 
EX  CC  ex  ducenario 

EX  CCC         ex  trecenario 
EX  COM'DOM  ex  comite  domesticorum 
EX  CONS     ex  consensu  or  consulto 
EX  D  ex  devotione 

EX  D'D        ex  decreto  decurionum 
EX  D'D'       ex  decreto  decurionum  ex  pecunia 

EX  P-P         publica 
EX  D'D'P'    ex    decreto    decurionum    pecunia 

P  publica 

EX  DEC'C'  ex  decreto   centum  virorum    pe- 

PEC'SEV      cunia  Severiana 
EX  DEC'DECUET  ex  decurionum  decreto 
EX  D'ORD  ex  decreto  ordinis 
EX  D'P'A     ex  decreto  provinciae  Africae 
EXEli'PAN'INF  exercitus  Pannoniae  Inferioris 
EX  KKC         exercitator 
EXERC         exercitus 
EX  F'B         ex  fide  bona 
EX  FIG,  FIGL  ex  figlinis 
EX'G(GER)  INF  exercitus  Germaniae  Inferioris 
EX  H-L-EX-  ex  hac  lege,  exve  decreto  decuri- 

VE'D'D         onum 

EX  H'L'N'E    ex  hace  lege  nihilum  rogato 
EX  IMP-IPS    ex  imperio  ipsius 
EX  IV,  IVS      ex  iussu 
EX  IVS'IPSA  ex  iussu  ipsarum 
EX  IVSS'E   ex  iussu  eius 
EX  IVV'S-  ex  iussu  votum  solvit  libens  merito 

L-M 

EX  N  ex  nomine 

EXO  exodiarius 

EX  O  ex  ovo 

EX  OF,  OFF  ex  offlcina 


430 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


EX  PAGPD  ex  pagi  decreto 

EX  P'D          ex  pagi  decreto 

EX  PEQ'PVB  ex  pecunia  public 

EX  PL  exemplum 

EX  P'L          ex  pecunia  legata 

EXPLIC        explicarius 

EX  P'D          ex  parte  dimidia  ? 

EXPL'BAT  exploratores  Batavi 

EX  P'P          ex  pecunia  publica 

EX  P'P'F'C  ex    pecunia     publica    faciunduin 

curavit 

EX  PE  ex  praediis 

EX  PE  exceptor  praefecti 

EX  PE'C'C'  ex  praediis  coloniae  copiae  Clau- 

C'C  diae  curatum  ? 

EXPVEG      expurgatio 
EX  E  ex  ratione 

EX  E'P         ex  response  posuit 
EX  E'VEB    ex  ratione  urbica 
EX  S'C  ex  senatus  consulto 

EXSEEC'      exercens  artem  cretariam 

AET-CKET 

EX  S'P'F'C  ex  sua  pecunia  faciendum  curavit 
EXS  TEST'F  exs  testamento  fecit 
EX  S'VOTO    ex  suscepto  voto  or  exs  voto 
EX'T,  EXC'TE  exceptor  tribuni 
EXT  exterus 

EX  T  ex  testamento 

EX  T'F'I'C  ex  testamento  fieri  iussit,  facitin- 

dum  curavit 

EX  T'P          ex  testamento  posuit 
EX  TE  ex  tributario 

EX  T'T'F'     ex  testamento  titulum  fieri  iussit ; 

I'H'F'C          heres  faciundum  curavit 
EX  V  ex  voto 

EX  VIK        ex  vicario 
EX  V'L'M     ex  voto  libens  rnerito 
EX  V'L'S*     ex  voto  libenter  suscepto    solvit 

S'M  merito 

EX  VO  (VOT)  L-POS  ex  voto  libens  posuit 
EX  V'P         ex  voto  posuit 
EX  V'P'L'     ex  voto  posuit  libens  laetus  merito 

L'M 

EX  V'S'L'A  ex  voto  solvit  libens  animo 
EX  V  DEC    ex  quinque  decuriis 


fabri 

faciunt,  fecit,  fecerunt,  factus, 

ciendum 
Falerna  (tribus) 
fanum  ? 
fastus  (dies) 
feliciter 
feriae 
fida 
fidelis  (legio) 


F  figlinae 

F  filius,  filia 

F  fines 

F  fiscus 

F  fiunt 

F  flamen 

F  Flavius,  Flavia  (legio)  Flaviensis 

F  Fortuna 

F  Fretensis  (legio) 

F  functus 

F  fund us 

E  filia.  femina 

FAB  Fabia  (tribus) 

FAB  fubrica 

FAB  fabri,  fabrum  (praefectus) 

FAB'COS,  PE  (praefectus)  fabrum  consularis, 

(PEAET)       praetorius 
FABE'CENT  fabri  centonarii 
FABRTIG,  TIGN  fabri  tignarii 
FAC    '  faciebat 

FAC'COEE'EIDEMQ'  faciundum  coerarunt  ei- 

PEOB  demque  probarunt 

FAC'CVE  ;  FACIV'  faciundum  curavit,  cura- 

CVE  runt 

FAC'LOCAE'EIDEMQ-    faciunduin    locarunt 

PEOB  eidemque  probarunt 

FACT  factio 

FAL  Falerna  (tribus) 

FAL,  FALA  Falernae  (vites) 
FALC  Falcidia  (lex) 

FALE,  FALL  Falerna  (tribus) 
FAM  familia 

FAM'GLAD  familia  gladiatoria 
F'A'PEEP     flamen  August!  perpetuus 
FAEMAC'PVBLIC  farmacopola  publicus 
FAS  fascia 

FAVS  Faustianum'(viniun) 

F'B'F  filio  bono  fecerunt 

F'B'M  filio,  filiae  bene  merenti 

F'C  faciendum  curavit  or  curaverunt 

FC  fecit  or  fecerunt 

F'C  fisci  curator 

F'C  frumenti  curator  ? 

F'C'A  Forum  Claudii  Angtisti 

FCC  faciundum  curaverunt? 

F'C'EIDQ'PEO,  faciundum  curarunt  eidemque 

PEOB  probarunt 

F'C-I'P  faciendum  curavit  idem  probavit 

F'C'I'Q'P       faciundum  curarunt  idemque  pro- 
barunt 

F'COIP          faciendum  coiravit  or  coiraverunt 
F'C'P  fulpur  conditum  publice 

FCT  fecit 

F'D  fecit  dedicavit 

F'D  filio  dulcissimo  or  filiae  dulcissimad 

FD  fundus  ? 

F'D'EX-         (praefectus)    frumenti    dandi 

S'C  senatus  cousulto 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


431 


F'D'F  flliae  dulcissimae  fecerunt 

FD'IVB  fide  iubere 

F-DvN  feliciter  domino  nostro  ? 

F'D'Q  fecit  dedicavitque 

F'D'S  fecerunt  de  suo 

F'D'S'S'C  faciunduin    de    ?enatus    sententia 

curaverunt 

FE  Februarius  (mensis) 

FE  fecit 

FE  feliciter 

FEB  Februarius 

FE-B-B  feliciter  bonis  bene 

FEBR  Februarius  (mensis) 

FEC  fecit,  fecerunt 

FECE  fecerunt 

FEL  felLx  (legio) 

FELIC  felicitas 

FEE  Feralia 

FEE  LAT  feriae  Latinae 

FEEE  ferrariae 

FEEE  Ferrata  (legio) 

FEET  Fertor 

F'ET'D  fecit  et  dedicavit 

F-ET-F  filii  et  filiae 

F'EX  S'C'  feriae  ex  senatus  consulto  quod  eo 

Q-E-D  die,  etc. 

FF  fecerunt  or  fecit  ? 

F-F  fecit  feliciter  ? 

F-F  felix  fidelis 

F-F  fieri  fecit  ? 

FF  filii 

F'F  fili us  or  (filia)  fecit  or  filii  fecerunt 

F-F  fiscus  frumentarius 

F'F  Flavia  felix  firma  fidelis  (legio) 

F-F  (viam)  Flaviam  fecit 

F-F-B'M  filii  fecerunt  bene  merenti 

FF  DD  fundi? 

FFLL  Flavii 

FF'PP  flamen  perpetuus 

F'F-P-P-P  fidelis    frater?    pro    pietate    po- 

suit  (??) 

FI  filius 

F'l  fieri  iussit 

FID  fidelis  (legio) 

FID  fidicen 

FIG,  FIGL  figulinae,  figlinae 

FIL-K-F  filius  ktirissimus  fecit  or  filio  ka- 
rissimo fecit 

FIL'PAT  filius  patroni  ? 

FIE'IVL-  (colonia)   firma  lulia  Secundano- 

SECVND       rum 
|  FISC'STAT-  fiscus  stationis  hereditatium 

HEEEDITATI 

IF-IVS  fieri  iussit 

F-K  filio  karissimo 

F'K-F  filio  karissimo  fecit 

IFL  flamen,  flaminica,  fiamonium 

FL,  FLA  Flavius,  Flavia 


FLAM  flamen,  flaminica,  flatnonium 

FLAM-AVG  flaminica  Augustae 
FLAM'CLAVD  flamen  Claudialis 
FLAM-DIALIS  Flamen  Dialis 
FLAM-MAET     flamen  Martialis 
FLAM-PEEP      flamen  perpetuus 
FLAM'P,  PE      flamen  provinciae 
FLAM-QVIR       flamen  Quirinalis 
FLAM'EOM-       flamen  Eomae  et  Augusti 

ET  AVG 

FL-F  Flavia  felix,  firma,  fidelis 

FL'FEL         Flavia  felix  (legio) 
FLL  flamines 

F'LOC  faciundum  locarunt 

FL'P  flamen  perpetuus 

F'LIB'ET  PEC  fiscus  libertatis  et  peculiorum 
F'L'P  funus,  locum  publice 

FL'PP  flamen   perpetuus   or    flamonium 

perpetuum 

FL'SACE-PVB  flamen  sacrorum  publicorum 
F'L'S'P'         funus  locum  statuam  —  or  sepultu- 
D'D  rae  —  publice  decuriones  decre- 

verunt 

F'M  fllio  merenti  or  filio  mater 

F '  M '  F  fllio  m  ater  fecit 

F'M-P  filius  matri  posuit 

FO  Fortuna 

FOED  Fordicidia 

FOET  Fortenses 

FORT'HOEE  Fortuna  horreoruin 
F  P  ?  (See  p.  367.) 

F'P  filio    piissimo   or  filio   posuit   or 

posuerunt 

F'P  filii  posuerunt 

F-P  filius  pientissimus 

F'P  flamen  perpetuus 

F'P  Fortuna  Praenestina  or  Primige- 

nia 

F'P  frumentum  publicum 

F'P  funus  publicum 

F'P'A'D-X-   frumentum   publicum  accipit  d... 

TCXL  K-C    X,  t...  CXL,  k...  C 
F'P'C  filius  ponendum  curavit 

F'P'D-D         Fortunae  Primigeniae  d.mum  clant 
F-P-D-M'P     filius  patri  dulcissimo  matri  ]>iissi- 

mae  or  filius  parentioiis  de  (se) 

merentibus  posuit 

F'P-F  fili  piror  patri  fecerunt 

F-P-F  filius  patri  fecit 

F'P'M'F         filii  pientissimi  or  patri  merenti 

fecerunt 

F-P'P  fecit  pro  pietate 

F-P'P  filia  patri  piissimo  or  filio  piissimo 

posuit 

F'P'P  fratri  pio  or  frater  pius  posuit 

F'P'P'M         filii  posuerunt  patri  merenti 
F'P-PE  Fortuna  Primigenia  Praenestina 

F'P'VET        fundus  possessoris  veteris 


432 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


F'N  fuerunt  or  fiunt  numero 

F'Q  faciundum  curavit 

F'Q'E'E'V  tideque  ei  esse  videbitur 

FR  frater 

FR  Fretensis  (legio) 

FR  frumentarius 

FRA  frater 

FRANC  Francicus 

FR'ARV  frater  A rvalis 

FRAT'O'P  fratri  optimo  posuit 

FRET  Fretensis  (legio) 

FR'D'  fronte  dextra 

FR'KA  fratres  karissimi 

FRONT  Frontoniana  (ala) 

FR'S  fronte  sinistra 

FRT  fronte  or  fratri 

FRV  frumentarius,  frumentum 

FRV'EMV  (ad)  frumentum  emundum 

FRVM  frumentarius,  frumentum 

FRVMENT  frumentarius 

FRVMM  frumentarii 

F'S  filii  sui,  filio  suo 

F'S  fecit  sibi 

F'S  femina  sanctissima? 

F'S  Fortunae  sacrum 

F'S 'A  Flavia    singular! um    Autoniniana 

(ala) 

F'S'ET'S  fecit  sibi  et  suis 

F'S'ET'S'L'  fecit  sibi  et  suis  libertis  libertatus 

L'P'Q'E          posterisque  eorum 

F'S'S  fiunt  supra  script!  (ae,  a) 

F'V'L  familia  villae  Lucullanae 
FVL'CON'P  fulgur  conditum  publice 
FVLM'FVL  Fulminator  Fulgurator 

FVLM,  Fulminata  certa  constacs  (legio) 

FVLMI-C'C1 

F'V'P  filiae  vivus  posuit 

F'M'P'P  filii  inatri  piae  posuerunt 


G 

G  Gaius 

G  Galeria  (tribus) 

G  Galli  (cohors) 

G  Gallica  (legio) 

G  Gallienus,  Galliena 

G  garum 

G  Gemina  (legio) 

G  gener 

G  Genius 

G  gens  (in  Africa) 

G  centuria 2 

GA  Galeria  (tribus) 

GAL  Galatia 

GAL  Galeria  (tribus) 

*  Ephem.  Ep.  V.  p.  32,  n.  61. 
a  C.  I.  L.  XIV.  2278. 


GAL  Gallia,  Gallica  (legio) 

GALER          Galeria  (tribus) 

GALL  Gallica  (legio) 

GAR'CAST    garum  castum 

G'C'D  Genius  collegii  dendrophororum 

G'C'N  Genius  Gaii  nostri 

G'D  Genius  domus  ? 

G'D'A'S         Genio  D  —  Augusto  sacrum 

G'D'N  Genius  Decani  nostri 

G'D'N  Genius  dornini  nostri 

G'D'S  Germanicus  Dacicus  Sarmaticus 

GE  Gemina  (legio,  cohors) 

GE  genitura8 

GEM  Gemina  (legio) 

GEM'P'F       Gemina  pia  fidelis 

GEM'SEV      Gemina  Severiana 

GEN'ET'HON  Genius  et  Honor 

GEN  genitrix 

GEN  gentilis 

GENAR'CICA  genarum  cicatrices 

GER,  GERM,  Germania,  Germanicus 

GERM  A 
GER,  GERM'  Germania  Inferior  or  Superior 

INF  or  SVP 

GKRM'SVP  Germania  Superior 
G'F  garum  factum 

G'F  Gemina  felix  (legio) 

G'H'L  Genius  huius  loci 

GIL  gilvus 

G'L  Genius  loci 

GL  gladiatores 

GLAD  gladiarius,  gladiator,  gladiatorius 

GLA'PRIM'  gladiatores  primi  Campaniae 

CAMP 

G'M  gens  M 

G'M  Genius  municipii 

G'M'S  Genius  municipii  Satafensis 

G'M'V  gemina  Martia  victrix  (legio) 

GN  Gnaeus 

GN  gnatus 

GOR  Gordianus 

GOT,  GOTHIC  Gotbicus 

G'P'AVG        Genius  patriae  Augustus 

G'P'A'S         Genio  pagi  A. ..sacrum 

G'P'F  Gemina  pia  fidelis  (legio) 

G'P'R  Genius  populi  Roman! 

G'P'R'F         Genio  populi  Roman!  feliciter 

G'Q'N  Genius  Quinti  nostri 

G'R  Gallica  rapax  (legio)4 

G'R  German!  Raeti 

GRAMM         grammaticus 

GRAN  granatum  or  granianum  (vinum)6 

GRAT  gratuitus 

GREG'VRB  gregis  urbani 

G'S  Germania  Superior 

*  C.  I.  L.  V.  5020.  *  Orelli,  441. 

5  C.  I.  L.  IV.  2565. 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


433 


G'T-N  Genius  Titi  nostri 

GYBER,  GYBEKN  gybernator 

H 

H  habens,  habet 

H  hie,  haec 

H  hastatus 

H  haustum 

H  Hercules 

H  heres 

H  hie 

H  Hispana  (legio),  Hispani  (cohors) 

H  homo,  homines 

H  horrearius 

H  hora 

H  Horatia  (tribus) 

H'A  Herculaneus  Augustalis 

HAB  habens 

H'A'B'Q  hie  a...  bene  quiescat 

HABT  habeant 

HAD  Adiutrix  (legio) 

H-ADQ  hie  adquiescit 

HADR  Hadrianus 

H'A'H'N'S  haec  ara  heredem  non  sequetur 

H'A'l'R  honore  accepto  impensam  remisit 

H'AQ  hie  adquiescit 

HAR  haruspex 

HARM1  armorurn  (custos) 

HARN  Arnensis  (tribus) 

HAR'PRIM' haruspex  primus  de  sexaginta 

DE'LX 

H'P  hastatus  prior 

H'A'S'A'H'  habet  aedes  Salutis  Augustae  hoc 

L'L'Q'D'        loco  leges  quas  Dianae  Romae  in 

R-IN'A  Aventino 

H'A'S'F'C  heres  a  se  faciundum  curavit 

HAS  hastatus 

HAS'P,  PR,  PRI  ;  hastatus  prior,  posterior 

PO,  POST 

HAST  hastatus 
HAST'POST,  POSTER  hastatus  posterior 
HAST'P,  PR,  PR!  hastatus  prior 

H'B  homo  bonus 

H'B'C  hie  bene  cubet 

H'B'F  homini  bono  fecit 

H'B'M'F  heres  bene  merenti  fecit 

H'B-Q  hie  bene  quiescat 

H'C  hie  conditus  or  hie  cubat 

H-C  Hispania  Citerior 

H'C  honoris  causa 

H'C  honore  contentus 

H'C  horrearius  cohortis 

H-C'D'D  honoris  causa  dedit  dedicavit 

H'C'D'N'S  honoris  causa  Dianae  Nemorensi 
sacrum  ? 

»  C.  I.  L.  X.  3395. 
LAT.    INSCRIP.  — 28 


H'C'E  hie  conditus  est  orcrematus?  est 

H'C'E'C'E'  hie  conditus  est;  cineres  ei  bene 
B'Q  quiescant 

H'C'I'R  honore  contentus  impensam  remi- 
sit 

H'C'P  heres  curavit  ponendum  ? 

H'C'S'P'P  honore  contentus  sua  pecunia  po- 
suit 

HD  Hadrianus 

H-D'S  heredes  de  suo 

H'D'S'P         heres  de  suo  posuit 

HE  herus  ? 

H'E  hie  est 

H'E'B'P         hie  est  bene  positus  ? 

H'E'B'Q        hie  est ;  bene  quiescat 

HE'ES  heic  est 

H'E'F  heres  ejus  fecit  or  heredes  ejus  fe- 

cerunt 

HEL  Helvetia 

HELIOP       Heliopolitanus 

HELV  helvetia 

HEM,  HEMAES,  HEMES  Hemeseni  (cohors) 

H'E'N'H        heredem  exterum  non  habebit 

H'E'N'S         heredem  exterum  non  sequetur 

H'E'P  hie  est  positus 

H'E'P'C         heres  ejus  ponendum  curavit 

HER  heres,  hereditates 

HER  Herius 

HER'BEN'MER  heres  bene  merenti 

HERC'SAX,  SAXAN  Hercules  Saxanus 

HERC'V        Hercules  Victor 

HERED,  HEREDIT  hereditates 

HERED'NON'SEQ     heredes  non  sequetur 

HER'FIDVC  heres  flduciarius 

HER'PON'C  heredes  ponendum  curaverunt 

HER'POS      heres  posuit 

HERR  heredes 

HERVC         Herucina  (Venus) 

H'E'S  hie  est  situs,  sita  or  sepultus, 

sepulta 

HE'S'EST'  heic?  situs  est;  ossa  bene  quie- 
OS'B'Q  scant 

H'E'T  heredes  ex  testamento 

H'E'T'F         heres  ex  testamento  fecit 

H'E'T'F'C  heres  ex  testamento  faciendum 
curavit 

H'E'V'O        hie  est ;  volo  ?  ossa 

H'EX  T,  TT heredes  ex  testamento 

H'F  heres  fecit  or  heredes  fecerunt 

H'F  honestissima  femina 

H'F  honore  functus 

H'F'C  heres  faciendum  curavit,  heredes 

faciendum  curaverunt 

HH  heredes 

H'H'F  homini  honestissimo  fecerunt  ? 

H'H'M'NON'S  heredem  hoc  monumentum  non 
sequetur 

H'H'P'R        homines  hostes  populi  Romani  ? 


434 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


H'H'Q  heres  heredesque 

H'l  Hercules  invictus 

HI  Hispani  (cohors) 

HIEROF       hierofanta 

H'l'E'S  hie  intus  est  situs  ? 

H'INNOC      homo  innocens 

HIS  Hispania,  Hispanus,  Hispani 

HI'SP  hie  sepultus 

HISP  Hispania,  Hispanus,  Hispani 

HIST  Histria 

H'L  haec  lex 

H'L  hie  locus 

H'L'A'N        hunc  locum  alienari  nolo  ? 

H'L'D'M'A   huic  loco  dolus  malus  abesto 

H'L'ET'M'    hie  locus  et  monumentum  heredem 

H'N'S  non  sequentur 

H'L'H'N'S     hie  locus  heredem  non  sequetur 
H'L'I'R'Q     hac  lege  ius  ratumque  (esto) 
H'L'O  (uti)  hac  lege  oportebit 

H'L'R  (ante)  hanc  legem  rogatam 

H'L'S'E         hoc  loco  sepultus  est 
H'L'S'H'N'   hie  locus  sepulturae  heredem  non 

S  sequetur 

H'L'T'C'S      hunc  locum  tessellavit  cum  suis 
H'M  hoc  monumentum     • 

H'M  homo  mereus 

H'M  (dimissis)  honesta  missione 

H'M  honeste  missus 

H'M'A'H'N'  hoc  monumentum  ad  heredem  non 

P  pertinet 

H'M'A'M'R  hoc  monumentum  apud  meos  re- 

manebit  ? 
H'M'C'P        (nihil  ultra  crudelius)  hoc  monu- 

mento  cernere  potes  ? 
H'M'D'M'A  huic     monumento    dolus    malus 

abesto 
H'M'D'M'A'  huic  monumento  dolus  malus  abe- 

B'M'M'C        sto ;    bene    merenti    memoriae 

causa 
H'M'E'H'N'  hoc  monumentum  exterum  here- 

8  dem  non  sequetur 

H'M'E'N'S    hoc  monumentum    (h)eredem  or 
exterum  (heredem)  non  seque- 
tur 
H'M'ET  L'    hoc  monumentum  et  locus  here- 

H'N'S  dem  non  sequentur 

H'M'ET  L'     hoc  monumentum  et  locus  sepul- 

S'H'N'S          turae  heredem  non  sequentur 
H'M'F  honestae  memoriae  femina 

H'M'F'C'ET  hoc  monumentum  faciundum  cu- 

S'A'D  ravit  et  sub  ascia  dodicavit 

H'M'H'E'N'  hoc  monumentum  heredem  exte- 

8  rum  non  sequetur 

H'M'HER'    hoc  monumentum  heredem  fiduci- 

FIDVCI-        arium  non  sequetur 

AR'N'8 

H'M'irir      hoc  monumentum  heredes  heredis 
(non  sequetur) 


H'M'H'M'      hoc  monumentum  heredem  meum 

N'S  non  sequetur 

H'M'H'N'C    hoc    monumentum    heredi    non 

cedit 
II'M'H'N'S    hoc  monumentum  heredem    non 

sequetur 
H'M'H'N'S'  hoc  monumentum  heredem   non 

N'H'H  sequetur  nee  heredes  heredis 

H'M'H'N'S'  hoc  monumentum   heredem   non 

NEQ'LIB'     sequetur   neque    libertos    [eius 

EROS      neque  post] eros 

H'M'H'N'S'  hoc  monumentum  heredem   nou 

N'L'S  sequetur  nee  locus  sepulturae 

H'M'H'S        hoc  monumentum  heredes  seque- 
tur 

H'M'I'A        huic  monumento  itus  actus  • 
H'M'L'S'AB  huic  monumento,  loco  sepulturae, 

abesto  (dolus  malus)? 
H'M'M  honesta  missione  missus 

H'M'M  honor  magisterii  Mercurialium 

H'M'N'S        heredem  monumentum  non  seque- 
tur 

H'M'S'D'M    hoc  monumentum  sine  dolo  malo 
H'M'S'L'H'  hoc  monumentum  sive  locus  here- 

N'S  dem  non  sequetur 

H'M'S'S'E'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

F'C  est  faciendum  curaverunt 

H'M'S'S'E'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

H'H'N'S        est  heredes  non  sequetur 
H'M'S'S'E'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

H'M'N'S        est  heredem  meum  non  sequetur. 
H'M'S'S'E'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

H'N'S  est  heredem  non  sequetur. 

H'M'S'S'E'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

N'N'S  est  n ?  non  sequetur 

H'M'S'S'E'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

N'S  est  non  sequetur 

H'M'S'S'H'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

H'EX'N'S      hoc  heredem  exterum  non   se- 
quetur 
H'M'S'S'H'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

M'N'S  heredem  ?  meum  non  sequetur 

H'M'S'S'H'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

N'S  heredem  non  sequetur 

H'M'S'S'        hoc  monumentum    sive    sepulcri 

VSTRIN        ustrinum 
H'M'S'V'L'   hoc  monumentum  sive  locus  non 

N'S'Q  sequetur 

H'M'S'V'S'    hoc  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum 

E'H'N'S         est  heredem  non  sequetur 
H'M'V  honestae  memoriae  vir 

H'N'S  heredem  non  sequetur 

H'N'C  Hispania  Nova  Citerior 

H'N'S -N'       heredem  non  sequetur  nee  libertos 

L'S  suos 

HO  horrearius 

H'O'B'Q         hie  ossa  bene  quiescant 
HOC  MON'   hoc    monumentum   sive    hoc    se- 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


435 


SI'HO'SE1      pulcrum  heredem  non  sequetur 

HR-NO'SEQ 

H'O'E'B         hie  ossa  ei  bene 
HON  honor 

HON  honoratus 

HON'F  honoribus  functus 

IION'M          honesta  matrona 
HOPL  hoplomachus 

HOR  hora 

HOR  Horatia  (tribus) 

HOR  horrea 

HOROL          horologium 
HORB  horrearius 

H'O'S  hie  ossa  sita 

H-O-T-B-Q     hie  ossa  tibi  bene  quiescant 
H'O'V'B'Q    hie  ossa  volo  or  vobis  bene  quies- 
cant 

H'P  heres  posuit 

H'P  hie  positus  or  heredes  posuerunt 

H'P  homo  probus  ? 

H'P'C  heres  ponendum  curavit 

H'P'D  Herculi?    Primigenio?  dedit? 

H'PR  hastatus  prior 

H'P'R  hostes  populi  Romani 

H'Q  hie  quiescat 

H'Q'B  hie  quiescat  bene 

HRD  heredes 

H'R'I'R         honore  recepto  impensam  remisit 
H'S  hie  situs,  sita;  sepultus,  sepulta 

H'S'A  hie  situs  a.... 

H'S'B'P'E      hie  situs  bene  positus  ?  est 
H'S'B'Q         hie  situs  bene  quiescat 
H'S'D'M'A    huic  sepulcro  dolus  malus  abesto 
H'S'E  hie  situs,  sita  est  or  hie  sepultus, 

sepulta  est 

H'S'E'B'Q     hie  situs  est;  bene  quiescat 
H'S'E'H'EX  hie  situs  est ;  heres  ex  testamento 

T'F'C  faciundum  curavit 

H'S'E'H'F     hie  situs  est ;  heres  fecit 
H'S'E'H'P     hie  situs  est ;  heredes  posuerunt 
H'S'E'O'T'    hie  situs  est ;  ossa  tua  bene  quies- 

B'Q  eant 

H'S'E'O'V'    hie  situs  est ;  ossa  volo  bene  qui- 

B'Q  escant 

H'S'E'ST'T'L  hie  situs  est;  sit  tibi  terra  levis 
H'S  E'T'F'     hie  situs  est ;  titulum  fieri  iussit ; 

I'H'F'C          heres  faciundum  curavit 
H'S'E'T'F'I'hic  situs  est;  titulum  fieri  iussit; 

H'P  heres  posuit 

H'S %EX  8      heres  secundus  ex  semisse  ? 
H-S'H  hie  situs,  heredes  ? 

H'S'H'A'       hoc  sepulcrum   heredibus  abalie- 

N'L  nare  non  licet 

H'S'H'E         hie  situs,  heredes  eius 
H'S'H'N'S     hoc  sepulcrum  heredem  non  se- 

quitur 

H'S'L'P        '.hoc  sepulcrum  libens  posuit  ? 
H'S'N'S         heredem  secundum  non  sequetur 


H'S'O'B         hie  situs  ;  ossa  bene 

H'S-O-T         hie  situs ;  ossa  tibi 

H'SP  hie  sepultus  ? 

H'SP-E          hie  sepultus  est 

H'S'Q  hie  situs  ;  quiescat 

H'S'S  hie  siti  or  sepulti  sunt 

H'S'S-H'T-B1  hie  situs  sepultus;  hie  tibi  bene 
Q'H'E'S  quiescat;  heredes?  eius?  s... 

H-S'S'S-V-T-L  hie  siti  sunt.    Volo  terra  levis 

H-S'T  hie  situs  ;  tibi 

H-S'T-F-I       hie  situs  ;  testamento  fieri  iussit 

H'T  hie  tu 

HT'B  hie  tu  bene 

H-T'B-C         hie  tu  bene  cubes  ? 

H'T'B'Q  hie  tu  bene  quiescas  ;  or  tumula- 
tus  bene  quiescas 

H'f'F'C  heredes  testamento  fieri  curave- 
runt 

H'T'H'N'S  hie  tumulus?  heredem  non  seque- 
tur 

II'T'O-B-Q    hie  tibi  ossa  bene  quiescant 

H'T'V'P        heres  testamento  vivus  posuit 

H'V  Hercules  victor 

H'Y  honore  usus 

H-VF  heres  vivus  fecit 

H'V'I'R         honore  usus  impensam  remisit 

H'V'O'B'Q    hie  volo  ossa  bene  quiescant 

H'V'S'R         honore  usus  sumptum  remisit 

H'V-S'R-L-  honore  usus  snmptus  remisit; 
D'D'D'  loco  dato  decreto  decurionum 

H'VV-S         Herculi  victori  votum  solvit 


I 

I 
I 
I 
I 
I-A 


I 

lanuarius  (mensis) 

invictus  (Mithras) 

itur 

lulius,  lulia 

iunior 

in  agro 


I  A,  IAN         lanuariae 

I'A'P  in  agro  pedes 

PC  in  Capitolio 

I'C'A  ius    civile    (or    iuris    consultus) 

abesto 

ID-IAN          Idus  lanuariae 
I'D  invictus  deus 

I'D  lupiter  Dolichenus 

I-D  iure  dicundo 

IDE  Idibus 

I-D-D'D         lovi  Dolicheno  dono  dedit 
ID  E  id  est 

I'D'P  iure  dicundo  praeesse 

I-D-Q-C'P      iure   dicundo    quinquennalis   cen- 

soriae  potestatis 

I'D'Q'Q          iure  dicundo  quinquennalis 
IDQ'P  iidemque  probaverunt 

ID-QVOT-D-F  idem  quotannis  divisio  fiat 


436 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


TE  iudex  esto 

TE'V'Q'I'     in  ea  verba  quae  infra  scripta  sunt 

s-s 

I'F  in  fronte 

I'F'P  in  fronte  pedes 

THER  invictus  Hercules 

I-H-MTA-  in  hoc  monumentum  itum  aditum 

S'C'F  sacrorum  causa  facere 

IIMMPP'CC-  (duobus)  imperatoribus  Caesari- 

AAEE8S          bus 

PL'H  ius  liberorum  habena 

ILL  illustris 

IM  imaginifer 

IM  imperator 

I'M  invictus  Mithras 

IMA  imaginifer 

I  MAG  imaginifer 

IM'C  imaginifer  cohortis 

IMM  immolaverunt 

IMM  immunis 

IMMAG1  imaginifer 

IMMV  immunis 

IMP  imperator,  imperatum  ?,  imperium 

IMP  impetus 

IMP'D'N  imperator  dominus  noster 

IMPE  imperator 

IMPER  imperator 
IMPET-LIPPIT  impetus  lippitudinis 

IMP'N  imperator  noster 

IM'PP  immunis  perpetuus 

IMPP  imperatores  (duo) 

IMPP'CC  imperatores  Caesares  (duo) 
IMPP-DD'NN  imperatores  (duo)  domini  nostri 

IMP'P'Q'R  imperium  populusque  Romanus 

IMP'S  impensa  sna 

IN  (pater)  infelicissimus 
IN  A,  IN  AG,  IN  AGR  in  agro 

IN  CAL  in  caliga 

IN  C'D'C'D  in  cujus  dedicatione  cenam  dedit  ? 
INC-FR-PVBL  incisus  frumento  publico 

INCOMP  incomparabilis 

IND  indictio 

IN  E'V'Q'  in  ea  verba  quae  infra  scripta  sunt 

1-8-8 

IN  F,  FR  in  fronta 

INF-S-S  infra  subscript!  or  scripti  sunt 

ING  ingenua 

IN  H'D'D  in  honorem  domus  divinae 

IN  HO  in  honorem 

IN  K'S  in  capita  singula 

INL  inlustris 

INPP  imperatoribus  (duobus) 

INP'S  inpensa  sua 

IN  QVINQ  in  quinquennium 

IN  R  in  retro 

IN  T  in  tergo 

*a  I.  L.  III.  1583. 


INS  instante,  instantia 

IN  SING-H  in  singulos  homines 

IN'S'S  infra  scripti  or  scripta  sunt 

INSTA  instante,  instantia 

INST'TAB    instrumentinn  tabulariorum 

IN  SVO  CONST,  E  in  suo  constituit,  erexit 

INTER          interrex 

INT  intulit 

INV,  IN VI    invictus 

IN  V-R-P'VE  in  urbe  Roma  propius  ve  mbi 
V'R'P'M  Romae  passus  mille 

I'O'C  lupiter  optimus  Capitolinus 

I'O'D  lupiter  optimus  Dolichenus 

I'O'D'E  lupiter  optimus  Dolichenus  E  ... 

I'O'M  lupiter  optimus  maximus 

I'O'M'A'D  lupiter  optimus  maximus  Au- 
gustus Dolichenus 

I'O'M'B  lupiter  optimus  maximus  Balma-r- 
codes 

I'O'M'C  lupiter  optimus  maximus  conser- 
vator 

I'O'M'C'O'  lupiter  optimus  maximus  cete- 
D'l  rique  omnes  dii  immortales 

I'O'M'CVL  lupiter  optimus  maximus  culmi- 
nalis 

I'O'M'D          lupiter  optimus  maximus  depulsor 

I'O'M'D  lupiter  optimus  maximus  Doli- 
chenus 

I'O'M'F  lupiter  optimus  maximus  fulmi- 

nator 

I'O'M'F'F  lupiter  optimus  maximus  fulrni- 
nator  fulgurator 

I'O'M'H  lupiter  optimus  maximus  Ileli- 
opolitanus 

I'O'M'H'A  lupiter  optimus  maximus  Ileli- 
opolitanus  Augustus 

rO'M'I'R'  lupiter  optimus  maximus  luno 
M'T'M  regina,  Minerva,  Terra  mater 

I'O'M'S  lupiter  optimus  maximus.  Surs.Mi- 

lanus 

IOVR-DIC     iure  dicundo 

I-O'S'INVI  lupiter  optimus  Sol  invictus... 
...R'N  rupe  natus 

rO-S'P'D  lupiter  optimus  Sol  praestantissi- 
mus  dignus 

I-p  iter  prohibitum 

I'P'AVG        lanus  pater  Augustus 

I'P-QVE         ius  potestasque  (esto) 

I-Q'S'S'S        ii  qui  supra  scripti  sunt 

I'Q'P  Wemque  probavit 

I'R  luno  Regina 

I'S  infra  scriptus 

I-S'E  (h)Ic  situs  est 

I'S'M'R          luno  sospes  magna  regina 

I'S'P  impensis  suis  posuit 

ISPEC 2          (i)speculator 

2  C.LL.\lll.  ': 


TABLE  OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


437 


ISTAN  instante,  instantia 

ISTR »  (i)strator 

rS'V'P  in  suo  vivi  posuerunt 

IT  item 

IT  iterum 

ITAL  Italica  (legio) 

rT'M'F'C      idem  testamento  monumentum  fa- 
ciendum curavit 

IT-V-S-M       ita  votum  solvam  meritis  ? 
IVD  iudicans,  iudicandus,  iudex 

IVD-DEC;    IVD-    index    decuriae,    iudex    de 

DE  VDEC  quinque  decuriis 

rV'E'E'R'    ita  utei  eis  e  re  publica  fideve  sua 

P-F'S-V'E      videbitur  esse 
IVG  iugera 

IVL  lulius,  lulia 

IVL-TEP-MAR  lulia  Tepula  Marcia 
IVN  iunior 

IVN'REG      luno  regina 
IVR  iuridicus 

IVR-DIC        iure  dicundo  ;  iuris  dictio 
IVRID  iuridicus 

IVS'SA          iussione  sacra 
IVV  iuvenes  (collegium  iuvenum) 

K 

K  Kaeso 

K  kalendae2 

K  kalendarium 

K  calumnia 

K  candidatus 

K  caput 

K  castellum,  castellani,  castrum,  cas- 
tra 

K  coniux 

K  cardo 

K  carissimus,  carissima 

K  casa 

K  corpus  ? 

X  castra 

KAL  kalendae 

KANAL  canaliclarius 
KANJ),  KANDID  candidatus 

KAR  carissimus,  carissima 

KARC  carcerarius 

KARM  Carmentalia 

KAS,  KAST  castra 

KAST'PER  castra  peregrina 

K'K  calumniae  causa 

KK  castra 

K'L  caput  legis 

KLM3  dementis 

1  C.LL.VIII.  2957. 

2  Wilmanns  remarks  (Exempla,  p.  723)  that 
this  abbreviation  is  very  common  before  180  A.D. 
anil  rare  after.     We  find  then  generally  KAL. 

3  C.  L  L.  XIV.  3088. 


K-0 

K'Q 

KRS 

KR8MAE 

K-S 

KVR 


L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L 

L'A 

LA'B 

LAC 


cannophori  Ostienses 
Kalendae  quinctiles 
carissimus,  carissima 
carissimae 
carus  suis 
Cyrenai'ca  (legio) 


latuin 

legio 

leuga 

lex 

liberatus 

libertus,  liberta 

librarius 

ligatum  4 

lippitudo 

locus,  loculus 

longum 

Lucius 

luna 

libens  animo 

laudabilis  bonus  ? 

lacus 


L'A'D  libens  animo  dedit 

L'A'D'D         libens  animo   donum    dat,  dede- 

runt,  dedicat 
LANIS  lanista 

LAP  lapis 

LAPID  lapidarius 

LAR  Larentinalia 

L'AR'E          librarius  arcarii  evocatus  ? 
LAR'ET  IMAG  Lares  et  imagines 
LAR-MIL      Lares  militares 
LAT  laticlavius 

LAT'FVER  Latinae  fuere 
LARG  largus 

L'A-SOL        libens  animo  soMt 
LATIC,  LATICL  laticlavius 
LAV'LAV     Laurens  Lavinas 
LAVR'LAV  Laurens  Lavinas 
L'B  libertus  bonus 

L'B'S  libens  solvit 

L-C  laticlavius 

L'C  librarius  capsarius  ? 

L-C  liber  condicione  ? 

L'C  librarius  cohortis  ? 

L'C  locus  concessus 

LC  Lucius 

L-C-D-D         locus  concessus  decreto  decurio- 

num 

L'O'IX  liberatus  coronarum  novem 

L'D  (votum)  libens  dat 

L'D  libero  damno 

L'D  locum  dedit,  loco  dato,  locus  da- 

tus,  locum  donavit 

*  C.  L  L.  V.  6414. 


438 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


L'D'A  EEP  locus  datus  a  re  publics 

L'D'D  libens  donum  dedit 

L'D'D'C         locus  datus  decreto  collegii 

L'D-D-C'F'C  locus  datus  decreto  collegii  fabrum 
centonariorum 

L'D'D'C'V    locus  datus  decreto  centumvirum 

L'D'D'CRE'C  locus  datus  decreto   centumvi- 
rum 

L'D'D'D        locus  datus  decreto  decurionum 

L'D'D'D'D'D  loco  dato   decreto  decurionum, 
dono  dederunt 

L'D'D'D'P    locus  datus  decreto    decurionum 
publice 

L'D'DEC'N'R  loco  dato  decreto  nautarum  Rho- 
danicoruin 

L'D'D'P'       loco  dato  decreto  pagi  Condatium 
COND 

L'D'D'PA      locus  datus  decreto  paganorurn 

L'D'D'S'V     locus  datus  decreto  senatus  Vo- 
contiorum 

L'D'D 'V        locus  datus  decreto  utriclariorum 
vicanorum 

L'D'EX  D'D  locus  datus  ex  decreto  decurionum 

L'D'EX  D'PAG  locus  datus  ex  decreto  pagi 

L'D'G  legio  decima  Gemina 

L'D'P  locus  datus  publice 

L'D'P'C         locus  datus  permissu  collegii 

L'D'P'D'D     locus  datus  publice  decreto  decu- 
rionum 

L'D'P'P'        locus  datus  pecunia  publica,  de- 
D'D  creto  decurionum 

L'D'PVB'      locus  datus  publice  decreto  decu- 
D'D  rionum 

L'D'S'C         locus  datus  senatus  consulto 

LE  lene 

LE'A'L          lene  ad  lippitudinem 

LEG  legatus 

LEG  legavit 

LEG  legio 

LEG'AVG     legatus  Augusti 

LEG'AVG'CENS'  legatus  Augusti  censibus  ac- 
ACC  cipiendis 

LEG'AVGG' legatus  Augustorum  duorum  pro 
PR-PR  praetore 

LEG'AVG'P'P  legatus  Augusti  pro  praetore 

LEG'AVG'         legatus  Augusti  pro  pratore 
PR-PR,  PRAE 

LEG'COR      lege  Cornelia 

LEG'IVR      legatus  iuridicus 

LEG-LEG      legatus  legionis 

LEG'PL'VE*  leges  plebeive  scitum  senatusve 
SC'S-VE-C     consultum 

LEG'PROCOS  legatus  proconsulis 

LEG'PRO'Q  legatus  pro  quaestore 

LEG'S'C         legatus  senatus  consulto 

LEMO,  LEMON  Lemonia  (tribus) 

LEM  Lemonia  (tribus) 

LEM  Lemuria 


L'ET  F'D'D  libertis,  or  Laribus  et  familiae  do- 
num dederunt 

L-ET  L  liberti  et  libertae 

LEV  leucoma 

L'F  Latinae  fuerunt 

L'F  laudabilis  femina 

L'F  liberti  fecerunt 

L'F  librarius  fisci  ? 

L'F'D'D         Laribus  familiaribus  donum  dede- 
runt 

L'F'D'D         ludos  fecerunt  decurionum  decreto 
LG  legio 

L'H'N'S         locus  heredem  non  sequitur 
LI  libertus  ? 

LIB  libellus 

LIB  liber 

LIB  liberatus, 

LIB  liber,  liberalitas 

LIB  libertus,  liberta 

LIB  librae 

LIB  librarius 

LIB  liburna 

LIB  Libya 

LIB'AGON  Liberalia  Agonalia 
LIB-AN         libens  animo 
L1BB  liberti 

LIB-COS        librarius  consularis  ? 
LIBEL  libella 

LIBER  libertas  (dea) 

LIBER  libertus 

LIB-LIBERTABVSQ-  libertis      libertabusque 

SVIS'P'E  suis  posterisque  eorum 

LIB-LIB-Q'P(POST)-  libertis  libertabusque  po- 

EOR  sterisque  eorum 

LIBR  libertus 

LIBR,  LIBRA  librarius 
LIBR-COMM  ST'    librarius    commentarioruin 

HER-T'K  stationis  hereditatium  ta- 

bularii?  kastrensis? 
LIBTIS          libertatis 
LIC  licet 

LI-E-P-OP'N  liberti  eius  patrono  optimo  nostro 
LTF-PIIII' locus  in  fronte  pedes  IIII ;  retro 

R'P'IIII         pedes  IIII 
LIG  Liguria 

LI'M-V'S'L  libens  merito  votum  solvit  laetus 
L-IN-CIR       ludi  in  circo 
L'IN'LA        locus  in  latitudinem 
LINT  lintiarius 

LIP,  LIPP    lippitudo 
LIQV  liquamen 

L'L  Laurens  Lavinas 

L'L  legatus  legionis 

L'L  libens  laetus 

L'L  liberti  libertae 

L'L  librarius  legati  or  legionis 

L'L  Lucii  (duo) 

L'LIB  locus  libertorum  ? 


TABLE   OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


439 


L'LIBERT'POSTE-  libertis  libertabusque  po- 
RIS  Q'EOR  sterisque  eorum 

L'L'L'L'L'M1  laeti  libentes  ?  merito 

L'L'P'E         libertis  libertabus  posterisque  eo- 
rum 

L'L'L'P'O'    libertis  libertabusque...    posteris- 
M'S  que  omnibus  monumentum  sta- 

tuit? 

L'L'M  laetus  libens  merito 

L'L'P'E         libertis  libertabus  posterisque  eo- 
ruin 

L'L'P  D         laetus  libens  p...  dedit 

L'L'P'Q'E      libertis  libertabus  posterisque  eo- 
rum 

L'L'P'S          libertis  libertabus  posterisque  suis 

L'L'Q  libertis  libertabusque 

L'L'T  librarius  (tribuni)  laticlavii 

L'L'V'S         laetus  libens  votum  solvit 

L'M  libens  merito 

L'M  libertus  meus 

L'M  locus  monumenti 

L'M'A'P        locus    monument!    ante?     pedes 
(XX) 

L'M  ludus  inagnus 

L-M-D  libens  merito  dedit 

L'M'F  libens  merito  fecit 

L'MIL  Lares  militares 

L'M'P  libens  merito  posuit 

L'M'S  libens  merito  solvit 

L'N  Lucius  noster 

LO  locus 

LOO  locator 

LOC'ACCEP'  loco  accepto  decreto  decurionum 
D-D 

LOC'ACCEP-DED  loco  accepto  dedit 

LOC'D  locus  datus 

LOC'D  AT'D'D  locus  datus  decreto  decurionum 

LOC'EMPT  locus  emptus 

LOC'EMP     locus  emptus 

LOO'H'S'P    loco    hoc    sibi    permisso    senatus 

1     S'C'P'S  consulto  pecunia  sua2 

LOC-LIB       locus  libertorum  ? 

LOC'MONVM  locus  monument! 

LOC'P'P        locorum  publicorum  persequendo- 
rum 

LOC'PVB      loco  publico 

LOC'PVBL'  locorum  publicorum  persequendo- 

PERSEQ        rum 
LOC'SEP       locus  sepulturae 

LON  longus 

L'P  lex  Petronia  ? 

L-P  locus    pedum,   or   latus  (longus) 

pedes 

L'P  Liber  pater 

L'P  libertus  patrono 

L'P  libens  or  libertus  posuit 

i  Brambach,  1315.         *  Orelli,  1450  =  471?. 


L'P'D'A'P  lege  Papiria  de  acre  publico  ? 

L'P'D'D'D  locus  publice  datus  decreto  decu- 
rionum 

L'P'I  libens  poni  iussit  (?) 

L'P 'IT  legio  prim  a  Italica 

L'P'M  legio  prima  Minervia 

L'P'P  locorum  publicorum  persequendo- 

rum 

L'P'P'P  loco  publico  pecunia  publica 

L'P'Q  locus  pedum  quadratorum 

L'Q  locus  quadratus 

L'P'S  libertis  posterisque  suis  ? 

L'K'P  legas  rogo  praeteriens 

L'S  libentes  solverunt 

L'S  locus  sepulturae 

L'S'D  locum  sibi  dante  ? 

L'S'D'  locus  sepulturae  datus  decurionum 

D'D  decreto 

L'SE'H  locus  sepulturae  heredem  non  se- 

N'S  quetur 

L'S'M  locus  sepulturae  monumentique  ? 

L'S 'PR  librarius  subpraefecti 

LT  laticlavius 

L'T,  L'TR  librarius  tribuni 

LV  Lucius 

LVB'MER  lubens  merito 

LVC  Lycia 

LVD'F  ludos  fecit 

LVD'MAT  ludus  matutinus 

LVN'VET  Lunense  vetus 
LVP,  LVPERC  Lupercalia,  Lupercus 

L'V'S  libens  votum  solvit 
LVSTR'MON'SAC  lustratio  inontis  sacri 

LYC  Lycaonia 

L'V  luna  quinta 

M 

M  Macedonica  (legio) 

M  magister 

M  maiestas 

M  maiora 

M 8  manipularis 

M  Manes 

M  manu 

M  Marcus 

M  marmora 

M  Martia  (legio) 

M  mas  (bos) 

M  maritus 

M  Mars 

M  mater 

M  Matres  or  Matronae 

M  Mauretania     (Caesariensis,      Siti- 

fensis) 

M  maximus 

*C.I.L.X.  3595. 


440 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


M  memoria 

M  mensis,  menses,  mensibus 

M  Mercurius 

M  merens,  meritus 

M  metalla 

M  (votum  solvit  bona)  mente  ? 

M  miles,  militavit 

M  mille,  milia 

M  Minervia  (legio) 

M  Minerva 

M  minus 

M  missus  (ex  legione) 

M  modius 

M  moneta 

M  monumentum 

M  mortuus 

M  muliebris 

M  municipium    , 

M  murmillo 

M  menses 

M/  Manius 

A  mortuus  ? 

MA  manu 

M'A  Mercurius  Augustus 

M'A  militavit  annos 

M'A  municipium  Atria 

M'A'A  municipium  Aurelium  Apulum 

MAC,  MACEI)  Macedonia;  Macedonica  (legio) 

MACH  machinarii 

M-  AD  M-     magister  ad  Martem  Praenestinum 

PKAEN 

MAE,  MAEC  Maecia  (tribus) 
MA'ET  PA   mater  et  pater 
MAG  magister,   magistri,  magisterium, 

magistratus 

MAG'AVG    magister  Augustalis 
MAG'C'D       magister  c...  dedit 
MAG'COL     magister  collegii 
MAG'EQ        magister  equitum 
MAG-FIG      magister  figulorum 
MAGG  magistri,  magistratus 

MAG'FAB     magister  fabrum 
MAGN  magnarius 

MAG'PAG     magistri  pagi  Augusti  felicis  su- 
AVG'F'S-      burbani    pro    iudis    ex    decreto 
PRO  LVD'    decurionum1 
EX  D-D 

MAG'P,  PERP,  PP  magister  perpetuus 
MAG 'PR        magister  primus 
MAG-PR        magister  privatae 
MAG-PRIVAT-  magister  privatae  Aegypti  et 

AEG'ET  LIB       Libyae 
MAG-PROVE      magistratus  prove  magistratu 

MAG'P'R  populi  Romani 

MAG'QQ        magister  quinquennalis 
MAG'QVIN  magister  quinquennalis 

i  C.  I.  L.  X.  853. 


M'A'G'S         memor  animo  grato  solvit 

MAG'VIC      magister  vici 

MAG'IIII  F  magister  quartum  factus 

MAI  Maius  (mensis) 

MAI,  MA  1C  Maecia  (tribus) 

MAIES-D      majestas  divina 

MAM  Mamercus 

MAN  manipularis 

MANC  maneipium 

MAN'ET  CIN  Manibus  et  cineribus  ? 

MANI  Manibus 

MANIP,  MANI  PL,  MANP*  manipularis 

MAR  Marcia  (aqua) 

MAR  margaritarius 

MAR  marinus 

MAR  maritus 

MARG  margaritarius 

MARM  marmoreus 

MART  Martius  (mensis),  Martia  (legio) 

MART-VIC,  VICT   Martia  victrix  (legio) 

MANB  s         manibus  (see  page  273) 

MANIPLR    manipularis 

MAR  marsus 

MAT  mater 

MAT  Matres  or  Matronae 

MAT'B          mater  bona 

MATER-D'   Mater  deum  magna  Idaea  Dindy- 
M-I-D  mena?* 

MAT'F-F'CAR  mater  fecit  filio  carissimo 

MATR  Matres  or  Matronae 

MAV  Mavortius 

MAV  Mauri  (cohors) 

MAVR'CAES  Mauretania  Caesarieusis  or  Siti- 
or  SITIF  or      fensis  or  Tingitana 
TINGIT 

MAVRET      Mauretania 
MAX  maximus 

M-B  municipium  Bergomatium 

M-B-M-F        maritus  bene  merenti  fecit 
M'B'D-D-D   magistrae  Bonae  Deae  donum  de- 

derunt  ? 

M'C  mater  castrorum 

M'C  Mauretania  Caesariensis 

M-C  memoriae  causa 

M.CA  Mauretania  Caesariensis 

M-C'D'S         momentum  condiderunt  ?  de  suo 
M'C'F  memoriae  causa  fecit 

MCP  municipium 

M'C'P'M        miles  classis  praetoriae  Misenatis 
M'CL'PR       miles  classis  praetoriae 
M-C-P-S-I       Mithras  Cautus  Pater  Sol  invictus  ? 
M'C-T'R'N    memoriae  causa  titulumrenovavit  ? 
M-D  Manibus  Diis? 

•  M'D  .  .iiiii,er  deum 

M'D  mater  dulcissima 

2  C.  I.  L.  X.  3535.      '  C.  I.L.  VII.  1336,  585 
«  Boissieu,  In-ftc.  de  Lyon,  p.  24. 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


441 


M'D  municipium  Dianensium 

M'D'A'N       metalla  doinini  August!  nostri 

M'D'M  Mater  deuin  magna 

M'D'M'A       monumento  dolus  inalus  abesto 

M'D'M  I         Mater  deum  magna  Idaea 

ME,  MEG       Maecia  (tribus) 

M'E  inerita  eius 

ME  Mesogites  (vinum) 

MED  Medicus 

MED  medicus 

MED  Meditrinalia 

M  ED  'LVD  -MAT   medicus  ludi  matutina 

MED'ORD     medicus  ordinarius 

MED'TVC*  Medixtuticus 

MEM  memoria 

MEM'COL     (ad)  memoriam  colendam 

MEN  Menenia  (tribus) 

MEN  men  sis 

MEN  mensor 

MENEN        Menenia  (tribus) 

MENS'AGRAR,    mensor  agrarius,  agrorum 

AGROR 

MENSS          menses 
M-E&  miliaria  equitata  (cohors) 

MER  Mercurius 

MER  meridianus  (gladiator) 

MER  merita,  inerens,  meritus 

MERC  Mercurialis 

MERC-CAN  Mercurius  Canetonensis 
MERK  mercatus 

MER'S  Mercurio  sacrum 

MES  mensis 

ME3  mensor 

MES  Mesogites  (vinum) 

MESOP          Mesopotamia 
MET  metalla 

METR,  METROP  metropolis 
M'F  magister  fani 

M'F  mater  fecit 

M'F  monumentum  fecit  or  memoriam 

fecit 

M'F  miles  factus 

M'F  munere  functus 

M'F  (omnibus    honoribus)  municipali- 

bus  functus 

M'F'A  municipium  Flavium  Arvense 

M'FE'SV       memoriam  fecit  suis 
M'F'F'M        mater  fecit  filio  merenti  or  memo- 

riam fecit,  etc. 

M'F'L'A        magister  fani  Larum  Augustorum 
M'F'V  municipium  Fabrateria  vetus 

M'H'F'C        memoriam  or  monumentum  heres 

faciendum  curavit 

M-H  (HON)'  M  (M  ISS)  mlssus-uonesta  missione 
M'H'N'S        monumentum    heredem    non    t»e- 


1  Orelli,  3804. 


M'l 

MI 

MI 

MIL 

MIL 

MILL 

MILT 


magna  Idaea  (Mater) 

Maecia  (tribus) 

Mithras 

miles,  militavit,  militia 

milia,  miliaria 

inilia 

militavit 


MILTS  militis 

MIL-P  milia  passuum 

MIL-PETIT  militiae  petitor 

MIN  Minatius  or  Minius 

MIN  Minervia  (legio) 

MIN  Minicia 

MIN  minister,  ministri 

MIN  minor 

MINER  Minerva  (legio) 

MINER-MEM  Minerva  meinor* 

MINIS  minister 

MIS  missio,  missicius,  missus 

MISS'HON'M  missus  honesta  missione 

M'K  mater  castrorum 

M'L  miles  legionis 

ML  miles 

M'L  municipium  Lambiriditanum 

W,  W\,  /W,  $'L  mulierislibertus,  liberta 

M'M  magister  Mercurialis 

M'M  malis  male 

MM  Marci  duo 

M'M  Mater  magna 

MM  memoriae 

M'M  inunicipes  municipii 

M'M'F  marito  monumentum  fecit 

M'M'F  memoriam  fecit 

M'M'F'A  municipes    municipii    Flavii    Ar- 

vensis 

M'M'I  Mater  magna  Idaea 

M'M'P'OR  magister  militiae  per  Orientem 

M'M-P'F  marito  merenti  pia  fecit 

MMR  memoria 

M'M'V  municeps  municipii  Vicetiae 

M'N  Mars  Nabelcus 

M'N  metalla  nova 

M'N  milia  nummum 

MN  minus 

M'N  municipium  Novaria 

M'O  matri  optimae 

MO  Montani  (cohors),  Montanae  (deae) 

MO  monumentum 

MOL  mulier 

MOLIN  molinarius 

MON  monetalis 

MON  monumentum 

MONEM  monumentum 

MON'H'M'  monumentum  heredem  meum  non 

N'S  sequetur 

MONIM  monumentum 

2  Orelli,  1427. 


442 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


MON'SAC  monitor  sacroram 

MONT'P'C  Montanorum  pia  constans(cohors) 

MONT  monumentum 

M'N  municipium  Novensium 

M'P  magister  pagl 

M'P  maior  pars 

M'P  mater  posuit 

M'P  memoriain  posuit 

M'P  mille  passus,  milia  passuum 

M'P  municipium  Placentia 

M'P  (PO)'  monumentum  positum  Diis  Mani- 

D'M  bus 

M'P'F  Minervia  pia  fldelis  (legio) 

M'P'P  matri  piissimae  posuit  or  maritus 

pius  posuit 

M'P'VL  Marci,  Publii,  Vibii  libertus 

M  K  merens 

M'S  Moesia  superior 

M'S  Mars  suus 

MS  mensis 

M'S  merito  solvit 
M'SEP'APVL  municipium  Septimium  Apulum 

M'S'P  maritus  sua  pecunia 

M'S'S  Mithrae  Soli  sacrum 

M'S'S'E'H'  monumentum  sive  sepulcrum  est 

N_'S  heredem  non  sequetur 

M'T  municipium  Thibilitanum 

M'T'F  memoriae  titulum  fecit 
M'TRIVMPH  municipium  Triumphale 

M'V  municipium  Verulanum 

MV  Murtites  (vinum) 

M'V'F  monumentum  vivus  fecit,  or  uxori 

fecit,  or  maritus  uxori  fecit 

M'YIC  municipium  Vicetia 

MVL  mulier 

MV'L  municipium  Lamasba 

MVL'LIB  mulieris  libertus  or  liberta 

MVL'XX  multis  (votis)  vicennalibus 

MVN  municipium 

MVNER  munerarius 

MVN'NAP  municipium  Napoca 

MVN'SEPT  municipium  Septimium  Apulum 

APVL 

M'V'P'P  maritus  uxori  piissimae  posuit 

MVR  murmillo 
MVR'SCAEV  murmillo  scaeva 

M'V'S  metnor  voti  solvit 

M'VX'P  maritus  uxori  posuit 


N 

natalis 
natione 
naturalis  ? 
natus 

navarchus,  nauta 
nefastus  (tristis) 
Nemesis  ? 
nepos 


Neronianus 

niger 

nomine 

Nonae 

Noricum 

noster    t 

novus,  novicius 

noxia  (hora) 

numeral 

Numerius 

numero,  numerus 

Numidia 

numen 


N,  N  or  H      nummi 

N  Nymphae 

NA  naturalis  (pater) 

NA  natione,  natus 

N'A  nauta  Araricus 

NAOFYL      nauphylax 

N'ARARIC  nautae  Ararici 

NARB  Narbonensis 

N'A'S  numini  Augusti  sacrum 

NAT  natione 

N'ATR  nautae  Atr... 

NAV  navicularius,  nauta 

NAVF  nauphylax 

N'AVG          numen  Augusti 

NAVIC          navicularius 

NAV'LIG-      nautae  Ligerenses 

N'BRIT         numerus  Britonum 

N'C  Numidia  Constantina 

N'C'INFER...  ne  cui?  inferre  (liceat?) 

N'D  numen  deorum 

N'D'A'N'M  nullum  dolorem  accepit  nisi  morte 

NEi  nemini 

NE  Neronianus 

NEG  negotiator 

NEG'FRV     negotiator  frumentarius 

NEGOT         negotiator 

NEG'PAENVL     negotiator  paenularius 

NEG'STIP'ARG  negotiator  stipis  argentarii 

NEP  nepos 

NER  Neronianus 

N'E'S'D         numini  eius  semper  devotus 

N'EXPLOR'BREM    numerus     exploratorum 

or  BREMEN  Bremeuiensium 

NF  nefastus  (hilaris) 

N'F'F'N'S'N'C  non  fui,  fui,  non  sum,  non  euro 
N'F'N'S'N'C       non  fui,  non  sum,  non  euro 
N'l  natione  Itala 

N'LIC  non  licet 

N'M  numerus  militum 

N'M'Q  numini  maiestatique 

N'M'Q'E'D    numini  maiestatique  eius  dicatissi- 

mus 
N'M  Noricum  mediterraneum 

i  Ephem.  Ep.  IV.  236. 


TABLE  OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


443 


N'M'V  nobilis  memoriae  vir 

N  N  nostri  (duo) 

N'N  numewis'noster 

NNOBB'CAESS1  nobilissimi  Caesares  (duo) 
NNNOOOBBB'    nobilissimi  Caesares  (tres) 

CAE88S 

NO  nobilissimus 

NO   .  Novius 

NOB'CAES  nobilissimus  Caesar 
NOB'FEM     nobilissima  femina 
NOB l  .  November 

NOBB'CAESS  nobilissimi  Caesares 
NOMI  nomine 

NON  Nonae 

NONAGEN  nonagenarius 
NOEICO        Noricorum  (ala) 
NOT  notarius 

NOV  November 

NOV  Novius 

N'P  natione  Pannonius  ?  Ponticus  ? 

NP  nefastus  (hilaris) 

N  P  Neptunus 

N  P  nobilissimus  puer 

N'P2  (si  fato  meliore  Mas)  non  pepe- 

rissent 

N'E  natione  Eaetus  ? 

N'E,  EHOD  nauta  Ehodanicus 
NEIS  nostris 

N'S  nomine  suo 

N'S '8 'I'M      numen  sanctum  Solis  invicti  Mi- 

thrae 

N'STAT         numerus  statorum 
N'T'M  numerus  ?  tegularum  minorum s 

N'V         ~     nobilissimus  vir 
NVB  numinibus 

NVM  numerarius,  numerus,  numero 

NVM  nummum 

NVM'AVG    numen  Augusti 
NVM'BAT'SEN  numerus Batavorum  seniorum 
NVM'DAL'    numerus    Dalmatarum    Diviten- 

DIVIT  sium 

NVMM,  NVMMVL  nummularius,  nummularia 
N'VBSAEIEN  numerus  Ursariensium 
NYMP  nymphaeum 

O 

O  Olus 

O  officina 

O  hoplomachus 

O  optio 

O,  P  horae 

O   _  ovum 

O,  O,  e,  9,  ©  obiit,  obitus 

O'B  optio  balnearii 

1  Boissieu,  Insc.  de,  Lyon,  p.  597. 

2  C.  I.  L.  V.  2956. 

8  Brambach,  Inse.  Rhen.  112. 


0-B 
OB 
OB 
O-B'C 


ossa  bene 
obiit  or  obitus 
obiit  or  obitus 
ossa  bene  cubent  ? 


OB  H,  HON  ob  honorem 

OB  M'E         ob  merita  eius,  inemoriam  eius 

.O'B'Q  ossa  bene  quiescant 

O'B'Q'T         ossa  bene  quiescant  tibi 

OBE  obrysuin 

O'C  opus  constat 

O'C'S  ob  cives  servatos 

OCT  octogenarius 

OCT,  OCTO,  OCTOB  October 

O'D  opus  doliare 

O-D-D-F-D-  opus  doliare  de  figlinis  Domitiae 

I/F  Lucillae;  flglinae 

O'D'S'M         optime  de  se  merito 
O'E'B  ossa  ei  bene 

O'E'B'Q         ossa  ei  bene  quiescant 
OF  Oufentina  (tribus) 

OF  officina 

OF'AVR        officina  Aureliana 
OFE,  OFEN,  OFENT,  Oufentina  (tribus) 

OFENTIN 

OFF  Oufentina  (tribus) 

OFF  officina,  officinator 

OFF  officium 

OFF'COEN  officium  corniculariorum 
OFFENT       Oufentina  (tribus) 
OFFI,  OFFIC     officina 
OFF-PA,  PAPI  officina  Papiri 
OFF'PEAETEE,  officium  praeteritorum,  rati- 

EAT  onum 

OFF'S'E        officina  summae  rei  or  summarum 

rationum 

OPI,  OFIC    officina 
O'H  ossa  hie? 

O'H'F  omnibus  honoribus  functus 

O'H'Q'^5         ossa  hie  quiescant  bene 
O'H'S  ossa  hie  sita 

O'H'S'S          ossa  hie  sita  sunt 
OIA  omnia4 

OL  olla 

OLL'D  or  D'S'D  ollas  dedit  or  de  suo  dedit 
OL-PO'V       olei  pondo  V 
O'L'S'T          opto  levis  sit  terra 
O'L'T  opto  levem  terram 

O'M  ob  memoriam 

O'M  optime  meritus 

O'M  optimus  maximus 

O'M'C'P'F-    oppidum  municipium  colonia  prae 

V'C'C'T         fectura  forum  vicus  conciliabu 

lum  castellum  territorinm 
O'M'D'S         optime  meritus  de  se 
O'M'V  ordo  municipii  V  ... 

O'N'F  omnium  nomine  faciundum 

*  Orelli,  6041. 


444 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


O'O'D            ornatus  ornamentis  decurionalibus 

P 

OP                  optimus 

P 

pagina 

OP                  optio 

P 

pagus 

OP'A,  ARK  optio  arcarii 

P 

Pannonii  (cohors) 

OP'B              optio  balnearii 

P 

Papiria,  Pollia  (tribus) 

OP'C,  CA       optio  carceris 

P 

parentes 

OP'CO            optio  cohortis 

P 

pars 

OPAL            Opalia 

P 

passus 

OP'C,  CA       optio  carceris 

P 

pater 

O'P-C             ollain  Publius  dedit  ? 

P 

patria 

OP'CO,  COH  optio  cohortis 

P 

patrimonium 

OP-D,  OP-DO,  OP-DOL  opus  doliare 

P 

patronus,  patrona 

OPER'PVB  opera  publica 

P 

pausarii  ?                   » 

OP'EQ           optio  equitum 

P 

peregrina  ?  l 

OPETR,  OPI  Opiter 

P 

Parthica  (legio) 

OPIC              Opiconsiva 

P 

pecunia 

OPL                hoplomachus 

P 

pedatura?,  pedes 

OPO               opobalsamatuin 

P 

per 

OP-PEC'S-F  opus  pecunia  sua  fecit 

P 

periit 

OP-PR,  PRI  optio  principis 

P 

pius  or  pie,  piissimus  pientissimus 

O'P'Q             ordo  populusque 

P 

(lex)  Plautia  ?  Papiria  ?  Pornpeia  ? 

OPSON          opsonator 

P 

pondo 

OPT               optimus,  optima 

P 

populus 

OPT                optio 

P 

posuit  or  posuerunt 

OPT'B            optio  balnearii 

P 

posteri 

OPT'C            optio  carceris 

P 

praefectus 

OPT'COH      optio  cohortis 

P 

praeses 

OPT'PR         optio  principis 

P 

praetor 

OP'VAL        optio  valetudinarii 

P 

praetoria  (cohors) 

OR  A,  OR  AT  Horatia  (tribus) 

P 

Primigenia  (legio) 

ORD                ordinarius 

P 

primus,  prima 

ORD'N           ordo  noster 

P 

princeps 

O'REST         orbis  restitutor 

P 

pro 

ORN               ornatus,  ornamenta 

P 

probum 

ORN'DEC     ornamenta  decurionalia 

P 

proconsul 

OR'P              hora  priina                                    « 

P 

procurator 

O-S                 ossa  sita 

P 

provincia 

OS'B'C           ossa  bene  cubent  ? 

P 

Proxumae  (deae) 

OS'B'Q          ossa  bene  quiescant 

P 

publicus,  publica 

OS-TIB-B-Q'S  ossa  tibi  bene  quiescant 

P 

Publius 

OS'T-B  Q       ossa  tibi  or  tua  bene  quiescant 

P 

pugnarum 

OS'T-B-N-Q  ossa  tibi  bene  quiescant 

q 

puella 

0-S-T-T-L      opto  sit  tibi  terra  levis 

PA 

pagani 

O-T'B             ossa  tibi  bene 

PA 

Palatina,  Papiria  (tribus) 

O'T-B'C         ossa  tibi  bene  cubent  ? 

PA 

pater 

O'T-B  Q         ossa  tibi  bene  quiescant 

PA 

patronus 

O-TIB            ossa  tibi 

P-A 

pondo  argenti 

O'T-Q             ossa  tibi  quiescant 

P-A 

provincia  Africa 

OV                  Ovius 

P-A 

publicutn  argentum 

O'V                 oro  vos 

PAC 

Pacuius 

O'V                 ornatus  vir 

PA'ET  MA 

pater  et  mater 

O-V-B-C         ossa  volo  bene  cubent 

PA'FECE 

parentes  fecerunt 

O'V'B'Q        ossa  volo  bene  quiescant 

PAG 

pagus,  pagani 

OVF               Oufentina  (tribus) 

PAG 

pagina 

O'VF             oro  vos  faciatis 

P-AG 

piisimus  Augustus 

O'V'F'D'R-  oro  vos  faciatis,  dignum  re  publica, 

PAL 

Palatina 

P-O'V'F         oro  vos  faciatis 

OVFENT,  OVFF  Oufentina  (tribus) 

1  Brambach,  163. 

TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


445 


PAL  palatium 

PAL  pallium 

PAL  Palmyreni  (numerus) 

PALAT,         Palatinus    (Salius),   Palatina   (tri- 

PALATIN     bus) 
PAN-INF       Pannonia  inferior 
PANN  Pannonia,  Pannonii  (cohors) 

PANNO          Pannonii  (cohors) 
PAP  Papiria 

PAPHLAG    Paphlagonia 
PAQ  •    Paquius 

PAE  parentes 

PAK  Parilia 

PAPER,  PAPI.  PAPIR  Papiria  (tribus) 
P'AREL         pausarius  Arelatensis 
PARENT       Parentalia 
PAR'M  Parthicus  maximus 

PART,  PARTH  Parthicus,  Parthica  (legio) 
PASS  l  passiva  (venatio) 

PAT  pater 

PAT  patricius 

PAT  patronus 

PAT'COL       patronus  coloniae 
PAT'ET  CVR  patronus  et  curator 
PAT'F'P'P     pater  flliae  piisimae  posuit 
PAT'MVN     patronus  municipii 
PATR  patronus,  patronatus 

PATR'C         patronus  centuriae 
PATR'COL    patronus  coloniae 
PATR'COL'  patronus    coloniae     rei    publicae 

R'P-R  Riciniensis 

PATRIM        patriinonium 
PATR'MVN  patronus  municipii 
PATRN          patronus 
P'A'V  provincia  Africa  vetus 

PAVIMEN     pavimentarius 
P'B'F  (filii)  patri  bono  fecerunt  ? 

PEL  publicus 

P'B'M  parentes  bene  merenti 

P'B'M  patrono  bene  merenti 

P'B  P,  P'B'PR  principalis  beneficiarius  praefecti 
P'BR'S  plumbum   Britannicum   signatum 

or  publicani  Britanniae  sanctae  ? 
P'C  patres  conscripti 

P'C  patronus    civitatis,    coloniae,    col- 

legii,  corporis 
PC  pecunia 

P'C  pia  constans  (legio  cohors) 

P'C  pietatis  causa 

P'C  ponendum  curavit 

P'C      .  post  consulatum 

P'C  potestate  censoria 

P'C'ET  S'A  (AS,    ponendum    curavit  et   sub 
ASC)'D  ascia  dedicavit 

1  C.  I.  L.  X.  3704,  where  it  is  wrongly  ex- 
plained as  Pass(erum).  The  word  is  found  in 
full  in  Notizle  Degli  Scavi,  1888,  p.  237. 


P'C'N  patronus  collegii  (corporis)  nostri 

P'C'O  publicum  coloniae  Ostiensis 

P'COL  patronus  coloniae 

P'COND        pagus  Condatium 

PCS  post  consulatum 

P'D  posuit  dedicavitque 

P'DAT'D'D  publice  datum  decurionum  decreto 

P'D'D  posuit  dedicavitque 

P'D'D  publice  decreto  decurionum 

P'D'D'E        populo  dare  damnas  esto 

P-D'D'P'P  posuerunt  decreto  decurionum  pe- 
cunia publica 

P'D'NON'F  (misellas  in)  perpetuum  dolorem 
non  funerassent2 

PE  Percennius  or  Pescennius 

PEC  pecunia,  pecuniosus 

PEC  pequarius 

PED  pedatura,  pedes 

PED  pedites,  peditata  (cohors) 

PEDIS,  PEDISEQ,  PEDISQ'  pedisequus 

PED -SING    pedes  singularis 

PEL  pellis 

PEQ  p3cunia 

P'EQ'R'M  patronus  eques  Romanus  muni- 
cipii 

PER  Percennius 

PER  peregrinus  (praetor) 

PER  permissu 

PERP  perpetuus 

P'E'S'C          publice  e  senatus  consulto 

PET  Petriana  (ala) 

P'ET  H          patronus  et  heres 

PERS  Persicus 

PESO  Pescennius 

PET  Petro 

P'F  pater  fecit  or  parentes  fecerunt 

P'F  pater  filio 

P'F  pia  femina  ? 

P'F  pia  fidelis 

P'F  pius  felix 

PF  praefectus 

P'F  (in  kalendas  Februarias  quae)  prox- 

imae  fuerunt 

P'F'C'R  pia  fidelis  civium  Romanorum 
(cohors) 

P'FE'FILIE  parenti  (or  parentibus)  fecerunt 
filiae 

P'FEL  pius  felix 

P'F'F  parentibus  fili  fecerunt  ? 

P'F'F  pia  felix  ffdelis  (legio) 

p-F'F'AET    pia  felix  fidelis  aeterna  (legio) 

P'F'K'F          pater  filio  karissimo  fecit 

P-F-P,  P-FI-P  parentibus  filii  posuerunt  ? 

P'F'V  pius  felix  victor 

PG  Primigenia 

P'G'D  Petra  genetrix  domini 


2  C.  L  L.  V.  2956. 


»  C.  I.  L.  X. 


446 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


P'G'N  provincia  Gallia  Narbonensis 

P'G'S  provincia  Gerraania  Superior 

PHAL  phalerae 

P'H'C  provincia  Hispania  Citerior 
P'H'O'ADQ  placere  huic  ordini  atque  e  re  pu- 

E'R'P'V         blica  videri 

PI  plus 

P-I  poni  iussit 

PIC  Picenum 
P'l'D,  PR'I'D    praefectus  iuri  dicundo 
PI-F'F  pia  felix  fidelis 

PIL'PR,  POST  pilus  prior,  posterior 

P'l'S  pius  in  suos 

P'K  praetor  candidatus 

P'L  patrono   libertus  or  patronus  li- 

berto 

PL  placuit 

PL  Plancus 

PL  Plautus  ? 

PL  plebs,  plebis  (aedilis,  tribunus) 

PL  plumbum 

P-L  provincia  Lugdunensis 

PLA  Plancus 

PLA  Plautus 

PLAT'DEXT'E'N 1  platea  dextra  eunti  Nidam 

PLB  plumbarius 

PL'C  plebs  collegii 

PL'CER  plebis  Cerialis  (aedilis) 

P'L'L  posuit  laetus  libens 

P'L'L2  pro  ludis  luminibus 

PL'M  plus  minus 

P'L'M  '  posuit  libens  merito 

PL'MIN  plus  minus 

P'L'P  patrono  liberti  posuerunt 

P'L'P  praefecti  lege  Petronia  ? 

P'L'S'F  patronus  liberto  suo  fecit  ? 

PLS'MINS  plus  minus 

PL'SC  plebi  scitum 

PL'VE'SC  plebive  scita 

P'M  patronus  municipii 

P'M  patronus  municipii 

P'M  plus  minus 

P'M  pontifex  maior 

P'M  pontifex  maxiinus 

P'M  (et)  post  mortem  (nihil) 

P'M  pro  meritis 

P'M'C  provincia  Mauretania  Caesariensis 

P'MIS  parentes  miserrimi 

P'M'F  patri  merenti  fecit 

P'M'V  patronus  municipii  Verulani 

P'N  (conservator!)  patrimonii  nostri 

P'N  praeses  noster  or  Numidiae 

P'N  provincia  Numidia 

P'N'C  provincia  Numidia  Constantina 

PO  Poblilia  (tribus) 

i  Brambach,  1311  et  1312. 

*  C.  1.  L.  X.  856 ;  cf.  855  et  857. 


PO 

P'O 

PO 

PO 

P'O 

POB 

P'O'C 

POL 

POL 

P'O'M 


Poblius  =  Publius 

post  obitum 

posuit 

praetorio 

princeps  optimus 

Poblilia  (tribus) 

primi  ordinis  comes 

polio 

Pollia  (tribus) 

patrono  optime  merito 


POM,  POM  EN,  FOMENT,  Pomptina  (tribus) 

POMI,  POMP 
POMP  Pompeius 

POMT  Pomptina  (tribus) 

PON'CENS  'ponendum  censuerunt 
PON'CVR      ponendum  curavit 
PONDER       ponderarius 
PONT  Pomptina  (tribus) 

PONT,  PONTIF  pontifex 
PONTIFF      pontifices 
PO  NT-MAX  pontifex  maximus 
PONT'M'M   pontifex  municipum  municipii 
POP  Pompo  or  Popidius 

POP  Poblilia  (tribus) 

POP  Popinia  (tribus) 

POPIN  populus 

POPLIF         Poplifugium 
POR,  POROL  Porolissensis  (Dacia) 
POR'PVBLIC  portorium  publicum 
POS  Postumus 

PORT  porticus 

PORT  Portunalia 

POS  posuit 

POS'AED'CAS  post  aedem  Castoris 
POS 'CONS     post  consulatum 
POS'D'S         posuerunt  de  suo 
POSE  poseit  =  posuit 

POS'P'P        posita  (statua)  pecunia  publica 
POST  Postumus 

POST  CONS,  CON,  COL,  CNS  postconsulatinn 
POST  H'L'ROG  post  nance  legem  rogatam 
POSV  posuit 

P'P  pater  patriae 

P'P  pater  patrum  (Cult  of  Mithras) 

P'P  pater  posuit 

P'P  pater  piissimus 

P'P  parentes  pientissimi 

P'P  patronus  pientissimus 

P'P  patronus  perpetuus 

P'P  pecunia  posuit 

P'P  pecunia  publica 

P  P  Penates  publici  ? 

P'P  pendens  pondo 

P'P  permissu  proconsulis3 

P'P  perpetuus 

P'P  pius  or  pia  posuit 

3  Very  uncertain,  occurs  in  Africa  alone. 


TABLE   OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


447 


P-P  piiesimo,  piissimae,  posuit  or  po- 

suerunt 

P'P  populo  postulante 

P'P  populus  Pannensis 

P-P  portorium  publicum 

P'P  praepositus 

P-P  praeses  provinciae 

P'P  primus  pilus  or  primipilaris 

P-P  pro  parte 

P'P  pro  pietate 

P-P  propria  pecunia 

PP  proprio 

P-P  (acre)  proprio  posuerunt 

P'P  provincia  Pannonia 

P'P  publicani  provinciae 

P'P  publice  positus 

P'P'A'A'VV'G'G  perpetui  Augusti  (duo) 

P'P'ANN       praepositus  annonae 

P'P'AVGG    perpetuis  Augustis  (duobus) 

P'P'BKI'       publicani  provinciae  Britanniae 
LON  Londinienses 

P'P'C  pientissimo  ponendum  curavit 

P'P'D'D         pecunia  publica  decreto  decurio- 
num 

P'P'F  patri  piissimo  fecerunt 

P'P'F  Primigenia  pia  fidelis  (legio) 

P'P'F'C          pecunia  publica  faciundum  curavit 

P-P-F'D'D     pecunia    publica    fecerunt    dedi- 
carunt 

P'P'FL'          praeses  provinciae  Flaviae  Vien- 
VIEN  nensis 

P'PI  i  primipilus 

P'P'INFER  provincia  Pannonia  inferior 

P'P'K  praepositus  kastris 

P'P'L  Publiorum  duoruin  libertus 

P'P'M'S         praeses  provinciae  Mauretaniae 
Sitifensis 

P'P'N  NVM  praeses  provinciae  Numidiae 

P'P'O  posuit  patrono  optimo 

PPO  praefectus  praetorio 

P'P'P  pater  phis  posuit  or  parentes  pii 

posuerunt 

P'P'P  patri  piissimo  posuit  or  posuerunt 

P'P'P  proconsul  pater  patriae 

P'P'P  pro  pietate  posuit 

P'P'P  propria  pecunia  posuit  or  posue- 

runt 

P'P'P'C          primipilaris  patronus  coloniae 

P'P'P'F          (filii)   pii    patri   pio  or  patri    pro 
pietate  fuerunt 

PPP'FFF'      Pii  Felices  August!  (tres) 
AAA'GGG 

P'P'R  praeses  provinciae  Raetiae 

P'P'R  (forma)  publica  populi  Romani 

P'PR'BR        publicani  provinciae  Britanniae 

P'PR'LON     publicani  provinciae  Londinienses 

i  C.  1.  L.  XII.  2210. 


P'P'R'Q         Penates  populi  Romani  Quiritum 

PP'RROM     pontifices  Romani 

P'P'S  posuit  pecunia  sua 

P'P'S  pro  parte  sua  ? 

P'P'S  provincia  Pannonia  superior 

P'P'STAT     praepositus  stationis 

P'P'S  pro  pecunia  sua 

PP'VV  perfectissimi  viri 

P'P  ii  ^       pro  parte  tertia 

P'Q  pedes  quadrati 

PQ  pequarius 

P'Q  (petitio)  persecutio  que  (esto) 

P'Q  populusque 

P'QVOQVE  VERS  pedes  quoque  versus 

P'Q'Q'V         pedes  quoquoversus 

P'Q'R  populusque  Romanus 

P'Q'S  posterisque  suis 

PR  parentes 

P'R  populus  Romanus 

P'R  post  reditum  ?  or  pro  reditu  ? 

PR  praedium  ? 

PR  praefectus 

PR  praetor,  praetorium,  praetorius 

PR  praepositus  ? 

PR  pridie 

PR  Primigenia  (legio) 

PR  Primus  (praenomen) 

PR  primus,  prior 

PR  princeps,  principalis 

PR  privata  (ratio) 

PR  pro 

PR  probante 

PR  Proculus 

PR  procurator 

PR  promotus 

PR  pronepos 

PR  provincia 

PR  provinciae    (anno    provinciae,    in 

Mauretania) 

P'R  provincia  Raetia 

P'R  publice  restituit 

PRAE,   PRAEF    praefectus 
PRAEF'AEDIL    prafeectus  aedilicia  potestate 

POT 

PRAEF'AER  praefectus  aerarii 

PRAEF'AER'SAT  praefectus  aerarii  Saturni 
PRAEF 'COH        praefectus  cohorti 
PRAEF'C'A'V2  praefectus  centuriae  accenso- 

rum  velatorum 
PR  A  EFEC        praefectus 
PRAEF'EQ      praefectus  equitum 
PRAEFF          praefeeti 
PRAEFF'PR'  praefeeti  praetorio 
PRAEF'F'D     praefectus  frumenti  dandi 
PRAEF'I'D,    praefectus  iure  dicundo 

IVR'DIC 

2  C.  L  L.  VI.  9219. 


448 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


PRAEF-MIN   praefectus  Miniciae 

PRAEF'NVM  praefectus  nuineri 

PRAEF'P-        praefectus  puerorum  pedisequo- 

PEDISIC          rum 
PRAEF'PRAET  praefectus  praetorio 
PRAEF'TIR         praefectus  tironum 
PRAEF'TVR  praefectus  turmarum  ? 
PRAEF'VEX,  VEXIL  praefectus  vexillationi 
PRAE'N'H*  praepositus  numero  Herculis  An- 

ANT  toniniano 

PRAEP  praepositus 
PRAEPO l  praepositus 
PRAEP'P'  praepositus  publici  frumenti  or 

FRVM  pecuniae  frumeutariae 

PR'AER        praefectus  aerarii 
PRAES          praesentes 
PRAET         praetor,  praetorius 
PRAETT       praetoriae  (cohortes) 
PR-BR'LONprovinciaeBritanniaeLondinienses 
P'R'C'ANN  post  Roinam  conditam  anno 
PR-CER'1'D,  praetor  cerialis  iure  dicundo 

IVR-DIC 
PR'C'R          praetoria  civium  Romanorum 

(cohors) 

PREC  precario 

PREF  praefectus 

P'R'F 2  praefectus 

PR-GER'SVP  provincia  Gerinania  Superior 
PR'G'N          princeps  gentis  Numidarum 
PR'H'O'C'S  progressus  hostem  occidit  civem 

servavit 

PRI  pridie 

PRI  Primus  (praenomen) 

PRI  princeps 

PRI  primus,  prima 

PRTD  praefectus  or  praetor  iure  dicundo 

PRID  pridie 

PRIM  primarius 

PRIM-IN-C  (Fortunae)  Primigeniae  in  colle 
PRIM,  PRIMIG  Primigenia  (legio) 
PRIMOP8      primipilus 
PRIMO'V      priino  (dative)  unquam 
PRIN  princeps 

PRINC  princeps,  principalis 

PRIN'COL    princeps  coloniae 
PRINC-PEREG  princeps  peregrinorum 
PRINC'PRAET  princeps  praetorii 
PR-IN  PED  principales  in  pedatura 
PR 'IV  princeps  iuventutis 

PR-IVV         praetor  iuventutis 
PR-IVVEN   princeps  iuventutis 
PR'K  praetor  candidatus 

PR'K'TVT    praetor  candidatus  tutelaria 
PR-LVLV-   pro  ludis  luminibus 

i  Ephem.  Ep.  VII.  362. 
*  C.  1.  L.  VII.  45C. 
»  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  9045. 


PR-L'V'P'F  praetor    ludos    Victoriae    primus 

fecit 

P-R-N  patrimonium  ?  regni  Norici 

PRO  proconsul 

PRO  procurator 

PRO  proficisceretur 

PRO  pronepos 

PRO  protector 

PRO  provincia 

PROB  probavit,   probaverunt,  probante, 

probatus 

PROG  proconsul 

PROG  procurator 

PROG 'AD  B  procurator  ad  bona 
PROC'AVG  procurator  Augusti 
PROC'AVG'  procurator  Augusti  quadragesi- 

XXXX  mae  (Galliaruin) 

PROCC  procuratores 

PROG 'C A-    procurator    capiendorum  vectiga- 

PIEND-VEC    lium 
PROC'K         procurator  kastrensis 
PROC'M'N    procurator  rnarinorum  novorum 
PROC'VECT  procurator  vectigalis  (Illyrici) 
PROG 'III  I     procurator    quattuor    publicoruin 

P'AFR  Africae 

PROCO          proconsul 
PROCONSS  proconsulatus 
PRO'COS,  PROCOS  pro  consule,  proconsule 
PROCOSS      proconsul,  proconsulatus 
PRO'D  provincia  Dacia 

PRO  DOM     protector  domesticus 
PRO  LVD'LVM  pro  ludis  luminibus 
PRO'M  processum  meritus 

PROM  promotus 

PRO  MAG    promagister 
PRON,  PRONEP  pronepos 
PROP'P'C      propria  peciinia  curavit 
PRO  PR        pro  praetore 
PRO  PR'       pro  praetore  ex  senatus  consuko 

EX  S-C 

PRO  Q  pro  quaestore 

PROR  proreta 

PRO  S  pro  salute 

PRO  S'D'N  pro  salute  domini  nostri 
PROT  protector 

PROV  provincia 

PROV  provocator 

PROX  proximus     (ration  um,     tabulario- 

rum) 

PROX'CIPP  proximus  cippus 
PR'M  praepositus  militum 

PRM-FEL-    Primani    Felices    lustiniani    (nu- 

IVST  merus) 

PROV  provincia 

PRP  propriis 

PR'PER         j)raetor  peregrinus 
PR'P'F  Piim'f^nip  pn  fldelis  (legio) 

PR'POS,  POST  princeps  posterior 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


449 


PE'PE  praefectus  praetorio 

PE'PE  praeses  provinciae 

PE'PB  pro  praetore 

PE'PEAET  princeps  praetorii 

PE'POST,  PE  princeps  posterior,  prior 

PE'P'V  praetoria  pia  vindex  (cohors) 

P'E'Q  populus  Eomanus  Quiritium 

PE'EEL1  praepositus  reliquationis 

P-E'S  procurator  rationum  summarum  ? 

PE'S  profecturus  sit 

PE'SAC  praetor  sacrorum 

PE'SAC'VOLK'  praetor  sacris  Volcano  faci- 
FAC  endis 

PE'SEN'CONS  praetor  senatum  consuluit 

PE'S'P'S  pro  salute  posuit 

PE'STA  praepositus  stationis 

PR'VIG  praefectus  vigilum 

PE'VEB  praefectus  urbi  or  praetor  ur- 
banus 

PE'II  VIE  praetor  duo  vir 

PE'XX  LIB  procurator  vigesimae  libertatis 

"P'S  Pannonia  Superior 

P'S  Parthica  Severiana  (legio  II) 

P'S  pater  sacrorum 

P'S  pecunia  sua 

P'S  pius,  pia  suis  ? 

PS  posuerunt 

P'S  praeses  Samnii 

P'S  proprio  sumptu 

P'S  pro  salute 

P'S  proxumis  suis 

P'S'D'D  pro  salute  domus  divinae 

P'S'D'N  pro  salute  domini  nostri 

P'S'F  pecunia  sua  fecit 

P'S'F'C  pecunia  sua  faciundum  curavit 

P'S 'I  pro  salute  imperii 

P'S'P  pecunia  sua  posuit 

P'S'P'D  pecunia  sua  posuit  dedicavit 

P'S'P'L'L  pecunia  sua  posuerunt  laeti  liben- 
tes 

P'S'P-L'L  pro  saluke  posuit  laetus  libens  ? 

P'S'E  pecunia  sua  restituit 

P'S'E  procurator  summarum  rationum 

P-S -8  2  Pannonia  Secunda  Savia 

P'S'S  pro  salute  sua 

p.g.g.p  pro  saiute  sua  posuit  or  posue- 
runt 

P'S'S'S  pro  salute  sua  suorumque  ? 

P'ST  posuit 

PST  CONSLTO  post  consulatum 

P'S'V  parentibus  suis  vivis 

PT  pater 

P'T  posuit  testamento  ? 

P'T'M  posuit  titulum  memoriae 

PTE~  patron  us 

1  Ephem.  Ep.  III.  p.  311. 

2  Ephem.  Ep.  II.  884. 

LA  r.  ] \SC KIP.  —  29 


P'V  perfectissimus  vir 

P-V  pia  vindex  (legio) 

P'V  portus  uterque 

P'V  praefectus  urbi 

P'V  provincia  utraque 

PV  publice 

VI  pupilla 

P'V'A  pius  vixit  annos  or  annis 

PVB  publicus,  publica,  publice 

PVB  Publilia  (tribus) 

PVBCO          publico 

PVB 'FAG      publice  factum 

PVBL  publicus,  publica,  publice 

PVBL  publicanus 

PVBL'COL   publicum  coloniae 

PVBLI,  PVBLIL  Publilia  (tribus) 

PVBL'MVN  publicum  municipii 

P'V'B'P'E-Q  publicus  populi  Eomani  Quiritium 

PVG  pugnarum 

PVP  Pupinia  (tribus) 

PVP  pupillus 

PVP  Pupus 

PVPI,  PVPIN  Pupinia  (tribus) 

P'V 'PHILIP     pia  vindex  Philippiana  (legio)  , 

PV'PO  publice  positus 

PV'PV'L       duorum  puporum  libertus,  liberta 

PVE  purpureus 

P'V'S  posuit  volo  soluto 


Q  quaestiones 

Q  quaestor,  quaestoricius 

Q  quando 

Q  que 

Q  qui,  quae,  quod 

Q  Quinquatria 

Q  quinquennalis 

Q  Quintus 

Q  Quirina  (tribus) 

Q,  <5  quondam 

Q'A  quaestor  aerarii 

Q'A  quot  annis 

Q'AEE'P  quaestor  aerarii  public! 

Q'AL,  ALIM  quaestor  alimentorum 

Q'A'V  qui  annos  or  annis  vjxit... 

Q  B  3  quaestor  beneflciarius  ?  ? 

Q'B-F'F  quod  bonum  faustum  felix  (sit) 

Q'C'A  quorum  curam  age  bat 

Q'C'C'E'M  quaestor  curator  civium  Komano- 
NEG'MOG'  rum  Mogontiaci,  negotiator  Mo- 
C'T  *  gontiacensis,  civis  Taunensis 

Q'CONT  qui  continet 

Q'C'P  quinquennalis  censoria  potestate 

Q'C'E  quei  cives  Eomani  (erunt) 

Q'C'V  quaestor  coloniae  Viennae 


3  Brambach.  '24. 


*  Brambach,  756. 


450 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


Q'D  quaestor  designators 

Q'D  quondam 

Q'D'A  quo,  qua  or  quibus  de  agitur 

Q'D-E'R'F'P'  quid  de  ea  re  fieri  placeret,  de 

D'E'RTC         ea  re  ita  censuerunt 
Q-D'R  qua  de  re 

Q'D'R'A         qua  de  re  agitur 
Q'E  qui,  quae,  quod  est 

Q'E'C'F          (votum  libens  anirao  posuit)  quo- 

ius  eum  compotem  fecit 
Q'E'D  quod  eo  die 

Q'F  qui,  quae,  quod  fuit  or  qui  faciunt 

or  quod  factum  or  quo  facto 
Q'F'P'D'E'    quid  fieri  placeret,  de  ea  re  ita  cen- 

R'l'C  suerunt 

Q'F'IVG        quod  facit  iugeruin 
Q'H'C'I'R      quo  honore  contentus  impensam 

remisit 

Q'HH'S'S       qui  heredes  scripti  sunt 
Q'H'N'S         quod  heredem  non  sequetur 
Q'l'D'P          qui  iure  dicundo  praeerit 
Q'INF'S'S     qui  (quae)  infra  scripti  (scripta)  sunt 
QIQE *•  quinque 

QIR  Quirina  (tribus) 

QTS'S  qui    (quae)  infra  scripti  (scripta) 

sunt 

Q'K  quaestor  kandidatus 

Q'L'S'V'T'L  (dicite)  qui  legitis  sit  vobis  terra 

levis 

Q'M  qui  militavit 

Q'M  quo  minus 

Q'M'C  qui  militare  coeperunt 

Q'MIL  qui  militavit 

Q'N'S'S'S      quorum  nomina  supra  scripta  sunt 
Q'P  quaestoria  potestate 

Q'P  quadrati  pedes 

Q'P'A  quaestor  pecuniae  alimentariae 

Q'P'A'P         quaestor    pecuniae     alimentorum 

publicorum 

Q'P'F  qui  primi  fuerunt 

Q'P'P  quaestor  pecuniae  publicae 

Q'PR'PR       quaestor  pro  praetore 
Q'Q  quaestores 

Q'Q  quicquid  - 

Q'Q  quinquennalis 

Q'Q  Quinti  duo 

Q'Q'C'F'        quinquennalis  corporis  fabrum  na- 

NAV  valium 

Q'Q'C'P         quinquennalis  censoria  potestate 
Q'Q'P  quoquoversus  pedes 

Q'Q'PER,  Q'  quinquennalis  perpetuus  or  quin- 

Q'P'P  quennales  perpetui 

Q-P'P-C-M     quinquennalis  perpetuus  corporis 

mensorum 

Q'Q'S'S'S       quam  qui  supra  scripti  sunt 
QQ'TT  quaestores 

1  Boissieu,  Insc.  de  Lyon,  p.  598,  LXV. 


Q'Q'V  quoquoversus 

Q'Q'V'L'P     quoquoversus  locus  pedum... 
Q-Q-VP         quoquoversus  pedes... 
Q'Q'V'P'Q     quoquoversus  pedes  quadratos... 
Q'R'C'F         quando    rex    comitiavit    fas,    or 
quando    rex  comitio  fugit  (see 
page  367) 

QR  Quirina  (tribus) 

Q'R'P  quaestor  rei  publicae 

Q-R-P'A         quaesturam  rei  publicae  agens  ? 
Q-R-S-H-F-  ? 

H-T-T'V2 

QS  quiescant  ? 

Q'S  qui,  quae,  quod  supra 

Q'SAC'P'       quaestor  sacrae  pecuniae  alimenta- 

ALIM  riae 

Q'S'F'E          quod  supra  factum  est 
Q.g.p.p.g      quj  sacris  pubiicig  praesto  sunt 
Q'S'S'S  qui   ( quae)  supra  scripti  (scripta) 

sunt 
Q'ST'D'F       quando  stercus  delatum  fas  (see 

page  367) 
QT  quot 

Q'V  quoquoversus 

QV  quinque 

QV  Quintus 

QV  Quirina  (tribus) 

Q'V  qui  vixit 

Q'V  qui  vocatur 

Q'V'A  qui  vixit  annis  or  annos 

QVAD  quadrans 

QVADR         quadrigae 
QVAE,  QV^ztES  quaestor 
QVAESIT'IVD   quae'sitor  index 
QVAES'RET       quaestum  rettulit 
QVAEST'SAC     quaestor  sacrae  pecuniae  ali- 

P'ALIM  mentariae 

QVAIST        quaestor  (archaic) 
QVANTI  E'  quanti  ea  res  erit  tan  tarn  pecuniam 

R'E'T'P 

QVAR  Quartus  (praenomen) 

Q'V'F'STO  quod  verba  facta  sunt  in  ordine 
QVI  Quinctilis 

QVI8  Quintana?  (ara) 

QVI  Quirina  (tribus) 

QVTB-EX'     quibus  ex  senatus  consulto  coire 

S'C'C'P          permissum  (est) 
QVI'I'D'P     qui  iure  dicundo  praeest 
QVIN  Quinquatria 

QVIN  quinquennalis 

QVINCT        Quinctilis 
QVINQ          quinquennalis 
QVINQ  qiiinquies 

2  Gruter,  886,  3,  explains  :  Qui  retro  scripti 
heredes  fecernnt  hnnc,  IHulnw.  Titulo  usi. 
—  It  is  probable  that  the  abbreviations  have  not 
been  correctly  copied.  s  Hramb.  1446. 


TABLE   OF  ABBREVIATIONS 


451 


QVIR             Quirina  (tribus) 

REST,  RESTIT  restituit,  restituerunt 

QVIR             Quirinalia 

RET               retiarius 

QVIR             Quirinalis  (flamen) 

RET               rettulit 

QVIRI,  QVIRIN  Quirina  (tribus) 

REVOC          revocatus 

Q-VIX            qui,  quae  vixit 

RHOD            Rhodanici  (nautae) 

QVO  F           quo  facto 

R'lN  C           redactus  in  colonicum  ? 

QVOT             quotannis 

R'L                 recte  licet,  licebit 

Q'V'P             quoquoversus  pedes 

R'M'F             reverentissimae  memoriae  femina  ? 

Q'V'P'Q         quoquoversus  pedes  quadratos 

R'N                 regnum  Noricum 

Q'VR,  VRB  quaestor  urbanus 

ROB               Robigalia 

QVR               Quirina  (tribus) 

ROM               Romanus 

ROM,  ROMIL,  ROMVL  Romilia  (tribus) 

ROS                rosalia 

R'P                 ratio-  private 

R                     Raetia,  Raeti  (cohors) 

R'P                 res  publica,  rei  publicae,  re  publica 

R                     Rapax  (legio) 

R'P'B             res  publica  Bovillensium 

R                      ratio 

R'P'C             rei  publicae  constituendae 

R                     recessus 

R'P'C             res  publica  Carsiolorum 

R                     regnum 

R'P'C'A         rei  publicae  caussa  abesse 

R                     restituit 

R'P'C'L          res  publica  coloniae  Lambaesitanae 

R                     retiarius 

R'P'D             rei  publicae  dedit 

R                     retro 

R'P'M'D        res  publica  municipii  Dianensium 

R                     Retus  (praenomen) 

U-P-N             res  publica  nostra 

R                     revocatus 

R'P'P             res  publica  Philippensium 

R                      Romanus 

R'P'P'D'D     res    publica    Phuensium    decreto 

R                     rubrica,  rubrum 

decurionum 

R                      Rufus 

R'P'R             res  publica  Reatinorum 

R                     ratio,  Romanus  (eques),  rubrica 

R'P'R             res  publica  Ricinensis 

RAP               Rapax  (legio) 

R'P'R             res  publica  restituit 

RAS1              rarissimo 

R'P'RS'RTA3  re  publica  Romanis  restitute 

RAT                rationalis 

R'P'S'S           res  publica  suprascripta 

RAT'CASTR  ratio  castrensis 

RR                  rarissimae  ? 

RAT'PRIV    ratio  private 

R'R'PROX*  recto      rigore      proximo      cippo 

RAT'S'R        rationalis  sacrarum    remuneratio- 

CIP'P             pedes... 

num  ?  2 

R'T                 ripa  Thraciae 

R'C                 reficiendum  curaverunt 

R'T,  TIB        ripa  Tiberis 

R'D'A             ratio  dominica  Augusta 

RV'I               rudis  prima 

RE                  Regina 

RVSS             Russate  (factio) 

REG               reciperator,  reciperatorius 

RECT'PROV     rector  provinciae 

RED'IN  C          redactus  in  colonicum  ? 

RED'AB  AER  redemptor  ab  aerario 

S                      sacerdos 

REF,  REFE,     refecit,  refecerunt,  refectus 

S                      Servius 

REFEC 

8                      servus 

REFIC'COER  reficienda  coerarunt  (archaic) 

S                      sestertium 

REFIC'D'      reficiendas  de  conscriptorum  sen- 

S                      Severiana  (legio  or  cohors) 

C'S'C              tentia  curaverunt 

S                       Severus 

REG               Regina 

S                     sextarius 

REG               regio 

S                     Sextus 

REIP,  REIPVB  rei  publicae 

S                     si 

RE'P              rei  publicae 

S                     Sicilia 

REP               reparari 

S                      sacerdos,  sacrum 

REPLET       repletio 

S                      saeculum 

RES                 restituit 

S                      saltus 

RES  P'C'       res  publica  coloniae  Lambaesitanae 

S                      salve  or  salutem 

L'F                 fecit 

S                      Saturnus 

*  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  403T.         *  Orelli,  1090. 

«  C.  I.  L.  VIII.  10293. 

452 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


8  scriba,  scripsit.  scriptus 

8  se,  sibi 

8  secundae 

8  secutor 

S  semis 

8  sententia 

S  sepultura 

S  signavit,  signator 

8  singuli 

S  Silvan  us 

S  singuli,  singularis 

8  situs  or  sepultus 

8  sol? 

8  solvit 

S  soror  ? 

S  Spurius 

S  stipendia 

S  studiosus l 

8  sunt 

8  suus,  sui 

8  suppurationes 

8  quinarius 

S  servus,  Sextus,2  scriba  ?3 

SA  sacerdos 

S'A  (procurator)  saltuum  Apulorum  ? 

SA  salve  or  salutem 

SA  Salvins 

S'A  Salus  Augusta? 

S'A  Severiana  Alexandriana  (legio  co- 

hors) 

S'A  Silvanus  Augustus 

S'A  somnus  aeternalis 
SAB,  SABATI,  SABATIN  Sabatina  (tribus) 

SAC  sacer,  sacrum,  sacerdos,   sacerdo- 

talis,  sacravit 

SAGC  sacerdotes 

S'AC'D  sub  ascia  dedicavit 

SACER  sacerdos 
SACERD'CER  sacerdos  Cereris 

S'M'D'XV  sacerdos  inatris  Deum  quindecim- 

V  viralis 

SAC'P  sacerdos  publicus 

SAC'P'A'A  sacerdos  provinciae  Africae  anni... 
.SAC'PHKYG'  sacerdos  Phrygius  maximus 

MAX 

SACK  sacrum 

SACR'FAC  sacris  faciundis 

SAC'SVP  sacerdos  superior  ? 

SAC'VRB  sacerdos  urbis 

S'A'D,D'D  sub  ascia  dedicavft 

1  C.  I.  L.  III.  4876. 

2  The  explanation  " Secutor''''  suggested  by 
Hubner  (Exempl.  script,  epigr.  p.  Ixxlii),  for 
nos  2441   and  2547  of  the  VI  volume  of  the 
Corpus  appears  to  Cagnat  very  doubtful.    We 
^an  in  these  two  cases  interpret  as,  Sextus. 

«  Mull,  fipigr.  1886,  p,  94. 


S'A'F  Saturnus  Augustus  Frugifer 

SAG  sagittarii  (cohors) 

SAL  Salius 

SAL  Salvius 

SAL  salve  or  salutem 

S'AL  Severiana  Alexandriana  (legio  or 

cohors) 

SALA  salararius 

SALARI'SOC  salarius  sociorum 

SAM  Samnis 

SAR  Sarmaticus 

SAR  Sardinia 

S'ARK  servus  arcarius 

SARM,  8ARMAT  Sarmaticus 

S'A '8  Saturno  or  Silvano  Augusto  sa- 

crum 

SA'SAT         sacerdos  Saturni 

S'AS'D  sub  ascia  dedicavit 

SAT'AVG      Saturnus  Augustus 

SATVR          Saturnus 

SB'P'Q'S        sibi  posterisque  suis 

SB'D  sub  die 

SC 4  sacerdotium 

S'C  sacra  cognoscens 

SC  scaenicus 

S'C  senatum  consuluerunt 

S'C  senatus  consulto 

SC  (plebi)  scitum 

S'C  singularis  consularis 

S'C  scribendum  (curaverunt) 

S'C  sub  cura 

S'C'F'C  senatus  consulto  faciendum  cura- 
vit 

SCA  scabillarii 

SC'ADF         scribendo  adfuerunt 

SCAP,  SCAPT  Scaptia  (tribus) 

SCAPTINS    Scaptiensis  (of  the  tribus  Scaptia) 

SCAT  Scaptia  (tribus) 

S'C'C  senatus  consulto  curavit,  curave- 

runt 

S'C'D'D         socii  cultores  domus  divinae 

S'C'D'D'        s...  creatus  decreto  decurionum 

SC'D'M          sciens  dolo  malo 

S'C'D'T         senatus  consulto  de  thesauro 

S'C'E  servo  conserva  eius  ? 

SCEN  scaenicus 

S'C'F'C  senatus  consulto  faciundum  cu- 
raverunt 

SC'HR  secundus  heres 

S'C'P  sacerdos  Cererum  publica 

S'C'P'R          senatus  consultum  populi  Romani 

S'C'Q'ANN    sui  cuiusque  anni 

SCR  scriba,  scripsit 

SCR'ADF      scribendo  adfuerunt 

S'C'R'C  senatus  consulto  restituendum  cu- 
raverunt 

«  C.  I.  L.  VI.  736. 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


453 


SCRI  scriba,  scripsit 

SCRIB'ADF  scribundo  adfuerunt 

SCRIB'LIBR-Q    scriba  librarius  quaestorius 

SCRIB-Q'VI  PR  scriba  quaestorius  sexprimus 

SCRIB'R-P  scriba  rei  publicae 

S'CltrVLL  sine  crimine  ullo 

8CRP  scripuli 

SCR'CER  scriptus  cerarii 

SCRVT  scrutarius 

80S  sacerdos 

SCVR  scurra 

SCVT  Scutata  (cohors) 

SCYT,  SCYTH  Scythica  (legio) 

S'D  sancta  dea 

S-D  Serapis?  deus 

S'D  Silvanus  deus 

S'D  sinistra  decumanum 

S-D  Sol  deus 

S-D-L'S-D  sacerdos  dei  Liberi,  sacerdos  deae 

S'D-M  sacrum  Diis  Manibus 

S'D'M  sine  dolo  malo 

S'D-N  (pro)  salute  domini  nostri 

S'DO-M  sine  dolo  malo 

S'D'S  Saturno  deo  or  domino  sacrum 

S'D'S  Silvano  domestico  sacrum 

S'D'S'D  Silvano  deo  sancto  domestico  ? 

SE  secutor 

SE  secunda 

SE  sestertius 

S'E  situs  est 

SEE  Sebasteni  (ala) 

SEBAC  sebaciaria 

SEC  secundae 

SEC  secutor 

SEC'H  secundus  heres 

SEC'TR  secutor  tribuni,  trierarchi 

SEI  VE  sei  videatur  eis 

SEIVG  seiuge 

SEM  semel 

SEM,  SEMEN,  SEMENS  semestris 

SEN  senatus 

SEN  senior 

SEN-SEN  senatus  sententia 

SEP  September 

SEP  Septimius 

SEP  sepultura 

SEPT  September 

SEPT  Septimius 

SEQ  Sequana  (dea) 

SEQ  secutor 

SER  Sergia  (tribus) 

SER  Servius 

SER  servus,  serva 

SER-AEQ'MONET  servus  aequator  monetae 

SERG  Sergia  (tribus) 

SERT  Sertor 

SER-7SC  servus  contrascriptor 

SER-VIL  servus  vilicus 


SER-V-LIBER-V    servus  vovit,  liber  solvit 

S-E-S-F  sibi  et  suis  fecit 

SESQ,  SESQVIPL  sesquiplicarius 

SE-TR  secutor  tribuni 

S-ET  S  sibi  et  suis 

S-ET  S-L-L-P-Q-E,     sibi  et  suis  libertis,  liberta- 

or  LIB-LIB-POST-    bus  posterisque  eorum 

Q-EOR 

SEV-AVG  sevir  Augustalis 

SEX  sexmestris  (tribunus) 

SEX  sextilis 

SEX  Sextus 

SEXM  sexmestris  (tribunus) 

SEXTIL  Sextilis  (mensis) 

S'F  sacris  faciundis 

S'F'S  sine  fraude  sua 

S'H  secundus  heres  ? 

S'H  semihora 

S"H  signum  Herculis  ? 

S'H  sita  hie  ? 

S'H  summa  honoraria 

S'H'F'C  secundus  heres  faciendum  curavit 

S'l  stlitibus  iudicandis 

STD  Sol  invictus  deus 

SI'E  situs  est 

SIF  sifonarius 

SIG  signifer 

8IGF  signifer 

SIGN  signator,  signavit 

SIGN  signum,  signifer 

SIGNF  signifer 

SIL-SILV  Silvano  silvestri 

S-I-M  Sol  invictus  Mithras 

SING  singularis,  singuli 

SING'COS  singularis  consularis 

SINGVL  singularis 

S-I-N-M  Sol  invictus  n  . . .  Mithras 

8'IV  sanctissimus  iuvenis  ? 

SL-IVDIK  stlitibus  iudicandis 

S-L'L-M  solvit  laetus  libens  merito 

S'L-M  solvit  libens  merito 

S'L-P  sibi  libertis  posterisque 

S'L'R  (votum)  suscepturn  libens  reddidit 
S-L-R-rC'Q-  sireinps  lex  res  ius  caussaque  omni- 

O'O'R'E         bus  omnium  rerum  esto 

S'L'V'S-P  suo  loco  vivus  sua  pecunia  ? 

S'M  sanctae  memoriae 

S'M  secundum  mancipium 

S'M  Sol  Mithras 

S-M  solvit  merito 

S'M  submedicus 

S'M'D  sacrum  matri  Deum 

S'M'V  sacra  moneta  Urbis 

S'N  sestertii  nummi 

S'N'P  si  non  paret 

SOC  socius,  socii 

SOC'S  sociorum  servus 

SOD  sodalis 


454 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


SOD'AVG,  AVGVST  sodalis  Augustalis 

SOL  solvit 

SOL'L'M  solvit  libens  merito 

g.Q.p.p  sunt  omnjs  pedaturae  pedes . . . 

SP  semper 

S'P  servus  publicus  or  serva  publica 

SP  spectavit 

SP  Spurius 

S^P  stolata  puella  ? 

S'P  sua  pecunia  or  suo  peculio  or 
sumptu  proprio  or  sumptu  pu- 
blico 

S'P  sub  praefectus 

SPAER  sphaerista 

S'P'B  singulares  pedites  Britannici? 

S'P'C'P'S  sua  pecunia  posuerunt 

S'P'D'D  sua  pecunia  dono  dedit 

S'P'D'D'D  sua  pecunia  dono  dedit  dedicavit 

SPE  spectavit 
SPEC,  SPECVL'  speculator,  speculariarius 

SPECLAK 

8PECTAT  NVM1  spectator  numerator 

SP'F  spectabilis  femina 

SP'F  Spurii  filius 

S'P'F  sua  pecunia  fecit 

S'P'F'C  sua  pecunia  faciendum  curavit 

S  -P'FE  soror  pia  fecit  ? 

S'P-F'E'S'  sua   pecunia   fecit   et   sibi  vivus 

VP  posuit? 

SPHAER  sphaerista 

S'P'L  senatus  populusque  Lavininus 

SPL  splendidus,  splendidissimus 

SPL'EQ'K  splendidus  eques  Eomanus 

S'PL'R  sacra  publica  Romana 

S'P'M'A  senatus  populusque  municipii  An- 

tinatium 

SPP  spectabiles 

S'P'P  sua  pecunia  posuit 

g.p.p.Q  gua  pecunja  ponendum  curavit 

S-P-P'L'D'  sua  pecunia  posuit,  loco  dato  de- 

D'D  creto  decurionum 

S'P'P'S  sacris  publicis  praesto  sunt 

S-P'P'S'F  solo  publico  (or  private?)  pecunia 

sua  fecit 

S'P'Q  senatus  populusque 

S'P'Q'A  senatus  populusque  Albensis 

S'P'Q'C  senatus  populusque  Corsiolanus 

S'P'Q'L  senatus  populusque  Lavininus 

S'P'Q'R  senatus  populusque  Romanus 

S'P'Q'S  sibi  posterisque  suis 

S'P'Q'T  senatus  populusque  Tiburs 

S'PR  sine  pretio 

S'P'R  sua  pecunia  restituerunt 

SPR  subpraefectus 

S'P'S'F  sibi  posterisque  suis  fecit 

S'P'S'P  sibi  posterisque  suis  posuit. 

1  C.  I.  L.  XII.  5695.    (See  page  2(k>/. 


S'Q'H'A'P*    si  quis  hanc  arcam  post  excessum 

E'S'S'A'          suprascriptorutn    aperire    volu- 

V'D'F  erit,  dabit  fisco 

S'QVE'ME'F  suisque  merentibus  fecit 
SR  Sergia  (tribus) 

8"R,  RAT      summae  rationes 
SR'D'S'F'C   soror  de  suo  faciendum  curavit 
S-RES'LEX'IVS'  siremps  res,  lex,  ius  caussa- 

CAVSSAQVE'       que  omnibus  omnium  re- 

O'O'R'ESTO  rum  esto 

S'R-P'F'         sumptibus    rei    publicae    fecit  et 

ET  D  dedicavit 

SS  sanctissimae  ? 

S'S  (Silvano)  sancto  sacrum 

8 '8  scrip ti  or  scrip ta  sunt 

S'S  semper  scriptus 

S'S  senatus  sententia 

SS  sestertius 

S'S  siti  sunt 

SS  solverunt  (ambo) 

S'S  subscriptus 

sumptu  suo 
S'S  supra  scriptus,  scrip  ta 

susceptum  solvit 
SS  sestertii,  sextarii 

SS'DD'NN     salvis  dominis  nostris  (duobus) 
S'S'F  sibi  suisque  fecit 

S'SI  supra  scripti 

S'S'L'L'M     (votum)   susceptum   solvit  libens 

laetus  merito 

S'ST'^EOR  «ibi  suis  posterisque  eorum 
S'S'Q'P'P      sibi  suisque  posterisque  posuerunt 
S'S'S  sicut  supra  scripti,  scripta 

S'S'S  summa  supra  scripta 

S'S'S  supra  scripti,  scripta  sunt 

S'T  secutor  tribuni 

ST  statera 

ST  Statins 

ST  Stellatina  (tribus) 

ST  stipendia 

STA  stamen 

STA  Statius 

STAT  statio,  stationarius 

STAT  statua 

STAT'HER   statio  hereditatium 
STAT'Q-        statio  quadragesimae  civitatis  Me- 

C'M  diomatricorum 

STE,  STEL,  STELL,   Stellatina  (tribus) 

STELLA, STELLAT 
STI,  STIP      stipendia 
ST'F  stolata  femina 

ST'HER         statio  hereditatium 
STIP  stipendia 

STL  Stellatina  (tribus) 

S'T'L  sit  terra  levis 

STL,  STLIT  IVDk;  stlitibus  iudicandis 
S'TR  secutor  tribuni 

STR  strator 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


455 


STEIG           striganus  ? 

T 

STP                stipendiorum 

T 

STRA              strator 

T 

S'T-T-L          sit  tibi  terra  levis 

T 

S'T-T-L'D      sit  tibi  terra  levis  die 

Ti 

STVP             stupidus 

T-A 

S'V                 senatus  Vocontiorum 

TAB 

S'V                 se  vivo 

TAB 

S'V                 spectavit  victor 

TAB 

SVB                subheres 

TABEL,  T 

8VB                Suburana  (tribus) 

TABVL 

SVB  A  (ASC)'D  sub  ascia  dedicavit 

TAMP 

SVB  CVR      sub  curator 

TAVR 

SVBHE          subheredes 

T'BAT 

S\TBPR,  SVBPRAE,  SVB-  subpraefectus 

T'B-C 

PRAEF 

T-B'Q 

SVBPROC     subprocurator 

T-C 

SVBSEQ        subsequens 

T'D'VS 

SVBVIL        subvilicus 

TEC 

SVBVNG       subunctor 

TEGVL 

SVC                Suburana  (tribus) 

TEM 

S'C,  CV          sub  cura 

TER 

S'VE  C          senatusve  consulto 

TER 

S-V'F             sibi  vivus  fuit 

TER 

SVF                sufes 

TERET,  T 

SVF               suffectus 

TERM'CV 

SVF                suffragia 

TERR 

S'V'L-A         solvit  votum  libens  animo 

TERR 

SVLP             Sulpicia  (ala) 

TES 

S'V'L'M         solvit  votum  libens  merito 

TESM 

SVL'M           Sulevae  montanae 

TESS,  TES 

SVM                surnma 

TEST-LEG 

SVM                Suramanus 

T'F 

SVMP            sumptuarius 

T'F'C 

SVM'SVM     sumina  summarum 

SVPP             suppositicii  (gladiatores) 

T-F-I 

S'V'Q             sine  ulla  querela 

T-F-rs 

SVS'VOT       suscepto  voto 

T'F-R 

S'V'T'L          sit  vobis  terra  levis 

THER 

SX                   Sextus 

T-H'E'S 

SYR               Syriacus,  Syriaca  (classis) 

THR 

TI 

T 

TIB 

TI-F 

T                     tabula,  tabularius 

TIGN 

T                     Tampiana  (ala) 

TIR 

T                     te 

TIT 

T                     templum  ? 

TIT-DE-C- 

T                      tergum 

s-s 

T                     terra 

TIT-P 

T                     territorium 

T'K 

T                      tesseraritis 

T-L 

T                     testamentum 

T-L-H-F-C 

T                     tiro 

T                     titulus 

T'M 

T                     Titus 

T                     transvecturarius 

1  The  T  so 

T                     tribunus 

in  the  form 

Tripolitana 

Tromentina  (tribus) 

tumulus 

turma 

prima 

taurus  auratus 

tabularius 

taberna 

tabula,  tabularius,  tabulatio 
^.BELL   tabellarius 

tabularius,  tabularium 

Tampiana  (ala) 

taurobolium 

Transrhenanus  Batavus 

tubicen  ? 

tu  bene  quiescas 

titulum  curavit 

Telluri  deae  votum  solvit  ? 

tector 

tegularius 

templum 

Teretina  (tribus) 

terminus,  terminalia 

tertius,  tertia 
IRETIN  Teretina  (tribus) 
L  terminandum  curaverunt 

territorium 

terruncius 

tessera,  tesserarius 

testamentum 
3E,  TESSER  tesserarius 

testamento  legavit 

testamentum  fecit 

testamento  or  titulum  faciendum 
curavit 

testamento  or  titulum  fieri  iussit 

testamento  fieri  iussit  sibi 

testamento  fieri  rogavit 

thermarius 

tumulo  hoc  (?)  est  sepultus 

Thracia,  Threx 

Tiberius 

Tiberius 

titulum  fecit 

tignarius 

Tirrus 

titulus 

titulum  dedicaverunt  cum  supra 
scriptis 

titulum  posuit 

tabularium  castrense 

testamento  legavit 

testamento  legavit;  heres  faciun- 
dum  curavit 

Threx  murmillo 

1  The  I  sometimes  appears  on  the  monuments 


456 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


T'M'P            titulum  memoriae  posuit 

TR'LAT        tribunus  laticlavius 

T'M-Q'F'E-REV  tene  me  quia  fugi  et  revoca 

TR'M              tribunus  militum 

T'N'C'II'F'C1  testamento    non    cavit  ;    heres 

TR'M              tritici  inodius 

faciundum  curavit  ??? 

TR'MIL         tribuuus  militum 

T'O'B'Q         tibi  ossa  bene  quiescant 

TR'MIL'A  P  tribunus  militum  a  populo 

TOG               togatus  (  =  advocatus) 

TR'MIL'L,  LEG  tribunus  militum  legionis 

TON                tonsor 

TRO                (legio)  Troana  (Trajana) 

TOP                topiarius 

TRO,  TROM,  TROMENT,  Tromentina  (tribus) 

TORQ            torques,  torquata  (ala  or  cohors) 

TROMENTIN 

TORQ'ARMIL-   (donatus)  torquibus,  ariuillis, 

T-R-P-D'S'     te  rogo  praeteriens  dicas  sit  tibi 

PHAL                     phaleris 

T'T'L             terra  levis 

TOT                Totates?  (Mars) 

TR'PL           tribunus  plebis 

T'P                 tanta  pecunia 

TR'POT         tribunicia  potestate 

T'P                 tertiae  partis  ? 

T'S                  tataesuo2 

T'P                 testamento  or  titulum  posuit 

T-S'F-I           testamento  suo  fieri  iussit 

T'P                  tribunicia  potestate 

T'S'T'L          terra  sit  tibi  levis 

T'P'I              testamento  or  titulum  poni  iussit 

T'T                 tibi  terram 

T'P'M            titulum  posuit  memoriae 

T-T-L'S          tibi  terra  levis  sit 

T'PO'L'I/M  titulum  posuit  libens  laetus  merito 

T'V                 titulo  usus 

T'Q'D             totiusque  domus 

T'V                 ture  vino 

TR                   Traianus,  Traiana  (legio) 

TVB               tubicen 

TR                   Transpadana 

TVB,  TVBIL  tubilustrium 

TR                  Trebius 

TVB'SAC'     tubicen   sacrorum  popuh'  Romani 

TR                   Threx 

P'R-Q             Quiritium 

TR                  tribunus 

T'V'F             titulum  ?  vivus  fecit 

TR                  trierarcha 

T'V'F             ture  vino  fecerunt 

TR                   trieris 

TVL               Tullus 

TR                   triurnphator 

TVM              tumulus 

TR                  Tromentina  (tribus) 

TVN,  TVNG  Tungri  (cohors) 

TRA               Traianus,  Traiana 

TVR                turma 

TR'A              trierarcha  Augusti 

TVT'AVG     Tutela  Augusta 

TRAI              Traianus,  Traiana 

TVTEL         tutelarius 

TRAM            tramare 

T'T                 Teretina  tribus 

TRA,  TRAN,  TRANSPAD  Transpadana 

T-T-L-S          terra  tibi  le\ns  sit 

TR'AVGG     tricliniarcha  Augustorum 

T'T'L'V         terra  tibi  levis  volo  ? 

TRE                trecenarius 

TRE                Treveri  (ala) 

TREB            Trebius 

V 

TREC             trecenarius 

V                    vale 

TR'ET  NAV  transvectuarius  et  navicularius 

V                    Valentia  (dea) 

TREV            Treveri  (ala) 

V                    Valerius 

TR'FOR        Traiana  fortis  (legio) 

V                    vene  =  bene 

TRI                trierarcha 

V                    veteranus 

TRIE              tribunus 

V                    Venus 

TRIB'ET  NOT  tribunus  et  notarius 

V                     verna 

TRIB-LAT,  LATIC,  tribunus  laticlavius 

V                    veteranus 

LATICL 

V                   via 

TKIIJ-MIL       tribunus  militum 

V                    Vibius 

TRIB-MIL'A  tribunus  militum  a  popnlo 

V                    vicit 

P,  A  POP 

V                     Victoria 

TRIB-P         tribunicia  potestate 

V                    victrix  (legio) 

TRIB'P          tribunus  plebis 

V                    villa 

TRIB'POT,  PT  tribunicia  potestate 

V                     vir 

TRIB'SVC     tribus  Succusana 

V                     Virtus  (dea) 

TRIPL           Tripolitana 

V                    urbs 

TRIVMF,  TRIVMP  triumphator,  triumphatrix 

V                    vivus,  viva,  vivit,  vixit 

i  Brambach,  1156. 

2  0.  L  L.  X.  1949. 

TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


457 


V  Voltinia  (tribus) 

V  votum,  vovit 

V  utere 

V  uti 

V  uxor 

VA  vale 

V'A  vices  agens 

V'A  vixit  annos  or  annis 

VAL  Valerius,  Valeria  (legio) 

VAL  valetudinarius,  valetudinarium 

V'A'L  vices  agens  legati 

VAL'BYZ  Valeria  Byzacena  (provincia) 

VAL'VICT  Valeria  victrix  (legio) 

V'A'S'L'M  votum  aniino  solvit  libens  merito 

V'A'S'P-P  viis  aedibus  sacris  publicis  procu- 

randis  ? 

VB  Ubii  (cohors) 

V'B  vir  bonus 

V'B'D'R'P  vir  bonus  dignus  re  publica 

V'B'M'P  voto  bene  merenti  posuit 

V'B'O'V'F  virum  bonum  oro  vos  faciatis 

V'B'S  vir  bonus  sanctus 

V'C  vir  clarissimus 

VC  unctori 

V'C'A'V'P  vir  clarissimus  agens  vices  prae- 

sidis 

V'C'CONS'  vir  clarissimus  consularis  provin- 

P'N  ciae  Numidiae 

V'C'D'D  vir  clarissimus  dedit  dedicavit 
V'C'ET  INL  vir  clarissimus  et  inlustris 

V'C'L'M  voti  compos  libens  merito 

V'C'P'P  vir  clarissimus  pater  patrum 

V'C'Q'K  vir  clarissimus  quaestor  candidatus 

V'C'R  voluntarii  cives  Romani 

V'D  vir  devotus 

V'D'D  Veneri?  donum  dat 
V'D'P'R'L'P  unde  de  piano  recte  legi  possit 

V'D'P'T'  vir  devotissimus  protector  lateris 

L'D  dominici2 

V'D'S  vovit?  de  suo 

VE  Velina  (tribus) 

VE  veteranus 

VE  3  vetus  ? 

VE  vir  egregius 

V'E'A'V'P  vir  egregius  agens  vices  praesidis 

VEC  vectigal,  vectura 
VECT,  VECTIG  vectigal 

V'E'D'F  4  vir  egregius  decurio  factus 

V'E'EQ'R  vir  egregius  eques  Eomanus 

VEHIC  vehicula 

VEL  velarius 

VEL  veles 
VEL,  VELIN,  VELL  Velina  (tribus) 

lOrelli,  3471. 

2  Bullett.  Comunale,  1873,  p.  51. 

»  C.  I.  L.  IX.  2585. 

*  C.  L  L.  VI.  2010. 


VEN  venatio,  venator 

VEN  Veneta  (factio) 

VEN  Venetia 

V'E'PP          vir  egregius  priinipilaris 

VER  (Frisii)  Verlutionenses  (cuneus) 

VER  verna 

VERB  verbex 

VESTIGr        vestigator 

VET  Voturia  (tribus) 

VET,  VETER  veteranus 

VEX,  VEXI,  VEXIL,  vexillarius,  vexilla 

VEXILL 

V'F  verba  fecit  or  fecerunt 

V'F  Viennae  fecit 

V'F  vivus,  viva  fecit 

VFEN  Oufentina  (tribus) 
V'F'ET  L'E  vivi  fecerunt  et  locum  emerunt 

V-F-I  vivae  fieri  iussit  ? 

V'F'S  verba  facta  sunt 

V-F-9  vivus  fecit  sibi 
VF'S-ET  S  vivus  fecit  sibi  et  suis 

V'F'T  vivus  fecit  titulum  ? 

V'H  vir  honestissimus 

V'H'A  vlxit  honeste  ?  annis 

VI  Vibius 

VI  vineae  ? 

V'l  vir  inlustris 

VI  vixit 

VIAT  viator,  viatorium 

VIAT'TR  viator  tribuni 
VIAT-TR'PL  viator  tribuni  plebis 

VI -A V  Victoria  Augusta 

VIB  Vibius 

VIC  vicit 

VIC  victimarius 

VIC  victoria 

VIC  vicus,  vicani 

VIC  victoriatus 

VIC  victor,  victrix  (legio) 

VIC-AVG  Victoria  Augusta 

VICE'S'C  vice  sacra  cognoscena 

VICIM  vicimagister 

VIC'LOP  vicus  Lopodunensis 

VIC'N  victoriati  nuinmi 

VIC'POR  Vicani  Portuenses 

VIC'S  vici  scito 

VICT  victimarius 

VICT  Victorienses  (collegium)? 
VICT,  VICTR  victrix  (legio) 

VIG  vigiles 

VIK  vicani  ? 

VIL  vilicus 

VIL'BR  vilicus  Brundisinorum 

VILC  (vigesimae  libertatis)  vilicus 

V-ILL  vir  illustris 

VILLA  villatici 

VIL-PVB  villa  publica 

VIL'R'S  vilicus  ripae  superioris 


458 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


VIN  Vinalia 

VIND,  VINDEL  Vindelici  (cohors) 

VINL  vir  inlustris 

VINL'COM  vir  inlustris  comes 

VIN'VEB'ET  OST  vinarii  urbani  et  Ostienses 

VI'P'AN      vixit  pia  annos,  or  annis 

VIEB  Virbialis 

VPS  verba  infra  scripta 

VI'S  vici  scitu 

VL  (sine  fraude)  vel  laesione  ? 

VL  verna  libertus  ? 

VL  veteranus  legionis 

VL  vir  laudabilis 

VL'A'S         votum  libens  animo  soMt 

VL'LIB'M    voto  laetus  libens  merito 

VL'L'M'S     votum  libens  laetus  merito  solvit 

VL'M  votum  libens  merito 

VL'M-S         votum  libens  merito  solvit 

V'LOC'F       vivus  locum  fecit 

VL'P  votuin  libens  posuit 

VLPN  Ulpius,  Ulpia  (legio) 

VL'P'k        votum  libens  posuit  merito 

VL'E  votum  libens  reddidit 

VL'S  votum  libens  solvit  or  libentes 

solverunt 

V'L'S 'M        voto  libens  solvit  merito 
VM'F  vene  (  =  bene)  merenti  fecerunt 

V'M'L'P  votum  merito  libens  posuit 
VM'L'8  votum  merito  libens  solvit 
\N  vene  =  bene 

VNC,  VNCT  unctor 
V'O  vir  optimus  ? 

VO  Vopiscus 

VOC  Vocontii  (ala) 

VOL  Volcanus 

VOL  Voltinia  (tribus) 

VOL  voluntarii  (cohors) 

VOLC  Volcanalia 

VOL'C'E       voluntarii  cives  Eomani  (cohors) 
VOLT,  VOLTI,  VOLTIN  Voltinia  (tribus) 
VL,  VLT       Voltinia  (tribus) 
VOLVNT      voluntarii  (cohors) 
V'O'P  viro  optimo  posuit  (coniux) 

VO'P'L'S  votum  pater  ?  libens  solvit 
VOE  Vordenses  (ala) 

VO'S-L'M     votum  o...  solvit  libens  merito 
VOT  Voturia  (tribus) 

VOT'FEL'SVCC  ?'  votuin  feliciter  susceperunt 

LIBEN  libentes 

VOT'X,  XX  vota  decennalia,  vicennalia 
VOT'D  votum  dedit 

VOT'FEC,     votum  fecit,  solvit  libens  merito 

SOL'L'M 

VOT'M'F      votum  merito  fecerunt 
VOT...  M'S'L    votum...  merito  solvit  libena 
VOT-EED'L     votum  reddit  libens 
VOT'S'L'A        votum  solvit  libens  an'jao 
r,  votum  so]"u  Ia«Uu  1;hens 


VP  vir  perfectissimus 

V'P  vivus  posuit 

V'P  votum  posuit 

V'P  uxori  pientissimae  ? 

V'P'A  vixit  pius  annis 

VP'A'VP  vir  perfectissimus  agens  vices 

praesidis 

VP'D  vir  perfectissimus  dux 

V'P'F  uxor  piissima  fecit  or  uxori  piissi- 

mae  fecit 

V'P'L'M  votum  posuit  libens  merito 

V'P'M  votum  posuit  merito 

V'P'P'P'H  vir  perfectissimus  prases  provin- 

ciae  Hispaniae 

y.p.p.p.  YJJ.  perfectissimus  praeses  provin- 
MAVE'          ciae  Mauretaniae  Sitifensis 
SITIF 

V'P'P'P'N  vir  perfectissimus  praeses  provin- 

ciae  Numidiae 

V'P'P'P'E  vir  perfectissimus  praeses  provin- 

ciae  Kaetiae 

V'Q  viator  quaestorius 

V'Q'F  valeat  qui  fecit 

V'QVE  (sine)  ulla  querella 
VQ'E'F'E'V  uti  quod  recte  factum  esse  volet 

V'Q'E'F'E'  uti  quod  recte  factum  esse  volet 

V'8'D'M        sine  dolo  malo 

V'K  vir  religiosus 

V'E  votum  reddidit 

VE  urbs  Eoma 

VE  urbicus 

VEB  urbanus,  urbana  (cohors) 

VEBS  urbis 

VEL  vir  religiosus 

VE'L'M  votum  reddidit  libens  merito 

V8  vici  scitu 

VS  votum  solvit,  voto  soluto 

VS  vir  spectabilis 

V8  tlrbs  sacra 

V'S'A'L  votum  solvit  anhno  libens 

V'S'C  vice  sacra  cognoscens 

V'S'D'N'F-  votum    solverunt  Dianae   Nemo- 

E'l'M  rensi... 

V'SE  vini  sextarius  ? 

V'8'F  vivus  or  viva  sibi  fecit,  vivi  sibi 

fecerunt 

VS'F  votum  solvit  feliciter 

VS'I  vice  sacra  iudicans 

V'S'L  votum  solvit  libens 

V'S'L'A  votum  solvit  libens  animo 

V'S'L'A'D  votum  solvit  libens  animo  dat  ? 

V'8'L'A'F  votum  solvit  libens  animo  feliciter 
V'S'L'A'P'C  votum  solvit  libens  anirao  p...  c... 

V'S'L'A-S  votum  solvit  libens  auimo  suo  ? 

V'S'L'H  votum  solvit  libens  H... 

Ve-~  votum  solvit  libens  laetus 

VS'L'L'B'  votum  solvit  laetus  libens   benc 
*"'T>  merito 


TABLE   OF   ABBREVIATIONS 


459 


V'S'I/L'M     votum  solvit  laetus  libens  merito 

V'S'L'P          votum  solvit  libens  posuit 

V'S'M  votum  solvit  merito 

V'S'M'L         votum  solvit  merito  libens 

V'S-M'L'M'S    votum  solvit  merito  libens,  Mer- 
curio  sacrum  ? 

VSP  vir  spectabilis 

VS-P  vivus  sibi  posuit 

V'S'P'S'S      votum  susceptum  pecunia  sua  sol- 
vit 

V'SS'L'A       votum  solverunt  libentes  animo 

V'S'S'LV'M  votum   susceptum    solvit    lubens 
merito 

VST  ustrina 

YTEI  IN  H-  utei  in  hac  lege  scriptum  est 
L'SC'EST 

VT'F  utere  felix 

VT'S'L'M      votum  solvit  libens  merito 

V'V  Valeria  or  Ulpia  victrix  (legio) 

V'V  Venus  victrix 

VV  viri 

VV  vivi  or  vivunt 

V'V  vivus  vivae 

VV  vir  venerabilis  ? 


V'V  virgo  Vestalis 

V'V  uti  voverant 

V'V'C'C  viri  clarissimi 

V'V'E'E  viri  egregii 

V'V'F  vivus  vivae  fecit 

VVLTIN  Voltinia  (tribus) 

V'V'P  vivus  posuit  or  vivus  vivo  posuit 

VV-M  Virgo  Vestalis  Maxima 

WPP  viri  perfectissiini 

W'S'FECER  vivi  sibi  fecerunt 

Y'V'S'L'M  ut  voverat  solvit  libens  merito 

V'V'S'S'F  dvis  supra  scriptis  fecit 

V'V'V  vale,  vale,  vale  ! 

VX  vixit,  uxor 

VX'DVL  uxor  dulcissima 

VXT  vixit 


Z  *  centurio 

Z  zeta  =  diaeta 

Z'T'L  mulieris  (et)  Titi  libertus  ? 

*  G.  I.  L.  VIII.  9910. 


HS  sestertius 

^  sestertius 

4  dupondius 

t_  as 

1 1  duumvir 

IIS,  H-S          sestertius 

II  SIL  duobus  Silanis  (consulibus) 

II  V,  II  VIR  duumvir,  duumviratus 

IIVIR  AB  AER  duumvir  ab  aerario 

II  VIR'C'P'  duumvir  censoria  potestate  quin- 
Q  quennalis 

II'VIR'I'D    duumvir  iure  dicundo 

IIVIR  Q,  Q'Q,  QVINQ  duumvir  quinquennalis 

III  tertium 
III  trieris 

III  O'L  trium  mulierum  libertus,  liberta 

III  PR,  PROV  tres  provinciae  (Galliae) 
III  VIR          triumvir 
III  VIR'A'    triumvir  agris  dandis  adsigfnandis 

D-A 
III  VIR  CAP,  triumvir  capitalis 

KA,  KAP, 

CAPIT,  KA- 

PIT 
III  VIR  MON  =  triumvir  monetalis  =  auro  ar- 

A'A'A'F'F  gento  aere  flando  feriundo 

II 1 1  quadrieris  • 

IIII  quattuorvir 

IJII  P'AFR    quattuor  publica  Africae 


IIII  VIR         quattuorvir,  quattuorvir" fiic 
IIII  VIR'I'D  quattuor  vir  iure  dicund 
IIII  VIR'PR  quattuor  vir  praefectus 
IIII'VIR  Q,  Q'Q,  quattuorvir  quinqufi.nalis 

QVINQ 
IIII  VIR'V'  quattuorvir  viarum  curairdarum 

CVR 

V  penteris 

V  quinarius 

V  VIR'A'D'  quinquevir  agris  dandis  ndsignan- 
A  dis 

VI  hexeris 
Iiml  sevir 

Ilml  VIR      sevir,  seviratus 
Iiiul  VIR  AVG  sevir  Augustalis 

VI  VIR  EQ'R      sevir  equitum  Romaaorum 

VII  VIR  EPVL  septemvir  epulonunr 
X  denarius 

X  decemvir 

XVIR'A'D-  decemvir  agris  dandis  a.  - 

A' I  judicandis 

XVIR  SACR'FAC  decemvir  sacris  fsdundis 

X  V(VIR)'S  (SL,     decemvir   stlitibus  judican- 
STL,   STLIT)'        dis 
I(IVD,IVDIC, 

IVDIK) 

XI  F  ..  und^ciin  primus 
X7*"          ••        quiiulocimvir 

XV  VIR'S'l  quindecimvir  sacris  faci 


460 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


XVIIII          decennovium  (The  Pomptine 

Marshes) 

XX  LIB         vigesima  libertatis 
XX  HER,  HE11E,  HEKED,  vigesima  heredita- 

HEREDIT  tium 

XX  P'R'M     vigesima  populi  Roman!  minus 
XXXX,  XL  G  quadragesima  Galliarum 
C  centenarius 

C  centesima 

C  centumviri 

C  V  centumviri 


0  centesima 

3,  >,  Y,  3>  ).  zi  z>  \    centurio,  centuria 

0  sextarius 

)  conventus 

(JC  ducenarius 

DO  L  duarum  mulierum  libertus 

CCC  trecenarius 

C<JC(J  quadringenarius 

6  quingentaria  (ala  or  cohors) 

cr  miliaria  (ala  or  cohors) 


INDEX 


A,  forms  of,  5T. 
Abbreviations,  415 ;  table  of,  417. 

Acta,  37,  41,  42,  43,  48,  49,  69,  71 ;—  Fratrum 
Arvalium,  374 ;  examples  of,  394. 

Adlectio,  167,  178,  179. 

Adopted  persons,  names  of,  98. 

Aedileship,  166. 

Aedilis,  167,  184, 185. 

Aemilius  Paulus,  decree  of,  29,  359. 

Agnomen,  erroneous  use  of  the  term,  93  note. 

Alphabet,  Phoenician,  17, 19  ;  Greek,  17;  Etrus- 
can, 21;  Umbrian,  23;  Oscan,  23;  Volscian, 
24 ;  Faliscan,  24 ;  Latin  :  historical  17,  mor- 
phological 31,  archaic  31,  33,  monumental  of 
Republic  33,  perfected  37,  peculiarities  of  24, 
modifications  of  25. 

Alphabets,  Greek,  classification  of,  20;  Italic, 
classification  of,  21. 

Amphorae,  inscribed,  47,  56,  222. 

Annales  Mawimi,  41. 

Apex,  69. 

Apparitores,  182 ;  inscriptions  of,  207. 

Aqueducts,  inscriptions  of,  312. 

Archaisms,  table  of,  407. 

Armor  and  missiles,  inscribed,  261. 

Army  and  navy,  subordinate  officers  of,  182 ; 
inscriptions  of,  212. 

Attius,  double  vowels  introduced  by,  30,  69. 

Augur,  168. 

Augusta  as  imperial  title,  121.  "~ 

Augustales,  184,  185,  187. 

Augustus  as  imperial  title,  116. 

B,  forms  of,  58. 
Boustrophedon  writing,  24. 

Bricks  and  tiles,  inscribed,  269  ;  examples  of,  337. 
Bronze,  use  of,  for  inscriptions,  48. 

C,  forms  of,  58 ;  history  of,  25. 
Cadmus,  tradition  concerning,  17. 
Caesar,  as  imperial  title,  116,  120. 
Carmen  Saliorum,  2S. 
Cecrops,  tradition  concerning,  17. 


Censor,  as  imperial  title,  119;  as  municipal 
magistracy,  185. 

Centenarii,  175. 

Centurio,  173. 

Chalcidian  alphabets,  20. 

Cippi  militares,  inscribed,  55  ;  —  terminates, 
inscribed,  254 ;  examples  of,  319. 

Claudius,  letters  added  by,  28,  66. 

Cognomina,  origin  and  history,  92  ;  use  of,  93  ; 
position  of,  83 ;  used  as  praenoniina,  88 ; 
honorary,  93 ;  of  adoption,  93 ;  as  nicknames, 
93;  of  women,  94;  of  emperors,  116. 

Coins,  tables  of  denominations,  80. 

Collegia,  civil  and  religious  officers  of,  188; 
inscriptions  of,  220,  380. 

Colonine  and  Municipia,  magistrates  of,  184; 
religious  officials,  187 ;  inscriptions  of,  377. 

Columbaria,  241. 

Columna  Rostrata,  73,  243. 

Constitutions,  354. 

Consul,  as  imperial  title,  119 ;  —  ordinarius, 
166 ;  —  mffectus,  167. 

Consularis,  meaning  of  the  term,  179. 

Cornua,  58,  62. 

Corpus  Inscriptionum  Latinarum :  plan,  6 ; 
false  inscriptions,  8  ;  valid  inscriptions  classi- 
fied, 9 ;  indices  and  tabulae,  9  ;  inscriptions 
admitted,  10;  methods  of  presentation,  12. 

Cosa,  coins  of,  28. 

Citrsus  honorum,  history  and  classification,  164 ; 
senatorial,  165, 191  n.,  192  n.;  equestrian,  172  ; 
after  Constantine,  179  ;  of  third  class,  181. 

Cypriote  origin  of  certain  Greek  letters  (sup- 
posed), 20. 

D,  forms  of,  58. 

Dacia,  wax  tablets  from,  382. 

Date  of  inscription,  how  obtained,  123,  405. 

Decemvir  stlitibus  iudicandis,  166. 

Decreta  im/peratorinn,  354 ;  —  magistratuum, 

358. 

Decurio,  184. 
Descent,  indicated  in  the  name,  95. 


461 


462 


INDEX 


Devotiones,  51,  385;  examples  of,  396. 
Dictator,  184,  185. 

Ktta  milittiria,  355;  examples  of,  392. 
Diptyohs,  inscribed,  49,  388 ;  examples  of,  398. 
Division  of  words,  71. 
Documents,    348 ;    imperial,    353 ;    public   and 

1,  361,  371  ;  of  priestly  collegia,  374;  of 
the  army,  375 ;  of  municipalities,  377 ;  of 

I  la,  380 ;  private,  382 ;  examples  of,  396. 
Itoua  militaria,  193  n. 
Doi'blc  consonants,  29  ;  —  vowels,  26,  30. 
Ducevtirii,  175. 

Duenos  inscription,  16,  25,  27,  28,  33,  62,  64; 
text  of,  J 46. 

•ir  guinquennalis,  184 ;  iure  dicundo, 

E,  forms  ->f,  58. 
Edict  a,  35 \. 

Emperors^, names,  114;  titles,  117;  chronologi- 
•t,  123  ;  inscriptions  of,  148. 
hisiuse  of  V  for  Greek  Y,  28 ;  doublfrcon- 
sonants  introduced  .by,  29. 
>quo  publico,  172. 
;-ian  order,  inscriptions  of,  200. 
,',  preliminary  civil  service  of,  174;  —  in- 
'ft,  178;  —  raised  to  senatorial  rank,  178. 

J 

F,  forms  of,  59. 

scriptions,  determination  of,  10, 47  ;  their 

in'tjhe  Corpus,  8. 

17,  54,  361 ;  —consulares,  362 ;  —anni 

n  i,  365. 

svl68. 

Praenestina,  21,  25,  27,  33,  60,  62,  86, 
26f>. 

e  fplumbeae,  inscribed,  57,  263 ;  ex- 
ampl-s  df,  329. 

•I;    168. 

•o  Vase,  18,  22,  23. 
is,  76. 

Arvales,  168,  374. 
'men,  names  of,  100,  101,  102. 
Functions,  senatorial,  list  of,  169. 

G,  forms  of,  59  ;  history  of,  25. 
Gladiators, , sepulchral  inscriptions  of,  237. 

v  plumbeae,  inscribed,  57,  64,  262 ;  ex- 
amples, 327. 

Glass  vessels,  inscribed,  57. 
Graffiti  (sffe,  Inscriptiones  Parietariae). 

H,  forms  of,' 60. 

Hederae  distinguentes,  70. 

I,  forms  of,  60  ;  history  of,  26. 

ate  children,  names  of,  97. 

'-or,  aspraenomen,  89, 115;  as  title,  118. 


Imperial  family,  titles  of,  120 ;  inscriptions  of, 
148. 

Inscription  es  Parietariae,  50,  70 ;  examples 
of,  386,  397. 

Inscriptions,  methods  of  making,  45 ;  on  silver, 
51,  264;  on  lead,  51  ;  written,  50;  stamped  in 
relief,  56;  painted,  47,  48;  cursive,  43,  50; 
uncial,  43  ;  illustrating  form  of  Roman  name, 
103;  classification  and  description  of,  223; 
dedicatory  225,  examples  275;  sepulchral  230, 
examples  282;  honorary,  243  ;  on  public  build- 
ings and  structures  247,  examples  308;  on 
mile  and  boundary  stones  251,  examples  316; 
on  movable  objects  256,  examples  325;  from 
quarries  and  mines,  268 ;  on  pigs  of  metal, 
268 ;  on  bricks,  and  tiles,  269 ;  on  vessels  of 
clay,  273;  of  aqueducts,  312;  of  roads  and 
bridges,  314;  restoration  of,  399;  dating  of, 
405. 

Tnslrumenta,  348;  — imperatorum,  353. 

.Inxtrumentum  domesticum,  9,  56,  62,  256. 

J,  origin  of  the  form,  26. 
Jewelry,  inscribed,  264. 

K,  forms  of,  61 ;  history  of,  2T. 
Kalendaria,  54. 

L,  forms  of,  61. 

Laminae,  inscribed,  49. 

Lamps,  inscribed,  56. 

Laudatio  Mnrdiae,  293. 

Leges,  48,  71  ;  order  of  arrangement,  348;  list 
of,  in  inscriptions,  350. 

legions,  table  of,  408. 

Letters,  documentary  form  of,  41  ;  form  influ- 
enced by  material,  31,  41  ;  form  influenced  by 
subject  matter,  41  ;  individual  forms  discussed, 
57 ;  instruments  used  in  making,  47 ;  cut  in 
stone,  47 ;  cut  in  metal,  48 ;  in  clay,  51 ; 
stamped  in  relief,  56,  57 ;  painted,  47 ;  made 
with  points,  49. 

Lex  Acilia  Tiepetundarum,  47,  75,  92  ;  —  An- 
tonio, de  Termessibus,  389;  —  Rubria,  71, 
73. 

Ligatures,  67. 

Litterae  incruslatae  or  caelatae,  48 ;  —  rubri- 
catae,  48. 

Long  vowels,  methods  of  indicating,  69. 

Lupercus,  168. 

M,  forms  of,  62. 

Jfagisler,  184. 

Magistracies,   senatorial,  table  of,   167 :    —   of 

eoloniae  and  municipia,  184,  185. 
Maniuti,  abbreviation  for,  62,  63. 
Measures,  of  surface,  81 ;  of  value,  77 ;  of  weight, 

81. 


INDEX 


463 


Menologia  rustica,  368. 

Mesha  (Moabite)  stone,  19. 

Metal,  pigs  of,  inscribed,  268. 

Methods  of  presentation  of  inscriptions  in  the 
Corpus,  12. 

Miliaria,  54 ;  inscriptions  of,  251  ;  examples, 
316. 

Militiae  equestres,  173  (with  note). 

Mines,  inscriptions  from,  268. 

Monumentum  Ancyranum,  69,  3T3. 

Municipes,  classes  of,  184. 

Municipia,  magistrates  of,  184;  religious  offi- 
cials of,  187  ;  inscriptions  of,  216. 

N,  forms  of,  63. 

Name,  the  Koman,  82 ;  its  history,  82 ;  con- 
stituents of,  83 ;  reduplication  of,  94 ;  addi- 
tional elements  of,  95. 

Names,  of  women,  94;  of  illegitimate  children, 
97 ;  of  adopted  persons,  98 ;  of  slaves,  99  ;  of 
freedmen,  100 ;  of  naturalized  citizens,  102 ;  of 
emperors,  114;  substitutions  and  erasures  of, 
122. 

Nationality  or  birthplace,  expressed  in  inscrip- 
tions, 97. 

Naturalized  citizens,  names  of,  102. 

Naval  officers,  inscriptions  of,  215. 

Nicknames,  95 ;  as  cognomina,  93. 

Nomen,  history  and  terminations  of,  90 ;  as 
praenomen,  89  ;  formed  from  cognomen,  91 ; 
of  Greek  origin,  91 ;  how  given  in  inscriptions, 
91  ;  of  emperors,  115. 

Non-Phoenician  letters  in  Greek,  20. 

Numerals,  72 ;  Mommsen's  rules  governing 
them,  74. 

O,  forms  of,  63. 

Official  titles,  164. 

Oldest   Latin    inscription   (see  Fibula  Prae- 

nestina). 

Order  of  letters,  how  known,  17. 
Ordo  decurionum,  184 ;  —  Augustalium,  185. 

P,  forms  of,  64. 

Palamedes,  tradition  concerning,  17. 

Pater  Patriae,  as  imperial  title,  119. 

Pisaurian  Dedications,  33,  89,  226. 

Plebeian  officials,  inscriptions  of,  207. 

Plebft,  in  municipia,  184. 

Pontifex,  168;  —  Maximus,  168;  as  imperial 
title,  117. 

Praefecti,  of  senatorial  rank,  170  ;  of  equestrian 
rank,  172,  176;  —  praetorio,  inscriptions  of, 
200;  —  Aegypti,  Annonae,  Vigilum,  in- 
scriptions of,  201. 

Praefectus  cohort™,  173 ;  —  alae,  173 ;  — cas- 
trorum,  173 ;  legionis,  173 ;  —  iure  dicundo, 
184. 


Praeneste,  archaic  inscriptions  of,  33,  90,  94, 
230,  264. 

Praenomen,  when  conferred,  84. 

Praenomina,  list  of,  85;  rare  and  foreign,  87; 
of  special  families,  86;  of  women,  89. 

Praetor,  166,  167,  184,  185. 

Priesthoods,  of  senatorial  order,  168 ;  of  eques- 
trian order,  176. 

Primipilus,  173. 

Princeps  luventutis,  121. 

Proconsul,  as  imperial  title,  120. 

Procurator es,  172, 174 ;  classes  of,  175 ;  inscrip- 
tions of,  202. 

Punctuation,  69. 

Pupus  as  praenomen,  its  significance,  84. 

Q,  forms  of,  64. 

Quaestor,  166,  167,  184,  185. 

Quaexitor  index,  191  n. 

Quarries,  inscriptions  from,  268. 

Quattuorvir   viarum    curandarum,   166 ;  — 

quinquennalis,  184;  — iure  dicundo,  184. 
Quirt decimvir  sacris  faciundis,  168. 

R,  forms  of,  64. 
Rescripta,  854. 

S,  forms  of,  65. 

SriUiM,  168. 

San  Cesareo,  archaic  inscriptions  from,  84,  94. 

Scipio  family,  epitaphs  of,  26,  35,  48,  71,  233, 

294  if. 
Scriptura    quadrata    or    lapidaria,    37 ;  — 

monumentalis,  37; — actuaria,  41,    42;  — 

vulgaris,  43,  52,  58,  59. 
Secular  games,  commentarium  of,  375. 
Semitic  sibilants  in  the  Greek  alphabet,  19. 
Senate,  decrees  of  the,  352. 
Senatorial  order,  inscriptions  of,  189. 
Senatus  Consultum  de  Bacchanalibus,  26,  27 ; 

—  de  Nundinis  Saltus  Beguensis,  391. 
Septemvir  Epulonum,  168. 
Semri  Augustales,  185,  187. 
Sexagenarii,  176. 
Sicilicus,  30,  69. 
Signa,  95. 

Simonides,  tradition  concerning,  17. 
Sodalis  AuguKtalifs,  etc.,  168. 
Sortes,  372 ;  examples  of,  393. 
Spurius,  indicating  illegitimacy  of  birth,  98. 
Stamps  or  seals,  266 ;  oculists',  267. 

T,  forms  of,  65. 

Tabulae  patronatus,  379  ;  examples  of,  395. 

Tesserae,  49,  57,  64,  257 ;  —frumentariae, 
257  :  —  thealralea,  258 ;  —  hoftpitales,  259  ;  — 
ff India toriae,  259,  examples  of,  326;  —  con- 
vivialen,  261. 


464 


INDEX 


Tiles,  inscribed,  51,  57. 

Titles,  official,  164 ;  of  honor :  senatorial,  168 ; 

equestrian,  176. 

TituliSepulcrales,  47, 56, 282 ;  —sacri,  225,275. 
Trecenarii,  175. 

Tribunicia  Potestas,  118,  128,  148  n. 
Tribunus   legionis,   173 ;  —  militwm  laticla- 

vius,  166 ;  —plebis,  166,  167,  185. 
Tribus,  96. 
Triumvir  capitalist  165;  — monetalis,  166. 

V,  forms  of,  66  ;  history  of,  27. 
Valid  inscriptions,  determination  of,  10. 
Vases,  inscribed,  59,  273. 
Yerrett  as  nomen,  91. 


Verrius  Flaccus,  his  attempt  to  introduce  a  new 

letter,  28. 
Vigintimri,  165. 
Virgo  Vest  a  Us,  168. 

Wax  tablets,  41,  67,  75,  382. 
Weights    and    measures,    inscribed,    257 ;    ex- 
amples of,  325. 
Writing,  early  use  of,  by  the  Eomans,  31. 

X,  forms  of,  66 ;  history  of,  27. 
Y,  forms  of,  66 ;  history  of,  27. 
Z,  forms  of,  66 ;  history  of,  28. 


TABLE   OF  INSCRIPTIONS 


C.  I.  L.  I. 


34 

38 
41 
43 

49 
50 
110 
168 
170 
17T 
179 
204 
258 
530 
535 
536 
538 
540 
541 
547 
548 
552 
554 
559 
583 
584 
593 
620 


641 
642 
685 
700 
720 
736 
774 


indicates  the  nun 

iber  of  the  inscription  in  C.  7.  L.  ; 

the  second  indicates  the  page 

in 

this  book  on  which  it  is  given.] 

PAGE 

C.  I.  L.  I 

PAGE 

C.  I.  L.  II.     PAGE 

C.  I.  Z.  III. 

PAGE 

294 

777 

337 

1064 

105 

2972 

114 

294 

784 

337 

1120 

807 

3202 

158 

295 

795 

337 

1169 

156 

3288 

310 

295 

797 

337 

1200        111, 

284 

3387 

311 

296 

814 

275 

1423 

392 

3750 

340 

297 

818 

396 

1821 

284 

3756 

341 

296 

1007 

297 

2029 

205 

3757 

341 

276 

1076 

113 

2093 

104 

4500 

109 

275 

1168 

106 

2132 

218 

4659 

340 

275 

1175 

280 

2167 

149 

4660 

340 

275 

1351 

111 

2255 

284 

4799 

279 

277 

1438 

393 

2610 

212 

5708 

160 

275 

1439 

393 

2916 

324 

5733 

115 

275 

1440 

393 

3235 

210 

5810 

162 

275 

1442 

394 

3240 

314 

6017» 

331 

275 

1444 

394 

3414 

306 

60'24 

114 

390 

1454 

394 

3439 

335 

6070 

114 

275 
276 

1503 

276 

4192 
4211 

306 
218 

6077 
6223 

210 
10Q 

316 

C.  I.  L.  I. 

2 

4506 

162 

6625  (Suppl.) 

luy 
298 

316 

V 

301 

4509 

195 

6741  (Suppl.) 

153 

805 

X 

301 

4701 

318 

6993  (Suppl.) 

154 

316 

XXIV 

299 

4716 

152 

7009 

334 

277 

XXV 

299 

4721 

155 

7011 

334 

320 

XXVI 

299 

4956 

318 

7025 

334 

820 

XXVII 

800 

49621 

325 

7027 

334 

319 

XXIX 

300 

4962* 

325 

7123  (Suppl.) 

156 

319 

XXX 

301 

4969  2 

845 

7160  (Suppl.) 

190 

316 

XXXI 

299 

49693 

345 

7183 

818 

820 

XXXII 

300 

4969  « 

345 

120126 

845 

806 

XXXIII 

300 

496964 

345 

p.  850 

893 

314 

XL 

300 



p.  853 

893 

148 

p.  25 

105 

C.  I.  L.  III. 

Diploma  XIII. 

114 

277 

p.  189 

303 

21 

298 

189 

p.  195 

802 

88 

312 

C.  I.  L.  IV. 

189 

p.  202 

302 

•  348 

210 

26 

387 

097 

AKK 

1Qfl 

29 

397 

OL  t 

328 

C.  /.  L.  II 

*±oo 

783 

iyu 
113 

61 

897 

328 

34 

219 

944 

396 

171 

897 

827 

371 

289 

1741 

191 

597 

397 

327 

879 

289 

2014 

108 

813 

398 

327 

1038 

110 

2883 

324 

1180 

398 

LAT.  INSCRIP. 


30 


465 


466 


LATIN   INSCRIPTIONS 


C.  I.  L.  IV. 

PAGE 

C.  I.  L.  VI. 

1185 

1  1  QQ 

387 

OQQ 

358 

OMQ 

Hoi? 

1329 

oyo 
398 

ooy 
413 

1392 

398 

456 

1393 

387 

472 

1886 

110 

475 

1S91 

388 

504 

1893  ' 

388 

701 

1894 

388 

816 

1895 

387 

886 

1896 

387 

896 

1936 

398 

910 

2551 

342 

913 

2553 

342 

915 

•2355 

342 

918 

'2592 

343 

929 

2776 

343 

931 

C.  I.  L.  V. 

944 
960 

552 

283 

967 

628 

110 

1016  a 

86T 

178,  202 

10:33 

8T3 

305 

1035 

950 

111 

1088 

1813 

289 

1096 

1838 

202 

1104 

2491 

320 

1106 

2492 

320 

1130 

2523 

106 

1139 

2915 

284 

1177 

3401 

307 

1191 

4305 

305 

1232 

4332 

307 

1233 

4355 

107 

1234 

4919 

395 

1235/ 

502T 

148 

1236  i 

5262 

194 

1239  a 

5832 

214 

1244 

6053 

285 

1245 

6416 

149 

1246 

7213 

211 

1249  c 

7989 

160 

1251  a 

8002 

317   1253  b 

8045 

316 

1256 

81201 

398 

1257 

8659 

205 

1258 

1  OAO 

C.  L  L.  VI. 

1  _t>J 

1263 

68 

277 

1281 

91 

279 

1284 

96 

275 

1285 

143 

278 

1286 

167 

277 

1287 

235 

279 

1288 

284 

276 

1289 

331 

277 

1295 

197      1296 


PAGE 

C.  I.  L.  VI. 

278 

1297 

279 

1299 

280 

1303 

278 

1305 

279 

1309 

276 

1314 

280 

1325 

148 

1333 

209 

1360 

151 

1364 

310 

1365 

151 

1377 

151 

1403 

152 

1460 

152 

1599 

154 

1620 

154 

16256 

154 

1636 

155 

1700 

155 

1710 

157 

1717 

158 

1739 

159 

1751 

161 

1761 

161 

1768 

161 

1808 

162 

1847 

163 

1869 

163 

1925 

312 

1944 

312 

2041 

321 

2051 

321 

2755 

321 

2977 

322 

3939 

322 

4226 

322 

4889 

312 

4930 

312 

4983 

312 

5013 

323 

5045 

323 

5197 

323 

5254 

313 

7593 

313 

7778 

313 

8211 

321 

8253 

321 

8265 

276 

8453 

294 

8614 

294 

8950 

295 

8978 

295 

9499 

296 

10049 

297 

10050 

296 

10063 

296 

10230 

PAGE 

C.  I.  L.  VI. 

306 

10302 

314 

10562 

299 

10588 

314 

10682 

303 

10957 

308 

11027 

303 

11206 

196 

11484 

190 

11595 

191 

13163 

198 

13661 

303 

15346 

104 

16606 

189 

16614 

200 

22915 

202 

28021 

177 

29335 

203 

29471 

308 

304 

181 

C.  L  L.  VII. 

180 

1196 

199 

1198 

199 

1203 

307 

1205 

207 

1208 

208 

1212 

208 

133010 

209 

209 

r.  /.  L.  vin. 

394 

50 

394 

79 

213 

110 

214 

217 

104 

251 

110 

980 

292 

1595 

292 

2488 

292 

2661 

292 

2662 

292 

2747 

293 

2755 

292 

2888 

105 

3664 

111 

4406 

282 

4458 

107 

4459 

107 

5682 

211 

7804 

105 

8300 

211 

8369 

211 

8439 

299 

S837 

292 

8854 

291 

9128 

291 

9663 

298 

9990 

TABLE   OF   INSCRIPTIONS 


467 


a  i.  L.  vni. 

PAGE 

C.  I.  L.  X. 

PAGE 

c.  i.  L.  x. 

PAGE 

a  i.  L.  xii. 

PAGE 

10230 

315 

49 

217 

80477 

341 

3361 

110 

10242 

318 

292 

310 

8047  « 

341 

4364 

109 

10296 

315 

787 

311 

80487 

344 

4397 

290 

10327 

319 

791 

103 

804818 

344 

4957 

284 

10381 

319 

809 

803 

8054 

346 

5255 

284 

10644 

109 

826 

113 

8067* 

326 

5471 

152 

11451 

392 

858 

103 

8067  6 

326 

5488 

403 

11813 

205 

924 

105 

80676 

326 

56829 

345 

13188 

109 

1018 

324 

8067  9 

325 

568260 

345 

14296 

403 

1275 

298 

8067  11 

825 

5682"0 

345 

14588 

335 

1422 

155 

8067" 

825 

5683267 

341 

1614 

108 

8068* 

325 

5683  272 

341 

C.  I.  L.  IX. 

1695 

199 

80711 

331 

5683296 

341 

19 

215 

1727 

306 

8071  » 

331 

56841 

341 

136 

290 

1795 

204 

807  138 

331 

5687  9 

343 

762 

283 

2426 

112 

8215 

215 

5687" 

343 

1024 

319 

2872 

113 

8249 

397 

5698* 

331 

1125 

201 

3406 

216 

5098" 

331 

1160 

106 

3494 

216 

5701  28 

330 

1415 

217 

3732 

198 

C.  1.  L.  XI. 

5701  68 

330 

1419 

217 

3757 

281 

395 

214 

5842 

200 

1582 

202 

3825 

823 

596 

405 

1617 

213 

3861 

319 

826 

162 

1783 

290 

3884 

107 

1331 

153 

C.  I.  L.  XIV. 

2142 

148 

4134 

110 

1436 

291 

85 

311 

2334 

103 

4587 

310 

1438 

213 

98 

156 

2443 

151 

4792 

310 

1826 

301 

101 

405 

2457 

170 

4843 

823 

1827 

301 

153 

306 

2563 

148 

5012 

111 

1831 

302 

170 

206 

2710 

107 

5182 

192 

1836 

201 

172 

206 

190 

5336 

207 

2104 

306 

309 

220 

190 

5371 

286 

2779 

276 

373 

216 

218 

5382 

279 

3083 

315 

409 

220 

218 

5500 

112 

3365 

171 

848 

288 

191 

5708 

280 

3612 

211 

1204 

103 

308 

5807 

309 

3653 

108 

1270 

288 

112 

5824 

158 

3663 

108 

1509  a 

405 

314 

5827 

160 

4170 

278 

1636 

287 

112 

5838 

309 

5210 

192 

1976 

329 

.   106 

5839 

309 

5211 

193 

1981 

329 

2  S3 
203 

5840 

5845 

309 
306 

C.  I.  L.  XII. 

1982 
1996 

329 
329 

220 

5917 

208 

191 

112 

2045 

210 

108 

5947 

107 

257 

215 

2067 

303 

212 

0006 

195 

522 

405 

2068 

303 

212 

6087 

189 

537 

106 

2088  • 

156 

316 

6616 

286  i  729 

286 

2100 

404 

317 

6657 

203 

1659 

110 

2258 

161 

317 

6704 

106 

1715 

286 

2264 

189 

345 

6824 

155 

1964 

285 

2464 

189 

345 

6839 

317 

2012   ..,. 

285 

2535 

288 

345 

6840 

317 

2018 

285 

2602 

189 

328 

6841 

317 

2021 

112 

2700 

282 

:.  x. 

6895 
7265 

317 

275 

2464 
3325 

109 

108 

2750 
2863 

282 
275 

108 

7459 

305 

3349 

286 

2892 

276 

157 

7501 

150 

3360 

110 

29^2 

21? 

468 


LATIN  INSCRIPTIONS 


C.  I.  L.  XIV.       PAGE      C.  I.  L.  XIV. 

PAGE 

C.  I.  L.  XIV.       PAGE      C.  I.  L.  XV. 

PAGE 

3002                            809      3227 

109 

41242                          326        512 

888 

3013                            308     3442 

290 

4242                            195        550 

888 

3046                            282     3453 
3068                            103      3602 

109 
404 

643 
C.  I.  L.  XV.                        647 

889 

339 

3083                            109      360T 

192 

9                              337        692 

339 

3115                            108     3609 

197 

25                              337        719 

339 

3143                            108     3614 

198 

47                              337        811 

339 

3156                            108     3632 

287 

364                             338        847 

339 

3178                           108     3955 

217 

371                              338      1063 

840 

3197                           109     41241 

326 

419                            338      1097 

840 

FROM 

OTHER  SOURCES 

PAGE 

PAGE 

Annali,  1870  ;  Bruzza,     1 

334 

Ephem.  Ep.,  V.  1174 

160 

6 

336 

"      VI.  p.  59 

828 

«        147 

334 

"      VII.  353 

159 

"        258 

335 

"      VII.  395 

198 

Boissieu,  Inscr.  de  Lyon,  p.  469 

291 

"      VII.  757 

159 

Brambach,  Inscr.  Ehen.  1491 

340 

"      VIII.  370 

209 

"      1931 

318 

Lanciani,  Comm.  di  Frontino,  106, 

134, 

Bull.  Com.,  1888,  p.  228 

148 

324,  402,  505,  563 

330 

1889,  p.  165 

322 

Mittheilungen,  1890,  p.  297 

276 

Bull,  del  1st.,  1884,  p.  27 

160 

Mowat,  Inscr.  de  Paris,  p.  69 

344 

Bull.  Epigraph.  IV.  (1884),  p.  66 

340 

Musee  de  Lyon,  I.  p.  162 

204 

Dessau,  Inscr.  Lat.,  1298,  1299,  1301 
"      2081 

398 

212 

Notizie  degli  Scam,  1885,  p.  475 
*    "           "         "        1886,  p.  420' 

820 

207 

Epkem.  Ep.,  II.  522 

153 

1887,  p.  536 

200 

"   '      "      III.  p.  203 

326 

1889,  p.  9 

207 

"          "      V.  640 

150 

Wilmanns,  Exempla,  2811,  2812 

828 

"     V.  989 

216 

2818 

830 

"          "      V.  1043 

215 

2838 

844 

TYPOGRAPHY  BY  J.  S.  CUSHING  &  Co.,  NORWOOD,  MASS.,  U.S.A. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 
BERKELEY 


Return  to  desk  from  which  borrowed. 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


'Dec 


481 


12Dec»5EEl 
DEC    81953LU 


* 


lOec1 
28A|>r'59RH| 


m 


BEC.CIB.    JUN15  19J2 


DEC  01 1993 


LD  21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 


LIBRARY 


VC  00467 


U.  C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


